工业纯铝等通道球形转角膨胀挤压变形的力学与摩擦学性能

对传统等通道转角挤压工艺(equal channel angular extrusion,ECAE)进行改进,提出一种新型剧烈塑性变形法(severe plastic deformation,SPD)——等通道球形转角膨胀挤压(equal channel angular expansion extrusion with...     

纯铝粉末多孔材料等通道转角挤压数值模拟及实验

采用体积可压缩刚粘塑性有限元法,对纯铝粉末多孔烧结材料的等通道转角挤压过程进行数值模拟,获得了挤压过程试件内部变形场、静水应力场及相对密度场的分布。研究结果表明,等通道转角挤压对粉末多孔材料具有强烈的致密效果。分析认为,挤压过程所提供的高静水压力状态和大剪切变形,是孔隙得以有效焊合的关键。对纯铝粉末烧结材料进行的实验结果表明,试样经过一次挤压后,主要变形区组织剪切变形特征明显,内部的孔隙基本闭合,组织明显细化,材料的力学性能显著提高。     

模具外角对等通道转角挤压纯铝变形过程的影响

模具外角对等通道转角挤压(ECAE)变形过程影响较大,文章利用有限元软件(MSC.Marc)模拟研究了模具外角对ECAE过程中等效应变、变形机理的影响。模拟结果表明,模具外角Ψ>0°～30°的范围内,等效应变的分布较为均匀;当模具外角Ψ>30°时,等效应变的分布越来越不均匀;当模具外角Ψ=0°～90°范围内逐渐增大时,试样的变形机理由单一剪切变形逐渐变为剪切变形与弯曲变形相结合的复合变形行为。为了验证模拟结果,对大尺寸纯铝进行了等通道转角挤压实验(模具内角Ф=90°,模具外角Ψ=30°),纯铝实验应变值的分布与大小和模拟应变值的分布与大小近似吻合。由光学显微组织可知,经ECAE挤压一次后,变形试样组织较为均匀,晶粒得到一定程度细化。     

等通道球形转角挤压过程中工业纯铝的微观组织演变与力学性能

突破传统ECAP变形全过程通道等截面思路,提出一种耦合剪切应变和正应变于一体的新型等通道球形转角挤压(equal channel angular extrusion with spherical cavity,ECAE-SC)工艺。在自行研制的模具上对工业纯铝进行室温单道次ECAE-SC挤压实验,采用OM、EBSD和TEM等技术手段,研究了ECAE-SC变形过程中工业纯铝微观组织的演变规律,并测试了变形后试样的显微硬度。结果表明,在ECAE-SC工艺剧烈简单剪切变形诱导下,工业纯铝仅需1道次挤压变形即可获得等轴、细小、均匀的超细晶组织,平均晶粒尺寸约为400 nm;工业纯铝室温ECAE-SC变形以位错滑移为主并伴有不完全连续动态再结晶,其微观组织经历了剪切带→位错胞→小角度亚晶→大角度等轴晶粒等动态演化过程。1道次ECAE-SC变形后,工业纯铝组织以{110}001高斯织构为主,同时存在部分{111}112铜型织构;材料显微硬度值大幅提升,由初始289.4 MPa提高到565.3 MPa,增幅高达95.33%,且分布均匀性良好。     

3D FEM simulations and experimental validation of plastic deformation of pure aluminum deformed by ECAP and combination of ECAP and direct extrusion

Rigid-viscoplastic 3D finite element simulations (3D FEM) of the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), the combination of ECAP + extrusion with different extrusion ratios, and direct extrusion of pure aluminum were performed and analyzed. The 3D FEM simulations were carried out to investigate the load–displacement behavior, the plastic deformation characteristics and the effective plastic strain homogeneity of Al-1080 deformed by different forming processes. The simulation results were validated by microstructure observations, microhardness distribution maps and the correlation between the effective plastic strain and the microhardness values. The 3D FEM simulations were performed successfully with a good agreement with the experimental results. The load–displacement curves and the peak load values of the 3D FEM simulations and the experimental results were close from each other. The microhardness distribution maps were in a good conformity with the effective plastic strain contours and verifying the 3D FEM simulations results. The ECAP workpiece has a higher degree of deformation homogeneity than the other deformation processes. The microhardness values were calculated based on the average effective plastic strain. The predicted microhardness values fitted the experimental results well. The microstructure observations in the longitudinal and transverse directions support the 3D FEM effective plastic strain and microhardness distributions result in different forming processes.     

螺旋通道长度对纯铝粉末多孔材料等径角挤扭变形的影响

针对等径角挤压和挤扭两种工艺的不足,在充分发挥各自优势的基础上,提出了一种新型的大塑性变形工艺——等径角挤扭(Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Torsion,ECAPT)。采用DEFORM-3D软件对纯铝粉末多孔材料等径角挤扭成形过程进行单道次三维有限元模拟,重点分析螺旋通道长度对变形试样挤压载荷、等效应变、致密行为等场量变化规律的影响。结果表明,相比于传统的ECAP变形,ECAPT工艺螺旋通道的存在,可大大增加变形试样内部的静水压力;合理的螺旋通道长度,可有效提高变形试样的累积应变量和应变分布均匀性,显著改善变形试样的整体致密效果。文章在综合考虑最优数值模拟结果的基础上,自行设计了螺旋通道长度为30mm的ECAPT模具,并进行了相关实验验证,证明了所建立有限元模型的可靠性。     

Effect of equal channel angular extrusion on the microstructure and superplasticity of an Al-Li alloy

This research investigates the use of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) processing to produce a superplastic form of the aluminum alloy 2098. The starting material was a hot-rolled and precipitation-hardened plate with elongated grains of width 67–92 μm, and a composition in weight percent of 2.2% Li, 1.3% Cu, 0.73% Mg, 0.05% Zr, balance Al. Microstructural evolution was investigated with optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and microhardness measurements after each step of a multipass ECAE process. ECAE produced a submicron grain structure with an average size of about 0.5 μm. The sub-grain microstructure size was a function of the magnitude of the input strain and the extrusion temperature. Misorientation angles of the developed submicron structure increase with increasing number of passes at warm working temperatures. Superplastic behavior of the ECAE-processed alloy was achieved. However, the low zirconium content of the 2098 alloy resulted in grain growth of the refined structure at the superplastic processing temperatures, placing a lower limit on the deformation rates that can be used.     

新SIMA法制备铝合金3A21半固态坯料

利用有限元模拟软件模拟不同路径下等径角挤压过程,分析材料等效应变分布情况,通过等径角挤压实验、半固态等温处理实验、金相显微镜、金相检验软件系统等实验方法和分析设备,研究铝合金3A21半固态坯料显微组织晶粒尺寸同等效应变的关系,分析不同工艺参数对晶粒等积圆直径和形状系数的影响。结果表明,随着材料经过ECAE后等效应变的增大,半固态坯料晶粒尺寸减小;随着保温时间的延长,晶粒尺寸增大、圆整度增加。     

圆形工件等通道转角挤压应变分布和塑性变形区的三维有限元分析

利用三维有限元方法模拟了圆形工件的等通道转角挤压过程,分析了工件上应变分布情况,其与理论值和二维模拟的结果符合较好.通过对稳定变形阶段塑性变形区的分析,探讨了应变分布不均匀的原因,所得结果有利于理解工件变形过程和优化工艺设计.     

Die structure optimization of equal channel angular extrusion for AZ31 magnesium alloy based on finite element method

Three-dimensional(3D)geometric models with different corner angles(90°and 120°)and with or without inner round fillets in the bottom die were designed.Some important process parameters were regarded as the calculation conditions used in DEFORMT M-3D software,such as stress—strain data of compression test for AZ31 magnesium,temperatures of die and billet,and friction coefficient.Influence of friction coefficient on deformation process was discussed.The results show that reasonable lubrication condition is im...     

Preparation of semi-solid billet of magnesium alloy and its thixoforming

Preparation of semi-solid billet of magnesium alloy and thixoforming was investigated by applying equal channel angularextrusion to magnesium alloy.The results show that mechanical properties of AZ91D alloy at room temperature,such as yieldstrength(YS),ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and elongation,are enhanced greatly by four-pass equal channel angularextrusion(ECAE)at 573 K and microstructure of AZ91D alloy is refined to the average grain size of 20μm.Through using ECAE asstrain induced step in SIMA and completing melt activated step by semi-solid isothermal treatment,semi-solid billet with finespheroidal grains of 25μm can be prepared successfully.Compared with common SIMA,thixoformed satellite angle framecomponents using semi-solid billet prepared by new SIMA have higher mechanical properties at room temperature and hightemperature of 373 K.     

等通道转角挤压过程有限元模拟

等通道转角挤压是一种新的制备超细晶粒材料的技术。对于工业纯铝材料的等通道转角挤压过程 ,采用有限元技术进行模拟 ,分析了挤压过程中材料的应力和应变并对不同摩擦条件下的挤压变形情况进行了分析 ,将有限元分析结果与实际网格变形进行了比较 ,两者结果基本吻合     

Uniformity and continuity of effective strain in AZ91D processed by multi-pass equal channel angular extrusion

AZ91D magnesium alloy was processed by equal channel angular extrusion（ECAE）. The influence of extrusion temperature, extrusion pass and extrusion route on the ultimate strength of the extruded billet was analyzed. The process of multi-pass extrusion was simulated with the method of finite element analysis, and the continuity and uniformity of effective strain in multi-pass extrusion were investigated. The results show that extrusion pass plays the most important role in improving the ultimate strength of AZ91D magnesium alloy, the extrusion route is the second, and the extrusion temperature is the last, From the numerical simulation, there exists the continuity of the accumulated deformation in multi-pass extrusion and the effective strain increases linearly. The tendency of the strain uniformity is different in multi-pass extrusion with extrusion routes. The results of experiment agree with those of numerical simulation.     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of niobium processed by equal channel angular extrusion up to 24 passes

We have systematically investigated the microstructural evolution of niobium (Nb) subjected to severe plastic deformation via equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) up to 24 passes. The starting Nb billet material consists of a centimeter-scale grain size with a columnar structure. We have found that the grain size reduction of the Nb is almost saturated at ∼300 nm after eight passes of ECAE. However, the population of high-angle grain boundaries continues to increase with further ECAE, and no saturation appears to have been reached at 24 passes. We have evaluated the mechanical properties of the samples with different number of ECAE passes over a wide range of strain rates, from quasi-static to high strain rates. We have used strain-rate jump tests to examine the strain-rate sensitivity (SRS) of the processed samples and found that the SRS of the ECAE-processed Nb is ∼0.012, which is a factor of three smaller than that of the coarse-grained counterpart. The activation volume derived for plastic deformation indicates that the double-kink formation of screw dislocations is still the predominant deformation mechanism in the ECAE-processed Nb. Quasi-static true stress-strain curves exhibit elastic-nearly perfectly plastic behavior. The quasi-static yield strength is also nearly saturated after eight passes of ECAE. High-strain-rate compressive true stress-strain curves show uniform flow softening. However, the dynamic peak stress keeps rising with an increased number of ECAE passes, suggesting a strong grain boundary contribution to dynamic strengthening. Scanning electron microscopy of post-loaded surfaces displays a morphology of diffuse shear bands accompanying highly compressed grains. In our report, we demonstrate that grain boundaries of severely deformed metals play different roles at low, quasi-static vs. high-strain rates of mechanical loading. The difference is primarily determined by the strength of grain boundaries acting as dislocation barriers at different loading rates. This discovery is significant for the understanding of the effect of the microstructure as a function of the applied loading rate.     

反压对粉末多孔材料等通道转角挤压过程的影响

采用体积可压缩刚粘塑性有限元法对粉末多孔材料带反压的等通道转角挤压过程进行数值模拟,获得粉末多孔材料在该过程中的变形和致密行为.并在此基础上分析反压大小和反压模具结构对挤压变形效果的影响.结果表明:采用带反压的方式可有效控制变形过程中粉末金属的流动,增加试件整体变形的变形量,提高变形均匀性及致密效果;带反压的等通道转角挤压工艺可有效降低试件在挤压过程中产生破坏的可能性,同无反压方式相比,带反压挤压件内部获得更为均匀细密的内部组织结构.     

Equal Channel Angular Extrusion of TB2 Alloy under Different Die Designs by Finite Element Method

采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了不同模具结构设计对TB2合金(Ti-5Mo-5V-8Cr-3Al)等通道弯角挤压过程的影响。与传统模具几何设计特点相比,新型等通道弯角挤压模具设计的内转角半径要大于外转角半径且均与模具内壁相切。针对模具不同内转角半径和外转角半径对等通道弯角挤压过程的影响,分析了TB2合金等通道弯角挤压过程的变形行为和应变均匀性。结果表明,随着内转角半径分别从1 mm升高至3,5,7和9 mm,TB2合金等通道弯角挤压后的应变均匀性更好和挤压载荷明显增大,较小的外转角半径能够使TB2合金挤压后获得较好的应变均匀性。综合内转角半径和外转角半径的有限元分析结果,当外转角半径为4 mm,内转角半径为5 mm时,TB2合金经等通道弯角挤压后具有最为理想的应变均匀性分布。     

Finite element simulations of deformation behavior in equal channel angular pressing using a rotated die

A new die design for equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) of square cross-section billet was proposed by a 45 rotation of the inlet and outlet channels around the channel axes. ECAP utilizing the rotated and conventional dies was simulated in three dimensions using the finite element method. Conditions with different material properties and friction coefficients were studied. The billet deformation behavior was evaluated in terms of the spatial distribution of equivalent plastic strain, plastic deformation zone and load history. The results show that the rotated die appears to produce billets with a smaller deformation inhomogeneity over the entire crosssection and a greater average of equivalent plastic strain at the cost of a slightly larger working load. The billet deformation enters into a steady state earlier in the case of the rotated die than the conventional die under the condition of a relatively large friction coefficient.     

Effect of deformation temperature on the microstructure developed in commercial purity aluminum processed by equal channel angular extrusion

Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) was used to deform samples of commercial purity aluminum (AA1050) to a strain of ∼8. The effect of extrusion temperature on the deformation microstructures was investigated over the range of 298–523 K. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize quantitatively the microstructural parameters, including grain size, shape and boundary misorientation.     

Preparation and thixoforging of semisolid billet of AZ80 magnesium alloy

Semisolid billet of AZ80 magnesium alloy was prepared by new strain induced melt activated (new SIMA) process and thixoforging experiment was performed. The results show that after as-cast AZ80 magnesium alloy is processed by equal channel angular extrusion, microstructure is refined well due to heavy dynamic recrystallization occurring in severe plastic deformation. Compared with semisolid isothermal treatment and conventional SIMA, semisolid billet with fine and spheroidal grains are achieved in new SIMA. Thixoforging process of semisolid billet prepared by new SIMA has many advantages such as good surface quality of final component, high ability to fill cavity and net-shape. The fine and spheroidal grains and high mechanical properties such as tensile strength of 298 MPa and elongation of 28% can be developed in final part thixoforged.     

Preparation of AZ91D magnesium alloy semi-solid billet by new strain induced melt activated method

1 Introduction AZ91D magnesium alloy has received more attention due to its high specific strength, specific rigidity and good dimensional stability and so on[1]. Thixoforming is one of the best methods with regard to forming AZ91D magnesium alloy compone…