聚乙烯管道电熔焊接超声相控阵检测技术研究

电熔焊接是聚乙烯管道的主要连接方式之一,由于聚乙烯材料声波衰减系数较大,电熔焊接接头内部金属丝对检测干扰较大,利用常规超声检测手段很难有效检出聚乙烯电熔接头内的各类缺陷。制作了聚乙烯管道电熔焊接接头内部典型缺陷,使用超声相控阵检测技术对其进行了可靠性试验测试。结果表明,提出的超声相控阵检测技术能可靠地检测出聚乙烯电熔焊接头内的典型缺陷。     

聚乙烯及其复合管道安全检测与评价方法

聚乙烯及其复合管道广泛应用于油气输送、城市燃气等能源领域,其安全性至关重要。焊接接头的安全检测及评价是聚乙烯及其复合管道系统安全的关键技术。介绍了聚乙烯管道焊接接头的无损检测原理及方法、冷焊检测技术以及缺陷分类与失效模式三方面内容。对电熔和热熔焊接接头分别采用超声相控阵和耦合聚焦技术进行超声检测,并给出了缺陷剖切与检测结果的对比图。提出了物理概念清晰、工程应用方便的冷焊超声检测方法。将电熔接头中的缺陷分为熔合面缺陷、孔洞、结构畸变和过焊。分别对含不同类型和大小缺陷的电熔接头进行力学性能测试,发现电熔接头存在三种典型的失效模式,即沿电熔套筒壁贯穿裂纹失效、熔合面失效以及沿电阻丝所在平面贯穿裂纹失效。根据试验测试与理论分析结果,提出了相应的安全评定方法。所提出的方法,填补了国内外在聚乙烯管道安全检测与评价方法方面的技术空白,提高了燃气管道的本质安全性。     

聚乙烯管道接头超声检测基础数据库软件开发

采用VB+SQL Server开发了聚乙烯管道接头失效基础数据库系统,实现对含缺陷聚乙烯电熔与热熔接头的缺陷类型、外观特征及其对应的超声图谱的组织管理、查询及浏览等功能。该数据库可以为聚乙烯管接头无损检测人员快速准确地检测、识别电熔及热熔接头中的缺陷特征,判断缺陷类型及其危害性提供帮助。     

聚乙烯电熔接头工艺缺陷与力学相关性研究

采用超声相控阵检测技术（PA）测量不同焊接时间下聚乙烯管道电熔接头热影响区边缘宽度l,并通过挤压剥离试验、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）试验和差示扫描量热（DSC）试验分别测试接头熔融区脆性剥离百分比（C_c）、官能团组成和结晶度（X_c）,最终建立接头热影响区边缘线宽度l与焊接性能H_c的对应关系,实现电熔接头焊接性能的无损评价。结果表明,随着焊接时间t的增加,接头热影响区边缘呈指数增长趋势沿金属丝向外壁移动,接头焊接性能先逐渐提高后降低。当焊接时间t=50 s时,l=2.21 mm、X_c=53.03 %,此时接头焊接性能H_c达到最大值96.21 %,当t<40 s时,l和X_c偏低,接头出现冷焊缺陷;相反,当t>70 s时,接头熔融区金属丝出现错位现象,融合面的聚乙烯分子由于高温氧化反应而出现过焊缺陷,两者都会导致接头焊接性能下降。     

钢制压力容器筒节和球形封头的A类焊接接头超声检测方法探讨

本文提出实施压力容器筒节和球形封头的A类焊接接头超声检测实际就是采用平板对接焊接接头超声检测的方法,成败的关键在于封头侧探头移动区探头的耦合情况和补偿定量,即球面压制成形和打磨程度以及传输损失差是否正确测定.     

焊机质量控制对聚乙烯燃气管道行业的影响

根据送检的热熔焊机和电熔焊机年度检验情况,分析了聚乙烯燃气管道用热熔焊机和电熔焊机质量现状,介绍了控制焊接工艺参数的主要性能指标的情况;探讨了焊机质量对焊接质量控制、施工工程、焊接工艺评定以及管道元件制造等方面的影响。目前国内PE燃气管道用焊机的性能水平参差不齐,直接影响管网连接质量和安全运行,同时对施工工程、焊接工艺评定工作开展和管道元件制造工艺水平有不可忽视的影响。认为应加强焊机质量监管,确立相关的法规和标准,执行规范的型式检验和定期检验制度,促进PE燃气管道行业的有序发展。     

PE管材焊接技术与应用

PE管材连接方法包括热熔焊接、电熔焊接;热熔焊接要求热熔焊机的操作要符合操作规范,电熔焊接要注意每个电熔焊机的电流和焊接时间,另外管件的焊接参数每个生产厂家不同,焊接参数也不同,不同PE级别的产品焊接只能电熔焊接。     

聚乙烯电熔接头管材熔融区深度与焊接性能关系研究

在聚乙烯管道电熔焊接过程中,形成接头强度主要取决于套筒和管材界面聚乙烯高分子链的扩散缠结阶段经历的时间,该时间与熔焊区扩展到管材内部的熔融区深度存在一定的对应关系。为探索聚乙烯电熔接头管材熔融区深度与接头焊接性能的关系,提出了一种管材熔融区深度的超声测量方法,开展了管材熔融区深度测量和焊接性能试验。结果表明,管材熔融区深度与界面焊接强度有明确的关联,管材熔融区深度在一定范围内时,就能保证基本的剥离强度值和界面韧性;在此基础上提出一种以管材熔融区深度确定电熔接头焊接时间的新方法,该方法充分考虑到环境温度、焊接电压、电阻丝电阻等各种偏差,更能适应实际工程。     

聚乙烯及其复合管电熔接头的失效模式与爆破压力研究

通过Abaqus有限元分析软件,建立聚乙烯（PE）及其复合管电熔接头受内压和轴向力作用下的有限元模型,分析电熔接头的应力分布规律,研究管材种类、强度对电熔接头的失效模式与爆破压力的影响规律,结合电熔接头短时爆破实验验证模型的有效性。结果表明,PE管电熔接头的失效模式是管材韧性破坏;增强热塑性复合管（RTP）电熔接头的失效模式和爆破压力受管材强度影响,随强度增加,失效模式由管材破坏转变为电熔套筒破坏,爆破压力随RTP管材强度增加先升高,随后趋于稳定。     

热熔焊接工艺参数对聚乙烯管道力学性能的影响

聚乙烯（PE）管道在天然气运输中应用广泛，热熔焊接是连接PE管道的主要方式之一，焊接工艺参数影响热熔接头以及管道整体的性能。文章以焊接温度、加热时间和焊接压力等工艺参数作为主要影响因素，设计正交试验，制备不同的热熔接头拉伸试样，对比分析其抗拉性能。通过数值模拟得到带卷边热熔接头拉伸试样的本构模型。结果表明：焊接温度、加热时间和焊接压力使PE管道的抗拉性能先增高后降低，焊接温度和加热时间对热熔接头的抗拉性能影响显著。PE管道热熔接头的抗拉性能比基材好。载荷-位移曲线与实验曲线较吻合。基于有限元分析和Kwon聚合物本构模型可得到PE管道热熔焊接接头准确的本构关系。     

聚乙烯管道焊接技术和评价方法

综述了聚乙烯管道焊接技术和评价方法的国内外研究现状,较详细地阐述了聚乙烯管道热熔焊接和电熔焊接的焊接原理、焊接技术、焊接方法、工艺条件以及焊接质量的控制方法,介绍了几种聚乙烯管道焊接质量的评价方法,包括破坏性焊接性能评价方法、非破坏性焊接性能评价方法、长期性能评价方法等。最后,指出聚乙烯管道焊接技术和评价方法应受到质量检验部门的重视。     

Ultrasonic welding of thermoplastics in the far-field

In far-field ultrasonic welding of plastic parts the distance between the ultrasonic horn and the joint is greater than 6 mm. This study investigated the farfield ultrasonic welding of amorphous (acrylo butadiene styrene and polystyrene) and semicrystalline (polyethylene and polypropylene) polymers. Far-field welding worked well for amorphous polymers. Weld strength improved substantially with increasing amplitude of vibration at the joint interface. Increasing the weld pressure and/or the weld time also resulted in higher weld strengths. Far-field ultrasonic welding was not successful for semicrystalline polymers. The parts melted and deformed at the horn/part interface with little or no melting at the joint interface. A model for wave propagation in viscoelastic materials, which was developed to predict the vibration amplitude experienced at the joint interface, indicates that increasing the length of the samples to a half a wavelength should improve the far-field welding of semicrystalline polymers by maximizing the amplitude of vibration at the joint interface.     

Comparative study on the morphology and mechanical strength of induction welding joint of polyetheretherketone under different currents

There is an increasing need for joining technologies of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), in which induction welding technique is one of the most promising methods. The induction welding experiment of PEEK thin plates was conducted under different input currents in this research, while metal meshes were selected as induction components. The analysis of morphology, microstructure, and elemental composition of welding joints was performed by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Moreover, the mechanical strength of the induction-welding joint was investigated by tensile test. The results indicate that the PEEK can be joined effectively when the metal mesh is selected as an induction component, and the welding joints with good appearance are formed under the appropriate process parameters. The more induced joule heat produced by the higher input current promotes the resin fusion at the interface, which is propitious to reduce the generation of defects. However, the excessive heat input results in the extreme melting and thermal decomposition of PEEK resin, which will deteriorate the morphology and property of the welding joints. When the input current is 5.2A, the induction-welding joint can reach a maximum mechanical strength of 125.63 MPa, which increases by almost 60.55% through the optimization of welding parameters.     

Experimental characterization of processing-performance relationships of resistance welded graphite/polyetheretherketone composite joints

A study to investigate fusion bonding (welding) of AS4 graphite/polyetheretherketone (PEEK) thermoplastic composites is presented. Processing studies are conducted for resistance welding preconsolidated AS4/PEEK laminates in both unidirectional and quasi-isotropic configurations using PEEK and polyetherimide (PEI) film at the joint interface. All bonding was done under a constant displacement process. The influence of processing time, initially applied consolidation pressure, and the rate of heat generation on weld performance is examined through lap shear and Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness testing. A rapid increase in strength with processing time that asymptotically approaches the compression molded baseline is measured. Weld times for quasi-isotropic lap shear coupons are significantly shorter than those with a unidirectional lay-up. Variation of the initially applied consolidation pressure is shown to have little influence on the lap shear strength of PEEK film welded lap joints. A discussion of the mechanisms allowing void formation during the welding process is given. Bond strength test results are correlated with ultrasonic C-scans of the weld regions.     

聚乙烯管道热熔焊接技术研究进展

简述了聚乙烯（PE）管道热熔焊接接头的影响因素,对国内外热熔接头可靠性测试方法的研究进展进行了综述。总结了焊接参数对接头质量的影响规律,并分析了接头的失效机理。焊接参数的改变能显著影响热熔接头的性能,选择最优焊接参数能提高接头乃至整个管道系统的可靠性。分别从力学性能、有限元模拟和无损检测3个方面总结了热熔接头相关研究,期待未来建立一种全面的热熔焊接接头力学性能评价标准,能减少实验时间、降低测试成本。随着材料的创新和科技手段的发展,未来有限元模拟和无损检测技术有望代替力学实验,成为热熔接头可靠性检测的主要方法。     

Ultrasonic Determination of the Cohesive Properties of Bonded Joints by Measurement of Reflection Coefficient and Bondline Transit Time

An ultrasonic nondestructive technique for the quantitative determination of the cohesive properties of adhesive joints based on the measurement of the reflection coefficient from the top adhesive/adherend interface and the bondline transit time has been developed. The method requires access to only one side of the joint and, for joints with typical aerospace geometries, it can be implemented using a single transducer with a centre frequency below 50 MHz. The technique has been used to determine the longitudinal bulk wave velocity in aluminium-epoxy-aluminium joints to within ±6% of the nominal values determined from bulk samples. The bondline thickness of the samples tested was evaluated to within micrometer accuracy, and thickness variations within the scan area were detected to much better than micrometer accuracy. The method has been tested successfully on joints made with two-part epoxies and with film adhesives containing a “scrim” carrier, and it has also been shown that the different standard adherend preparation procedures have a negligible effect on the results. The method, therefore, promises to provide a reliable, nondestructive means of measuring the cohesive properties of a bonded joint and represents a significant advance on the currently available technology.     

聚乙烯管材热熔对接接头抵抗慢速裂纹扩展性能评价

采用应变硬化试验(SH)对不同焊接工艺下的聚乙烯管材热熔对接接头抵抗慢速裂纹扩展（SCG）性能进行评价。通过建立焊接温度梯度（190~250 ℃）、焊接压力梯度（0.6~1.4 MPa）和吸热时间梯度（40~140 s）试验,分析在不同焊接工艺参数条件下,不同聚乙烯管材热熔对接接头耐SCG性能的变化规律,探索冷焊及过焊2种典型缺陷对管材接头耐SCG性能的影响。结果表明,焊接温度、焊接压力和吸热时间都是影响管材热熔对接接头耐SCG性能的重要工艺参数,试验测得PE100, d_n110, SDR11型管材的最佳焊接参数为焊接温度230 ℃,焊接压力1 MPa及吸热时间100 s,当焊接参数选取过高或过低时,会造成管材接头出现过焊或冷焊缺陷,降低管材接头的耐SCG性能。