热等静压及恢复热处理工艺对DZ125蠕变损伤的影响

选用4种不同参数的热等静压及恢复热处理工艺对DZ125蠕变损伤试样进行显微组织演化的研究,并进行力学性能评价。结果表明:DZ125合金经预持久损伤实验后,显微组织出现了γ′相退化、蠕变孔洞形成等,但是碳化物没有出现由MC型向M_(23)C_6及M6C型分解。此外,热等静压的温度在孔洞愈合过程中作用显著,1200℃及1250℃温度下分别出现了γ′同心筏排结构及合金的初熔现象。同时,通过选取合适的热等静压参数,可以避免内部再结晶的产生。合理的热等静压及恢复热处理工艺可以改善蠕变损伤的显微组织,并使其显微硬度达到原始态水平,且持久寿命得到提高。     

Post-weld heat treatment cracking in autogenous GTA welded cast Inconel 738LC superalloy

Abstract

The post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) cracking in autogenous gas tungsten arc (GTA) welded Inconel 738LC superalloy, which was given two different preweld heat treatments, was studied. One of the preweld heat treatments, designated as SHT, consisted of solution heat treatment at 1120°C for 2 h in vacuum followed by argon quenching. The second preweld heat treatment, designated as UMT, consisted of solution treatment at 1120°C for 2 h followed by air cooling and then aging at 1025°C for 16 h followed by water quenching. The welded specimens were given the same conventional PWHT, which consisted of SHT at 1120°C for 2 h in vacuum followed by argon quenching and subsequent aging at 845°C for 24 h in vacuum. Microstructural examination of the welded SHT and UMT treated material showed that intergranular microfissuring occurred during welding only in the heat affected zone (HAZ) with some cracks extending into the adjoining base metal (BM), whereas after the PWHT microfissures were observed in the fusion zone (FZ), HAZ and the BM far removed from the HAZ. The crack width ranged from 5 to 10 μm in the PWHT specimens as compared with 1–2 μm in the as welded sections. Although similar type of cracks was observed in samples given the two preweld heat treatments, the UMT preweld heat treatment was found to result in a significant reduction in average total crack length and average crack length, both during welding and during the subsequent PWHT. After PWHT, SHT samples had ～43% more cracking than the UMT samples. It is suggested that a larger particle size of γ′ precipitates in the HAZ and a smaller size of HAZ in the as welded samples, combined with a softer BM of the UMT material (hardness 280 ± 12 HV10, as compared with 380 ± 10 HV10 of the SHT material) resulted in an improved capability of the material to absorb the strain–aging stresses, and hence a reduced incidence of cracking during PWHT.     

S32750双相不锈钢相界与晶界特征对其力学性能和耐蚀性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

通过固溶处理获得不同初始组织状态的S32750双相不锈钢样品,然后进行厚度压下量80%的冷轧变形和1050℃的退火处理,采用SEM-EBSD和XRD技术研究合金相界与晶界特征以及相组成分布情况,并利用拉伸实验、纳米压痕和双环电化学动电位再活化法(DL-EPR)分析不同初始状态样品的组织对力学性能与耐晶间腐蚀性能的影响规律。结果表明:高温固溶处理的合金样品经冷轧退火后晶粒细小均匀,两相分布接近1∶1,且相界占内界面(晶界+相界)比例较高,同相晶粒团簇程度最低,表现出优异的综合力学性能。合金样品经敏化处理后,σ相易沿α相晶界析出,高温固溶并经轧制退火后的样品中,由于α晶界比例较少且满足K-S取向关系的相界比例较高则又表现出良好的晶间腐蚀抗力。因此,通过适当的工艺来调控合金的相界与晶界分布可以实现材料强度和晶间腐蚀抗力的同步改善。     

Cavitation Damage of the single-crystal nickel-base superalloy SRR99 during creep at 850°C

Various heat treatments of the single-crystal nickel-base superalloy SRR99 have been carried out to produce a wide range of initial γ′ phase morphology. The cavitation damage has been studied after creep fracture at 850°C and stresses between 400MPa and 650 Mpa. The crep fracture surfaces and longitudinal sections of crept specimens have been examined by image analysing system in order to determine the size distribution and the area fraction of (001)-planes cracks on fracture surface characterise the creep crack damage level. The cracking morphology in fractured material as a function of stress and γ′-phase size has also been investigated. The results show, that crack propagation occurred anisotropically on (001) crystallographic planes perpendicular to the aplied stress along the γ/γ′ interfaces. It was found, that creep cracks dependent on the shape and size of γ′-phases developing at the temperature and stress level.     

γ′相对高钨镍基高温合金拉伸和持久变形行为的影响

对K416B高钨高温合金进行固溶和时效处理以调整其中γ?相的形貌使其具有两种尺寸,研究了铸态和热处理态合金的拉伸和持久变形行为。结果表明,铸态K416B合金中的γ?相在基体中分布均匀,其平均尺寸为200 nm,能有效阻碍位错在基体中运动从而使其屈服强度提高。在热处理态的K416B合金中析出了两种γ?相,其尺寸分别为1μm和100 nm。在热处理态K416B合金的室温拉伸过程中全位错剪切大尺寸初生γ?相和以Orowan机制绕过小尺寸二次γ?,使其屈服强度降低。在高温下二次γ?相更容易粗化而使γ基体的宽度增大,促进位错剪切γ?相而使持久应变速率提高。同时,在持久变形过程中纳米级W6C颗粒在γ-γ?相界面弥散析出消耗大量W元素降低γ-γ?两相的错配度,使合金的强化水平下降而导致其持久寿命大幅度降低。     

Influence of surface recrystallization on the low cycle fatigue behaviour of a single crystal superalloy

This paper investigated the effect of surface recrystallization (RX) on the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behaviour of a single crystal (SX) superalloy. LCF tests on both raw and recrystallized samples showed that fatigue life was significantly reduced by surface RX. Fractography indicated that fatigue cracks initiated from the casting defects in RX layer and multiple crack initiations were commonly observed. Moreover, RX grains exhibited predominantly transgranular cracking, in contrast to the intergranular fracture reported in literature. The fatigue crack propagation behaviour was discussed in light of fracture mechanics and crack growth life model. The fatigue cycles required to penetrate RX layer were estimated to be about one magnitude lower than that in forming an equivalent crack in SX specimens. It is suggested that the earlier crack initiation and promoted crack propagation in RX layer, as well as the trend of multiple initiations, are responsible for the fatigue degradation by RX.     

Influence of thermal exposure on γ′ precipitation and tensile properties of DZ951 alloy

The effect of long-term exposure on the γ′ phase and the tensile behavior of a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy DZ951 was investigated. Alloys after standard heat treatment (SHT) were isothermally aged at 900 °C up to 2000 h and tensile tests were performed in both SHT and aged conditions at various temperatures. The morphology of the γ′ phase changes from cuboid to rafting and the size increases from 300 nm at SHT to 930 nm, and the volume fraction of the γ′ phase decreases from 70% at SHT to 65% during aging at 900 °C for 2000 h. The changing trend of yield stress at different test temperatures is similar. The yield stress decreases slightly at 600 °C. This arises from few dislocations shearing the γ′ precipitates. There is a peak yield stress value at 760 °C, which is attributed to the high strength of the γ′ phase, the homogeneous deformation structure, and dislocation-γ′ precipitate and dislocation–dislocation interactions. The yield stress then decreases rapidly with increased temperature. The low strength of the γ′ phase and γ′ rafting at high temperature contribute to the drop of yield stress. The change of tensile elongation is inverse to that of yield stress. The yield stress continuously decreases with the increase of aging time at 900 °C. This arises from the coarsening of γ′ and a decrease in the γ′ volume fraction.     

Creep mechanisms of U720Li disc superalloy at intermediate temperature

The microstructures of U720Li disc superalloy have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) before and after creep test at 725 °C/630 MPa. The evolution of the crept microstructures was marked as three different stages (I, II and III) corresponding to gradually increased strain 0.1%, 5% and 27%, respectively. At stage I, dislocations bypassed secondary γ′ via Orowan loops. At stage II, partial dislocations started to shear secondary γ′, leaving stacking fault (SF) behind and microtwins formed in part of grains. At stage III, grain boundary sliding occurred due to very large strain and increased effective stress. The results indicated that the creep mechanisms of U720Li at 725 °C/630 MPa evolved with gradually increased strain. Orowan looping process combining dislocation slip and climb and partial dislocations shearing precipitates were the main creep mechanisms. It is suggested that decreasing the interparticle spacing of secondary γ′, strengthening secondary γ′ and decreasing stacking fault energy (SFE) of γ matrix may be effective methods to improve the creep property at relatively higher temperatures.     

Solidification Microstructures of a Single-crystal Superalloy under Ultra-high Temperature Gradient Conditions

The solidification microstructures and solute segregation of a newly developed hot corrosionresistant single-crystal Ni-base superalloy were investigated with a zone-melting and ultra-highthermal gradient unidirectional solidification apparatus.Compared with the microstructures solidifiedat conventional low thermal gradient conditions,the dendrite arm spacings,the interdendriticmicroporosity and γ/γ' eutectic,and the severity of solute segregation of the single-crystalsuperalloy solidified at ultra-high thermal gradient conditions were considerably reduced.It wasshown that the microstructure solidified under ultra-high thermal gradient condition is ideal for thefull exploitation of the excellent property potentials of single-crystal superalloys.     

基于不同原始组织预设变形第四代单晶高温合金的再结晶行为

第四代单晶高温合金标准热处理试样和铸态试样压痕后分别在1100,1150,1200,1250,1300℃和1340℃退火处理,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子背散射仪研究不同条件的再结晶组织。结果表明:1100,1150,1200℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样和铸态试样都出现胞状再结晶。1250℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样和铸态试样都为混合再结晶。1300℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样再结晶组织全部为等轴再结晶,而铸态试样仍为混合再结晶。1340℃退火处理后,标准热处理试样和铸态试样都形成了等轴再结晶。随着退火温度升高,标准热处理试样和铸态试样的再结晶层深度明显增加,标准热处理试样再结晶深度明显大于铸态试样,相同条件下标准热处理试样的再结晶晶粒更容易长大。再结晶与基体的界面为小角度晶界、大角度晶界,而再结晶晶粒之间为小角度晶界、大角度晶界和孪晶界。孪晶在单晶高温合金再结晶的过程中发挥了重要作用。     

热处理对GH4169激光焊接头组织性能的影响

针对2 mm厚的GH4169镍基合金板材进行激光对焊,研究热处理对GH4169激光焊接头组织和性能的影响。采用线切割方法制备激光焊接头试样,对热处理和非热处理激光焊接头进行拉伸实验、硬度测定、OM分析、SEM分析、EDS分析和XRD相分析。实验结果表明:热处理后接头抗拉强度为1372 MPa,延伸率为14%,焊缝平均硬度为473HV;较未热处理接头强度提高52%,延伸率降低71%,硬度提高69%。OM、SEM、EDS和XRD分析表明:对GH4169激光焊接头热处理能细化焊缝晶粒,改善枝晶形态,消除残余应力,析出δ相、γ′相和γ″相,使得焊接接头硬度和强度有所提高。     

Effect of thermal exposure on the microstructure and creep properties of a fourth-generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy

The effect of thermal exposure on microstructure and creep properties of a fourth-generation nickelbased single crystal superalloy was investigated.The thermal exposure of samples after the full heat treatment was carried out at 1000℃,1100℃ and 1140℃ for 100 h and 200 h.The γ' coarsening,γ' rafting and γ channel widening were observed in samples after thermal exposure.When the thermal exposure time was constant,the morphology of γ' phase in the alloy evolved significantly with increasing aging temperature.The interracial dislocation networks in aged samples after creep ruptured gradually became irregular and sparse with the increase of exposure temperature.When the higher exposure temperature was used,enla rgement of the defect pores was observed in samples,the microcracks were more likely to initiate and propagate at the corner of these pores.After aging at 1000℃ for 100 h,the creep life at 1140℃/137 MPa was slightly longer than that of heat-treated sample,which could be attributed to the slightly coarsened γ' phase,homogenization of refractor elements.In contrast,the creep life of sample exposed at 1140℃ for 100 h was greatly decreased.The decrease of creep life was dominated by the rafting of γ'phase,the irregular interfacial dislocation networks as well as the enlargement of homogenization pores.     

Influence of HIP processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of superalloy Udimet 720LI

Abstract

Inert gas (high purity argon) atomised powder of composition conforming to that of the superalloy Udimet 720 of low interstitial grade was hipped at 1200°C/120 MPa/3 h. The hipped alloy has shown near theoretical density and consisted of equiaxed grains with an average diameter of ～45 μm. While primary γ′-Ni₃ (Ti, Al) precipitates with an acicular morphology were found at the grain boundaries, finer secondary γ′ precipitates with near cuboidal morphology were present in the austenite γ matrix. The yield strength (YS) of the as hipped alloy was found to be the same as that of the wrought alloy heat treated for creep applications (termed as creep resistant alloy) at room temperature (RT) as well as at 650°C. However, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and ductility were found to be higher than those of the wrought creep resistant alloy. On the other hand, the YS and UTS of the as hipped material were lower than those of the wrought alloy heat treated for high strength applications (termed as high strength alloy), although the ductility of the former was comparable to that of the latter. In order to improve the strength, the hipped alloy was subjected to a heat treatment consisting of solution treatment followed by two-step aging. Extensive precipitation of fine and coarse γ′ precipitates with cuboidal morphology during duplex aging treatment has led to a considerable improvement in YS and UTS of the alloy, although the corresponding ductility dropped moderately at RT and at 650°C. Fractography of the tensile tested specimens has shown ductile transgranular mode of fracture in the as hipped alloy at RT and at 650°C, while the hipped+heat treated alloy exhibited a mixed mode of fracture at those temperature. The stress rupture properties of the as hipped alloy compare well with those of the wrought alloy and have been found to improve significantly after heat treatment. The present investigation reveals that the hipped superalloy Udimet 720LI has substantial potential for use in the development of near net shaped components for aerospace applications.     

In situ SEM studies of the low cycle fatigue behavior of DZ4 superalloy at elevated temperature: Effect of partial recrystallization

The influence of partial recrystallization (RX) on the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of directionally solidified DZ4 superalloy was studied using in situ scanning electron microscopy. Three typical recrystallization microstructures were prepared on the fatigue samples, via shot peening and subsequent heat treatment. The effect of RX on LCF life is evidently related to the specific RX microstructure. The RX layer does not necessarily reduce the LCF life. The fatigue crack initiation and short crack propagation behaviors for both raw DZ4 and recrystallized samples were in situ examined, which rationalized the observed effect of recrystallization on the LCF life variation.     

Microstructure and creep behavior of a new developed nickel‐base single‐crystal superalloy

A new developed nickel‐base superalloy is employed to prepare single‐crystal castings. The as‐cast and heat‐treated microstructure, the creep behavior in 900 °C/ 500 MPa and 1100 °C / 140 MPa are investigated. The dendrites are well developed in the as‐cast microstructure. Segregation and γ′ precipitation morphology difference exist between dendrite core and γ/γ′ eutectic pool. After heat treatment the segregation is significantly decreased and the γ′ precipitations of all regions become much more uniform and cubic. Creep curves in varied conditions both present three stages, while the specimen in 1100 °C exhibits lower creep rate and longer life span. The fracture analysis shows that fracture style changes from mixed fracture to ductile when the temperature increases from 900 °C to 1100 °C. Porosity is the crack resource to form the facet, which is observed in both specimens. The γ′ precipitations raft in both specimens, while the further development of γ′ rafting is found in that of 1100 °C / 140 MPa, as well as the surface recrystallization with coarser rafted γ/γ′ microstructure.     

微量Hf对大角度晶界含Re双晶合金高温持久性能的影响

采用籽晶法制备含有大角度晶界(约20°)的双晶试板,通过分析不同Hf含量(质量分数:0%,0.4%)的含Re合金晶界处析出相、γ/γ′组织、晶界成分及1100℃/100MPa横向持久性能,研究Hf对晶界组织及高温力学性能的影响。结果表明:Hf显著提高了铸态合金大角度晶界处共晶和碳化物体积分数;热处理后,Hf显著抑制了晶界胞状再结晶组织的形成,含Hf合金的1100℃/100MPa横向持久寿命均显著提高。晶界持久性能与晶界析出相种类、形貌、含量和成分密切相关,而Hf元素在晶界未发现显著的偏聚。本研究对先进镍基单晶合金中晶界缺陷的评价及Hf元素晶界强化作用机制的认识具有一定的指导意义。     

„In Situ”︁ Composites for jet propulsion and stationary gas turbine applications

Metallurgists and casting engineers focused on new composites (DSE) for high temperature applications in jet engines. Some examples of reinforced superalloys are discussed. The phase stability of microstructures has been tested using a special high thermal gradient device. For stationary gas turbines efforts in alloy development, transfer of laboratory scale to precision casting technology, and first engine tests of directionally solidified Co-Cr₇C₃ eutectic alloy are being reported. Alloy development was designed to deliver better creep rupture life and surface stability. It centered on the use of elements such as Al and Y, Hf and Ta. The properties measured were creep behavior, fatigue, and oxidation resistance. They are being compared with corresponding data obtained for both the conventionally and directionally cast Ni-base superalloy IN 738. First engine tests (18 000 hrs) with unalloyed Co-Cr₇C₃ vanes indicated the importance of a fully eutectic microstructure and stability against carbide transformations.     

Ru对一种高W镍基单晶合金蠕变性能的影响

设计并制备了4%W/无Ru、6%W/无Ru以及6%W/2%Ru三种镍基单晶高温合金,通过蠕变性能测试、组织形貌观察、元素分布测定以及XRD谱线测定,研究Ru对一种高W镍基单晶合金蠕变性能的影响。结果表明,提高W含量会促进拓扑密堆相(TCP)析出,从而影响蠕变寿命,6%W/无Ru合金在1070℃/137 MPa条件下的蠕变寿命仅为58 h。元素Ru可改善元素W在γ/γ两相的浓度分布,高温蠕变期间元素Ru可抑制元素W由γ相向γ相扩散。6%W/2%Ru合金经高温蠕变无TCP相析出,其在1070℃/137 MPa条件下的蠕变寿命高达383 h。三种合金在高温蠕变期间,γ相均可形成垂直于应力轴方向的筏状结构,TCP相可破坏筏状结构的连续性,导致γ/γ两相扭折程度加剧,是6%W/无Ru合金蠕变寿命较低的主要原因。     

一种含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru的单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变行为

通过对含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru单晶镍基合金进行高温蠕变性能测试,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对不同蠕变期间的试样进行组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的高温蠕变行为。结果表明,本实验所选用的单晶合金在高温蠕变期间具有良好的蠕变抗力,在1040℃/160MPa的蠕变寿命达到725h。高温蠕变初期,合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向转变成筏状结构,其稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。高温蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相。位错的交替滑移使筏形γ′相扭曲,并在γ/γ′两相界面发生裂纹的萌生与扩展直至断裂,是合金在高温蠕变后期的断裂机制。     

Effect of Solidification Parameters on the Microstructure and Creep Property of a Single Crystal Ni-base Superalloy

A single crystal Ni-base superalloy was processed with withdrawal rates between 2 and 7 mm/min.The ascast microstructures,heat treatment response and creep property have been characterized as a function of the withdrawal rate.As expected,the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacing decreased with increasing withdrawal rate;microsegregation degree and porosity distribution were also varied with different withdrawal rates.The withdrawal rate of 2 mm/min resulted in a noticeable residual microsegregation eve...