亚微米WC添加对超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层磨损性能影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂方法(HVOF)在304不锈钢基体表面制备WC和WC-12Co的复合涂层WC-Co,研究亚微米WC的添加对涂层相组成、显微硬度、耐磨性能和表面形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射、压痕法、往复式摩擦磨损实验和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对涂层的相组成、显微硬度、磨损性能和表面形貌进行分析测试,并分析涂层的磨损过程和机制。结果表明,添加质量分数5%的亚微米WC颗粒显著提高了涂层的显微硬度(16.3%);增强了涂层的耐磨性,磨损率从6.09×10-7 mm3/Nm减小到5.15×10-7 mm3/Nm(减小13.8%);亚微米WC颗粒喷涂后在涂层中保持了WC相,并主要存在于WC-Co扁平粒子界面和孔隙。基于涂层中扁平粒子的结合特性与磨损失效特征,建立强化模型,分析亚微米WC颗粒对涂层扁平粒子界面的强化机制。     

Microstructure and properties of WC reinforced Ni-based composite coatings with Y2O3 addition on titanium alloy by laser cladding

ABSTRACT

In this study, WC reinforced Ni-based composite coatings with Y₂O₃ addition were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V titanium substrate by laser cladding. The phases, microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, microhardness tester and wear tester. The results showed that good metallurgical bonding was achieved between the composite coatings and substrate. The phases mainly were γ-Ni, TiC, TiB₂, Ni₃B, M₂₃C₆ and WC. Most of the WC was dissolved in small pieces of WC during the laser cladding process. The microhardness of the composite coatings was about 3 times that of the titanium substrate and the wear resistance of the composite coatings had a significant increase.     

High temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings produced by laser cladding with Co-coated WC powder

The Stellite-6/WC composite coatings were produced on AISI H13 hot work tool steel by laser cladding with mixture of Co-coated WC (WC-12Co) particles and Stellite-6 powder. The phase composition, microstructural characterization, high temperature wear resistance and thermal fatigue behavior of Stellite-6/WC coatings were investigated and compared with the properties of the coatings produced from mixture of WC particles and Stellite-6 powder. The results showed that using the WC-12Co particles alleviated the decomposition of WC and resulted in the weaker intensity of W₂C, CoC_x and Co₆W₆C peaks in the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns. Compared with using the WC particles directly as the coating material, using the WC-12Co particles could further improve the wear resistance of coatings according to the relative lower width and depth of wear scars at the same WC content. In addition, fewer fatigue cracks were observed on the surface of coatings made by adding WC-12Co particles under the same thermal fatigue conditions, which indicates that using WC-12Co is beneficial to extend the life of Stellite-6/WC coatings.     

爆炸喷涂WC-12Co/MoS_2复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能

为进一步提高爆炸喷涂WC-12Co涂层的耐磨性,在WC-12Co合金粉末中添加不同比例的MoS2粉末,利用爆炸喷涂技术在Q235钢表面制备了系列WC-12Co/MoS2复合涂层.采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机对WC-12Co/MoS2复合涂层的微观组织形貌、结构、显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能进行了研究.结果表明,MoS2均匀的分布于复合涂层中,当MoS2含量为2%时,复合涂层的硬度、致密度变化不大,但摩擦系数和磨损率大幅度下降,分别为WC-12Co涂层的50%和36%.随着MoS2含量的增加,复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均呈上升趋势.     

煤油流量对HVOF喷涂WC-12Co/NiCrBSi复合涂层显微组织与性能的影响

在 CrZrCu 基体上电镀 Ni 粘结层,通过超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术,采用不同煤油流量在电镀 Ni 粘结层上制备了 WC-12Co / NiCrBSi 复合涂层。 利用 XRD、SEM、Raman、维氏显微硬度计、电子拉伸试验机和球盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了不同煤油流量下涂层相组成、组织结构、力学性能和高温摩擦磨损性能。 结果表明:不同涂层的物相组成基本相同,喷涂过程中发生了一定程度的分解脱碳生成了 W2C,以及少量的 Cr₇C₃ 和 Co₃W₃C 相;随着煤油流量升高,涂层硬度提高,涂层孔隙率和耐磨性表现出先降低后升高趋势,致密的结构与较高的硬度有利于提高涂层的耐磨性;煤油流量为 26 L/ h 的工艺下制备的涂层孔隙率最低,为 0. 11%,硬度较高达到 927. 0 HV_{0. 3} ,摩擦因数最低约为 0. 46,磨损率最低为 2. 83×10^-15 m³ / (N·m),抗粘着磨损性能最好。     

纳米稀土对热喷涂WC-12Co涂层的改性作用

利用超音速火焰喷涂技术在45钢基体上制备了不同纳米稀土含量的WC-12Co涂层。通过物相分析并测定材料的显微硬度、结合强度、磨损性能,研究纳米稀土对WC-12Co涂层的改性作用。结果表明:适量纳米稀土的加入使WC-12Co涂层的显微硬度和结合强度显著提高,并且纳米稀土的加入有效地抑制了WC颗粒的脱碳,使组织细化。当纳米稀土含量在1.5wt%时,涂层的耐磨性最好。     

等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层抗冲刷磨损行为

目的探索WC-12Co复合涂层抗冲刷磨损的能力。方法采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)方法在Q235钢基体上制备WC-12Co复合涂层。用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能谱仪(EDS),对涂层微观形貌和相组成及成分进行分析。采用维氏显微硬度计表征了涂层的力学性能。采用自制的干砂型常温冲刷磨损试验机对涂层进行冲刷磨损实验。结果所制备的涂层主要由WC以及少量的W2C、Co3W3C和Co6W6C相组成。涂层以机械结合方式为主,同时伴有微冶金结合。截面显微硬度高于粘结层,其截面平均显微硬度为1169HV0.05。WC-12Co涂层厚度为300μm,粘结层厚度为50μm。在冲刷角为60°时涂层失重率最大,为0.4788 mg/g;在30°时涂层失重率最小,为0.3696 mg/g。结论在小角度30°冲刷时,具有较好的抗塑性冲刷磨损能力;在冲刷角为60°时出现最大的冲刷失重率,抗冲刷磨损效果较差;在大角度90°时,有一定的抗脆性冲刷磨损性能。     

等离子喷涂WC-12Co/NiCrAl复合涂层的摩擦磨损特性

以NiCrAl涂层为粘结层,用等离子喷涂工艺在TC4钛合金表面制备了WC-12Co/NiCrAl复合涂层。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和显微硬度仪等手段分析了涂层微观形貌、化学成分和显微硬度,并用磨损试验考察了WC-12Co/NiCrAl复合涂层的摩擦磨损特性。结果表明:WC-12Co涂层表面未熔颗粒较多,涂层截面孔隙率为10.2%;WC发生部分分解,出现W2C、Co6W6C等新相;涂层与基体结合界面为机械结合+局部微冶金结合方式;显微硬度为双态Weibull分布,呈现不同位置结构的差异化。WC-12Co涂层表现出良好的减摩及耐磨性能,同载荷下摩擦因数低于基体,磨损失重为基体的1/10,磨粒磨损是其主要磨损机制。     

WC-Co reinforced NiCoCrAlYTa composite coating: Effect of the proportion on microstructure and tribological properties

The properties of the working surfaces are linked to the safety and lifespan of the modern machines so that variety of coatings are used to protect the parts from breakdown. The NiCoCrAlYTa coating, which has an excellent oxidation resistance, usually undergoes more serious friction and wear due to its lower micro-hardness in contrast to the ceramic coatings. Therefore, the composite coatings reinforced by WC-Co are prepared by HVOF sprayed technology and are also characterized by scanning electron microscope, Raman spectrometer and X-ray diffraction. At the same time, the friction and wear behaviors as well as the mechanisms of different friction pairs are also discussed, in detail. The composite coatings, which mainly consist of γ-(Ni, Co), β-NiAl, γ′-Ni₃Al, WC and W₂C, are dense and uniform. With the increase of WC-17Co, the microhardness of NiCoCrAlYTa/WC-Co composite coating has enhanced from 641.4 HV_300g to 859.7 HV_300g. The wear rates of the composite coatings (10⁻⁵–10⁻⁶ mm³·N⁻¹ m⁻¹) are far lower than those of the as-sprayed NiCoCrAlYTa coating (10⁻⁴ mm³·N⁻¹ m⁻¹). Overall, the mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of the coatings are greatly improved with the addition of WC-Co.     

Influence of Rare Earth on the High-Temperature Sliding Wear Behavior of WC-12Co Coating Prepared by HVOF Spraying

In this work, WC-12Co coatings were prepared by high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) technology. The high-temperature sliding wear tests at 450, 550 and 650 °C were conducted on a pin-on-disk tribometer, and effects of CeO₂ on the high-temperature wear behavior were investigated. The results showed that CeO₂-modified WC-12Co coating possessed better sliding wear resistance than that of conventional WC-12Co coating at the tested temperatures. The maximum microhardness value of 1333 ± 25HV_0.5 was available at the temperature of 550 °C for CeO₂-modified WC-12Co coating worn track. The oxides formed on the worn surface played a significant role on the wear behavior. W₂C, Co₃O₄ and ratio of CoWO₄/WO₃ dominated the wear behavior of the coating at 450, 550 and 650 °C, respectively.     

激光熔覆超音速火焰喷涂陶瓷复合涂层的结构和性能

对YAG激光器产生的矩形激光束及在熔覆超音速火焰喷涂陶瓷复合涂层过程中激光功率对涂层组织和性能的影响进行了研究.采用扫描电镜分析了激光熔覆后的涂层组织结构,比较了采用不同激光输出功率2、3、4kW所得熔覆层的显微硬度和耐磨性能.结果表明:激光熔覆层与基体为冶金结合,熔覆层的硬度较喷涂层的硬度有所提高,并随着激光功率的提高而增加.激光熔覆层的磨损失重远低于喷涂层.     

AC-HVAF喷涂纳米结构WC-12Co耐磨涂层的微观结构和性能

本文采用含纳米WC颗粒的WC-12Co粉末,通过空气助燃超音速火焰喷涂系统（AC-HVAF）制备了耐磨涂层。研究了涂层相组成、微观结构、涂层硬度、断裂韧性和耐磨损性能。X射线衍射分析结果表明WC为涂层主相,未发现其他失碳分解产物。涂层孔隙率低于1%,晶粒尺寸为80-100nm,涂层磨光表面硬度平均值1940.3 HV0.3, 横截面平均硬度高达1662.1 HV0.3。使用WC硬质球为摩擦副,载荷1.5kg,工件转速1198r/min干磨条件下,纳米结构涂层的平均失重比微米结构涂层降低40%,且纳米结构涂层摩擦系数为0.26-0.28（微米结构涂层：0.25-0.4）,因此纳米结构涂层具有更加优异的耐磨性能。     

亚微米WC添加对超音速火焰喷涂WC–Co涂层磨损性能影响

采用湿法球磨将亚微米WC（~300 nm）和WC–12Co粉末混合均匀并使亚微米WC均匀粘附于WC–12Co粉末的表面,采用超音速火焰喷涂方法（HVOF）在304不锈钢基体表面制备WC和WC–12Co的WC–Co复合涂层,研究亚微米WC的添加对涂层相组成、显微硬度、耐磨性能和表面形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射分析涂层相组成,压痕法测试涂层的显微硬度,通过往复式摩擦磨损实验测试磨损性能,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对涂层磨损表面和断面进行微观形貌观察,并分析涂层的磨损过程和机制。结果表明,添加质量分数5%的亚微米WC颗粒显著提高了涂层的显微硬度（16.3%）;增强了涂层的耐磨性,磨损率从6.09×10-7 mm3/Nm减小到5.15×10-7 mm3/Nm（减小13.8%）;亚微米WC颗粒喷涂后在涂层中保持了WC相,并主要存在于WC–Co扁平粒子界面和孔隙。基于涂层中扁平粒子的结合特性与磨损失效特征,建立强化模型,分析亚微米WC颗粒对涂层扁平粒子界面的强化机制。     

A Comparison of Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Nanostructured and Conventional WC-12Co Detonation-Sprayed Coatings

In the present study, WC-12Co coatings were deposited by detonation-spraying technique using conventional and nanostructured WC-12Co feedstock at four different oxy/fuel ratios (OF ratio). The coatings exhibited the presence of phases like W₂C and W due to the decarburization of the WC phase, and the proportions of these phases were higher in the nano WC-12Co coatings compared with conventional WC-12Co coatings. Coating hardness and fracture toughness were measured. The tribological performance of coatings was examined under dry sand rubber wheel abrasion wear, and solid particle erosion wear conditions. The mechanical and wear properties of coatings were influenced by degree of decarburization and more so in the case of nanostructured WC-Co coatings. The results indicate that the extent of decarburization has a substantial influence on the elastic modulus of the coating which in turn is related to the extent of intersplat cracking of the coating.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy/WC reinforcing particles composite coatings prepared by laser cladding and plasma cladding

FeCoCrNi HEA coatings with 20% mass fraction of WC reinforcing particles were prepared by two different cladding methods, laser cladding (LC) and plasma cladding (PC). The microstructure of HEA matrix and WC particles of LC and PC coatings were discussed respectively. For HEA matrix, dendritic morphology was observed in both coatings. For WC particles, a few granular (Cr,W)₂C carbides around WC particles in LC coatings, and a large number of crystal and fishbone Fe₃W₃C carbides around WC particles in PC coatings. Mechanical properties as hardness and wear resistance of the two kinds of coatings were also investigated. The interstitial solution strengthening effect of C element is stronger in PC coating, and the hardness of HEA matrix in LC coatings is twice that of in PC coating, which shows a strong retention force on WC particles. The friction coefficient of LC coating is lower and stable, with the volume wear rate of 0.7 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m, showing high wear resistance. PC coatings have poor wear resistance due to decarbonization and oxidation of WC particles and reduction of retention force of HEA matrix, with the volume wear rate of 8.29 × 10⁻⁵ mm⁻³/N·m. The wear mechanism of both coatings were also discussed.     

铝合金表面超音速等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层的结合机理

在经磨抛处理后的光滑铝合金表面上,利用超音速等离子喷涂制备WC-12Co涂层,通过扫描电镜观察分析,对涂层的结合机理进行了研究.发现涂层与基体的结合是以机械结合为主,还伴有部分冶金结合、物理结合和扩散.实验及模拟结果表明:硬质相WC能够嵌入到基体内部,基体的硬度越小,WC颗粒嵌入基体表面的深度越大;颗粒的速度越大,撞击基体产生的凹坑深度也越大.     

Synthesis of WC-Co composite powders with two-step carbonization and sintering performance study

In this study, WC-Co composite powder was synthesized by two-step carbonization method using W, Co and C as raw materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the η phase (Co₆W₆C) was kept at 1100 °C for 1 h under vacuum, and it could be completely carbonized into WC-Co composite powders. The surface morphology of WC-Co composite powders was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of η phase and second phase (W phase) on WC morphology and Co phase distribution were investigated. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was used to analyze WC-10 wt% Co cemented carbide particle distribution. Comparison of transverse rupture strength, hardness and fracture toughness of two kinds of WC-10 wt% Co cemented carbides synthesized by WC-Co composite powders + WC and WC + Co respectively, the cemented carbide of composite powders + WC increases the fracture toughness from 11.4 ± 0.3 MPa·m^1/2 to 12.4 ± 0.3 MPa·m^1/2.     

Improvement of the oxidation and wear resistance of pure Ti by laser cladding at elevated temperature

NiCrBSi and NiCrBSi/WC-Ni composite coatings were produced on pure Ti substrates by the laser cladding technology. Thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis was used to evaluate the high temperature oxidation resistance of the laser cladding coatings. The friction and wear behavior was tested through sliding against the Si₃N₄ ball at elevated temperatures of 300 °C and 500 °C. Besides, the morphologies of the worn surfaces and wear debris were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three dimensional non-contact surface mapping. The results show that the microhardness, high temperature oxidation resistance and high temperature wear resistance of the pure Ti substrates are greatly increased. For the pure Ti substrate, the wear behavior is dominated by adhesive wear, abrasive wear and severe plastic deformation, while both laser cladding coatings, involving only mild abrasive and fatigue wear, are able to prevent the substrates from severe adhesion and abrasive wear. In particular, the laser cladding NiCrBSi/WC-Ni composite coating shows better high temperature wear resistance than the NiCrBSi coating, which is due to the formation of a hard WC phase in the composite coating.     

Effects of Rare Earth Elements on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of HVOF-Sprayed WC-Co Coatings

Rare earth has been widely used in materials manufacturing to improve hardness and toughness. In this paper, conventional, nanostructured, and rare earth CeO₂-doped WC-12Co powders were sprayed by using HVOF spraying technology. Microstructure, hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of the three coatings were investigated. The results showed that nanostructured WC-12Co coatings possessed the densest microstructure and excellent combination of strength and toughness. The WC particles with the size ranging from 50 to 500 nm distributed uniformly in the nanostructured WC-12Co coating. The average free path of Co matrix in rare earth-doped WC-12Co coating was shorter than that of conventional WC-12Co coating. XRD results showed no obvious decarburization in all three coatings. The addition of rare earth could improve the mechanical properties of the coating compared with that without rare earth. The hardness value of nanostructured WC-12Co coating (12.2 GPa) was similar to that of rare earth-doped WC-12Co coating (12.2 GPa), which was 15.1% higher than that of conventional WC-12Co coating. The elastic modulus and fracture toughness of nanostructured WC-12Co coating were the highest, and that of conventional WC-12Co coating was the lowest.     

Surface modification of atmospheric plasma sprayed cermet coatings by plasma transferred arc method

ABSTRACT

AISI 8620 steel substrates were coated with WC–Co and Cr₃C₂–NiCr by using the atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) method. Subsequently, surface melting of samples coated with APS was performed at different current values using the plasma transfer arc (PTA) method. Microstructure, microhardness, and wear properties of as-sprayed and surface-modified coatings were investigated. The microstructure of the APS-coated surface had some voids, cracks and nonhomogeneous areas. These defects were eliminated with the PTA surface modification process and microstructural properties of coatings were improved. The wear resistance of PTA modified coatings was also increased. The highest wear resistance and microhardness were obtained in WC–Co coating modified by PTA at a current of 80?A. The wear resistance of this coating was 8.5 times higher than that of the substrate. The coating hardness reached values as high as 980?HV_0,1 in this coating.