结合小波变换和改进邻域权值的FCM算法

针对改进的模糊C均值聚类算法在进行图像分割时构建的邻域权值函数未能同时考虑空间结构信息和灰度值域信息,而导致对噪声敏感及边缘纹理信息的处理粗糙的问题,提出了一种结合小波变换和改进邻域权值的FCM算法.该算法首先在原始灰度图像的基础上进行小波多分辨率分析的自适应阈值去噪处理;然后在重构图像上结合双边滤波的思想构建一个基于图像块局部空间邻域信息和灰度值域信息的改进邻域权值函数.实验结果表明,该算法比传统FCM算法以及FCM的改进算法有更高的分割精确度,对强噪声更具鲁棒性,图像边缘也更加平整.     

核空间中智模糊聚类及图像分割应用

目的 为了更有效地提高中智模糊C-均值聚类对非凸不规则数据的聚类性能和噪声污染图像的分割效果,提出了核空间中智模糊均值聚类算法。方法 引入核函数概念。利用满足Mercer条件的非线性问题,用非线性变换把低维空间线性不可分的输入模式空间映射到一个先行可分的高维特征空间进行中智模糊聚类分割。结果 通过对大量图像添加不同的加性和乘性噪声进行分割测试获得的核空间中智模糊聚类算法提高了现有算法的对含噪声聚类的鲁棒性和分类性能。峰值信噪比至少提高0.8 dB。结论 本文算法具有显著的分割效果和良好的鲁棒性,并适应于医学,遥感图像处理需要。     

基于相似性的中智学图像分割方法

针对传统图像分割算法抗噪性差的问题,提出基于相似性的中智学图像分割方法。该方法在中智学基础上,利用图像信息的不确定性,结合相似性运算对图像信息进行处理。根据像素点的不确定性,图像在中智学领域内经相似性运算和图像增强后,利用聚类将其分割。实验结果显示,该方法可以有效剔除噪声,提高图像的信噪比,对合成图像分割错误率仅为0.110 7,低于其他方法,表明本方法在抗噪性以及图像分割效果上比其他方法更为理想。     

A robust active contour model driven by fuzzy c-means energy for fast image segmentation

In this paper, we propose a robust region-based active contour model driven by fuzzy c-means energy that draws upon the clustering intensity information for fast image segmentation. The main idea of fuzzy c-means energy is to quickly compute the two types of cluster center functions for all points in image domain by fuzzy c-means algorithm locally with a proper preprocessing procedure before the curve starts to evolve. The time-consuming local fitting functions in traditional models are substituted with these two functions. Furthermore, a sign function and a Gaussian filtering function are utilized to replace the penalty term and the length term in most models, respectively. Experiments on several synthetic and real images have proved that the proposed model can segment images with intensity inhomogeneity efficiently and precisely. Moreover, the proposed model has a good robustness on initial contour, parameters and different kinds of noise.     

基于隐马尔科夫随机场邻域选择的细节保护图像分割

由于马尔科夫随机场（Markov Random Fields,MRF）区域标识模型的滤波效应,在合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像处理过程中,细节结构会被部分保留或者完全丢失。本文提出一种基于散射描述子的自适应邻域系统隐MRF（Hidden MRF,HMRF）图像分割方法,以实现更好地保留图像细节特征和边缘区域,从而改善图像的分割效果。为了提高可靠性和自适应性,将模糊c均值（Fuzzy c-means,FCM）聚类算法与散射变换相结合,实现邻域形状的自适应选择。从不同的邻域形状中,选择具有最高模糊隶属度的邻域形状进行HMRF区域标识过程。实验结果表明,相比较于一般HMRF使用固定形状的邻域系统,本文所提出的算法改善了分割效果,特别是图像细节结构信息得到了很好的保护。     

基于热平衡的中智学图像分割方法

为降低噪声对图像分割结果的影响,提出一种基于热平衡理论的中智学图像分割方法。该方法将图像转化为中智学图像,考虑每一个像素的不确定性,通过热平衡运算及图像增强处理,使噪声点变得更平滑,再使用γ-均值聚类方法分割图像。实验结果表明,对于含不同程度噪声的图像,该方法的分割效果明显优于中智学方法及改进的模糊C-均值方法。     

Optimal-selection-based suppressed fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm with self-tuning non local spatial information for image segmentation

Suppressed fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm (S-FCM) is one of the most effective fuzzy clustering algorithms. Even if S-FCM has some advantages, some problems exist. First, it is unreasonable to compulsively modify the membership degree values for all the data points in each iteration step of S-FCM. Furthermore, duo to only utilizing the spatial information derived from the pixel’s neighborhood window to guide the process of image segmentation, S-FCM cannot obtain satisfactory segmentation results on images heavily corrupted by noise. This paper proposes an optimal-selection-based suppressed fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm with self-tuning non local spatial information for image segmentation to solve the above drawbacks of S-FCM. Firstly, an optimal-selection-based suppressed strategy is presented to modify the membership degree values for data points. In detail, during each iteration step, all the data points are ranked based on their biggest membership degree values, and then the membership degree values of the top r ranked data points are modified while the membership degree values of the other data points are not changed. In this paper, the parameter r is determined by the golden section method. Secondly, a novel gray level histogram is constructed by using the self-tuning non local spatial information for each pixel, and then fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm with the optimal-selection-based suppressed strategy is executed on this histogram. The self-tuning non local spatial information of a pixel is derived from the pixels with a similar neighborhood configuration to the given pixel and can preserve more information of the image than the spatial information derived from the pixel’s neighborhood window. This method is applied to Berkeley and other real images heavily contaminated by noise. The image segmentation experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over other fuzzy algorithms.     

FCM融合改进的GSA算法在医学图像分割中的研究

医学图像由于具有复杂性,在对其进行图像分割时存在很大的不确定性,为了提高模糊c均值聚类算法(FCM)在处理医学图像分割时的性能,提出一种新的混合方法进行图像分割。利用FCM算法将图像像素分成均匀的区域,融合引力搜索算法,将改进的引力搜索算法纳入模糊c均值聚类算法中,以找到最优聚类中心,使模糊c均值聚类的适应度函数值最小,从而提高分割效果。实验结果表明,相对于传统的聚类算法,所提算法在分割复杂的医学图像方面更具有效性。     

快速鲁棒核空间模糊聚类分割

目的 传统模糊C-均值聚类应用于图像分割仅考虑像素本身的聚类问题,无法克服噪声干扰对图像分割结果的影响,不利于受到噪声干扰的工业图像、医学影像和高分遥感影像等进行目标提取、识别和解译。嵌入像素空间邻域信息或局部信息的鲁棒模糊C-均值聚类分割算法是近年来图像分割理论研究中的热点课题。为此,针对现有的鲁棒核空间模糊聚类算法非常耗时且抑制噪声能力弱、不适合强噪声干扰下大幅面图像快速分割等问题,提出一种快速鲁棒核空间模糊聚类分割算法。方法 利用待分割图像中像素邻域的灰度信息和空间位置等信息构建线性加权滤波图像,对其进行鲁棒核空间模糊聚类。为了进一步提高算法实时性,引入当前聚类像素与其邻域像素均值所对应的2维直方图信息,构造一种基于2维直方图的鲁棒核空间模糊聚类快速分割最优化数学模型,采用拉格朗日乘子法获得图像分割的像素聚类迭代表达式。结果 对大幅面图像添加一定强度的高斯、椒盐以及混合噪声,以及未加噪标准图像的分割测试结果表明,本文算法比基于邻域空间约束的核模糊C-均值聚类等算法的峰值信噪比至少提高1.5 dB,误分率降低约5%,聚类性能评价的划分系数提高约10%,运行速度比核模糊C-均值聚类和基于邻域空间约束的鲁棒核模糊C-均值聚类算法至少提高30%,与1维直方图核空间模糊C-均值聚类算法具有相当的时间开销,所得分割结果具有较好的主观视觉效果。结论 通过理论分析和实验验证,本文算法相比现有空间邻域信息约束的鲁棒核空间模糊聚类等算法具有更强的抗噪鲁棒性、更优的分割性能和实时性,对大幅面遥感、医学等影像快速解译具有积极的促进作用,能更好地满足实时性要求较高场合的图像分割需要。     

基于二维直方图的图像模糊聚类分割新方法

基于二维直方图的模糊聚类分割算法可以有效地抑制噪声的干扰。但是,FCM算法用于图像数据聚类时的最大缺陷是运算的开销太大,这就限制了这种方法在图像分割中的应用。该文根据FCM算法和灰度图像的特点,提出了一种适用于灰度图像分割的抑制式模糊C-均值聚类算法(S-FCM)。通过调节抑制因子α来提高分割速度和分类的正确率。实验结果表明,新算法对小目标灰度图像的分割效果优于FCM算法。     

肺实质CT图像细化分割

目的 由于肺部CT图像中各组织结构复杂、灰度分布不均匀,造成肺实质部分难以准确分割和提取。为了提高肺实质分割的准确率,本文提出了一种基于超像素的细化分割与模糊C均值聚类相结合的自动分割算法。方法 该算法充分利用肺部CT图像的灰度、纹理特征,同时为了正确标记超像素的分类,引入一种空间邻域信息来增强空间约束进而有效地解决灰度不均匀的问题,它能够对肺实质进行分割并除去其周围的主血管,然后利用形态学知识去除肺部的分支血管。结果 在临床患有四类疾病的患者CT图像数据集上采用改进的图像特征,使得肺实质分割的准确率提高了0.8%。同时,算法准确率提高到99.46%。结论 实验结果表明,本文算法能够实现肺部CT图像肺实质的自动细化分割,结果准确适用。该算法鲁棒性好、速度快,是一种精确有效的自动肺实质分割方法。     

Efficient inhomogeneity compensation using fuzzy c-means clustering models

Intensity inhomogeneity or intensity non-uniformity (INU) is an undesired phenomenon that represents the main obstacle for magnetic resonance (MR) image segmentation and registration methods. Various techniques have been proposed to eliminate or compensate the INU, most of which are embedded into classification or clustering algorithms, they generally have difficulties when INU reaches high amplitudes and usually suffer from high computational load. This study reformulates the design of c-means clustering based INU compensation techniques by identifying and separating those globally working computationally costly operations that can be applied to gray intensity levels instead of individual pixels. The theoretical assumptions are demonstrated using the fuzzy c-means algorithm, but the proposed modification is compatible with a various range of c-means clustering based INU compensation and MR image segmentation algorithms. Experiments carried out using synthetic phantoms and real MR images indicate that the proposed approach produces practically the same segmentation accuracy as the conventional formulation, but 20-30 times faster.     

结合模糊聚类算法的图像分割方法

在介绍聚类分析原理的基础上,比较了几种聚类分割算法,得出了模糊C-均值聚类方法在图像分割中的优势.最后,基于排列组合熵和灰度特征,结合模糊C-均值聚类算法对图像纹理进行分割.实验结果表明,该方法既能快速地分割图像,又具有较好的抗噪能力,分割效果较为理想.     

融合方向特性与不确定性的脉冲噪声滤波

目的 随机噪声的噪声阈值具有不确定性和敏感性,寻找一个鲁棒的阀值是非常困难的,这严重影响了噪声的提取效率。为提高噪声判断的准确性,提出一种基于方向特性与中智不确定性融合的双端脉冲检测算法;另外,为加强优良像素在滤波过程中的权重,构建了一种基于像素中智不确定性和ROAD（rank-ordered absolute differences）统计量的新型双边滤波函数。方法 在噪声检测阶段,首先根据ROLD（rank-ordered logarithmic difference）与噪声阈值T的关系,将污染图像的像素分为超限域像素（ROLD ≥ T）、邻限域像素（0.8T ≤ ROLD<T）和安全域像素（ROLD<0.8T）,并利用开关机制完成一次噪声检测。在此基础上,为提高超限域和邻限域像素噪声检测的准确性,采用不同策略对其进行二次噪声排查：对超限域像素,利用新型25像素和9像素4方向模板计算像素基于排序的方向对数差统计量,由该统计量与T的大小关系决定当前像素的噪声真伪;对邻限域像素,则结合当前像素中智不确定性在滤波窗内的排序信息来进一步确定其噪声特性。在滤波阶段,利用像素中智不确定性和ROAD统计量构建新型双边滤波函数,以加强低不确定性和高相似性像素在图像恢复中的权重。结果 针对实验图像,双端脉冲检测算法的边缘像素提取率最高可达67%、邻限域像素的噪声剔除率最高可达91%,大大降低了阈值对噪声提取的敏感性,从而提高了噪声判断的正确率。在10%~80%噪声范围内,本文算法的主观性能和峰值信噪比都优于其他7种算法。结论 本文基于双端检测和新型双边滤波函数的新算法,在噪声检测和去噪过程中均充分考虑了图像本身的方向性和噪声的不确定性,因此提高了噪声提取及像素滤波权重的准确性,从而有效地保护了图像的边缘和细节信息。     

Novel modified fuzzy c-means algorithm with applications

Fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm has been widely used in many medical image segmentations. However, the conventionally standard FCM algorithm is noise sensitive because of not taking into account the spatial information. To overcome the above problem, a novel modified FCM algorithm (called FCM–AWA later) for image segmentation is presented in this paper. The algorithm is realized by modifying the objective function in the conventional FCM algorithm, i.e., by incorporating the spatial neighborhood information into the standard FCM algorithm. An adaptive weighted averaging (AWA) filter is given to indicate the spatial influence of the neighboring pixels on the central pixel. The parameters (weighting coefficients) of control template (neighboring widow) are automatically determined in the implementation of the weighted averaging image by a predefined nonlinear function. The presented algorithm is applied to both artificial synthesized image and real image. Furthermore, the quantifications of dental plaque using proposed algorithm-based segmentation were conducted. Experimental results show that the presented algorithm performs more robust to noise than the standard FCM algorithm and another FCM algorithm (proposed by Ahmed) do. Furthermore, the results of dental plaque quantification using proposed method indicate the FCM–AWA provides a quantitative, objective and efficient analysis of dental plaque, and possesses great promise.     

结合改进FCM算法的多相位CV模型

Chan-Vese模型以其能较好地处理图像的模糊边界和复杂拓扑结构而广泛运用于图像分割中。但对于灰度不均匀性和多目标的分割效果较差。模糊聚类（FCM）算法作为一种无监督聚类算法已成功应用到目标识别和图像分割等领域。然而FCM算法没有考虑像素的空间信息对噪声敏感。针对这些问题,提出一种结合改进FCM算法的多相位CV模型。首先,基于直方图统计灰度种类、并利用邻域内计算的空间信息修正隶属度函数,这样克服了灰度不均匀性和噪声的影响。再将改进后的FCM算法应用到CV模型的区域检测项,可较准确地使像素点归类,以此作为曲线的演化依据。在演化时采用一种各项异性的模板来控制轮廓线的及时分裂,在较短时间内分割出更多目标。     

A multiobjective spatial fuzzy clustering algorithm for image segmentation

This article describes a multiobjective spatial fuzzy clustering algorithm for image segmentation. To obtain satisfactory segmentation performance for noisy images, the proposed method introduces the non-local spatial information derived from the image into fitness functions which respectively consider the global fuzzy compactness and fuzzy separation among the clusters. After producing the set of non-dominated solutions, the final clustering solution is chosen by a cluster validity index utilizing the non-local spatial information. Moreover, to automatically evolve the number of clusters in the proposed method, a real-coded variable string length technique is used to encode the cluster centers in the chromosomes. The proposed method is applied to synthetic and real images contaminated by noise and compared with k-means, fuzzy c-means, two fuzzy c-means clustering algorithms with spatial information and a multiobjective variable string length genetic fuzzy clustering algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed method behaves well in evolving the number of clusters and obtaining satisfactory performance on noisy image segmentation.     

结合类内和类间距离的可能聚类分割算法

目的 为了进一步提高噪声图像分割的抗噪性和准确性,提出一种结合类内距离和类间距离的改进可能聚类算法并将其应用于图像分割。方法 该算法避免了传统可能性聚类分割算法中仅仅考虑以样本点到聚类中心的距离作为算法的测度,将类内距离与类间距离相结合作为算法的新测度,即考虑了类内紧密程度又考虑了类间离散程度,以便对不同的聚类结构有较强的稳定性和更好的抗噪能力,并且将直方图融入可能模糊聚类分割算法中提出快速可能模糊聚类分割算法,使其对各种较复杂图像的分割具有即时性。结果 通过人工合成图像和实际遥感图像分割测试结果表明,本文改进可能聚类算法是有效的,其分割轮廓清晰,分类准确且噪声较小,其误分率相比其他算法至少降低了2个百分点,同时能获得更满意的分割效果。结论 针对模糊C-均值聚类分割算法和可能性聚类分割算法对于背景和目标颜色相近的图像分类不准确的缺陷,将类内距离与类间距离相结合作为算法的测度有效的解决了图像分割归类问题,并且结合直方图提出快速可能模糊聚类分割算法使其对于大篇幅复杂图像也具有适用性。     

Improved spatial fuzzy c-means clustering for image segmentation using PSO initialization,Mahalanobis distance and post-segmentation correction

In this paper, we propose an improvement method for image segmentation using the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm (FCM). This algorithm is widely experimented in the field of image segmentation with very successful results. In this work, we suggest further improving these results by acting at three different levels. The first is related to the fuzzy c-means algorithm itself by improving the initialization step using a metaheuristic optimization. The second level is concerned with the integration of the spatial gray-level information of the image in the clustering segmentation process and the use of Mahalanobis distance to reduce the influence of the geometrical shape of the different classes. The final level corresponds to refining the segmentation results by correcting the errors of clustering by reallocating the potentially misclassified pixels. The proposed method, named improved spatial fuzzy c-means IFCMS, was evaluated on several test images including both synthetic images and simulated brain MRI images from the McConnell Brain Imaging Center (BrainWeb) database. This method is compared to the most used FCM-based algorithms of the literature. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the ideas presented.     

A new fuzzy clustering algorithm for the segmentation of brain tumor

This paper introduces a new method of clustering algorithm based on interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFSs) generated from intuitionistic fuzzy sets to analyze tumor in magnetic resonance (MR) images by reducing time complexity and errors. Based on fuzzy clustering, during the segmentation process one can consider numerous cases of uncertainty involving in membership function, distance measure, fuzzifier, and so on. Due to poor illumination of medical images, uncertainty emerges in their gray levels. This paper concentrates on uncertainty in the allotment of values to the membership function of the uncertain pixels. Proposed method initially pre-processes the brain MR images to remove noise, standardize intensity, and extract brain region. Subsequently IVIFSs are constructed to utilize in the clustering algorithm. Results are compared with the segmented images obtained using histogram thresholding, k-means, fuzzy c-means, intuitionistic fuzzy c-means, and interval type-2 fuzzy c-means algorithms and it has been proven that the proposed method is more effective.