低碳钢表面剧烈形变与回复热处理诱发合金化研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计研究剧烈形变和低温回复处理对低碳钢表面Cr合金化的梯度组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,采用机械剧烈冲击形变和低温回复处理能够在低碳钢表面形成具有梯度组织结构的含Cr合金化层,含Cr相主要为Fe-Cr 固溶体和碳化物(Cr,Fe)7C3,且硬度从心部145 HV1逐渐向表层提高到215 HV1,这是由于应力增加导致晶体结构缺陷增多,同时应力引起温度升高以及后续的低温回复热处理过程中,在应力-热耦合效应的共同作用下,Cr元素扩散系数增加,加速扩散,促进合金化,形成梯度组织结构,显著改善和提高原材料的组织和力学性能。     

镍钛形状记忆合金在热压缩变形下的动态回复和动态再结晶

通过获得镍钛形状记忆合金在应变速率(0.001～1 s-1)和变形温度(600～1000℃)下的压缩真实应力—应变曲线,研究镍钛形状记忆合金在热变形下的力学行为.通过显微组织演变研究镍钛形状记忆合金的动态回复和动态再结晶,获得应变速率、变形温度和变形程度对镍钛形状记忆合金的动态回复和动态再结晶的影响规律.镍钛形状记忆合金在600℃和700℃下,动态回复和动态再结晶共存,但在其他温度下表现出完全动态再结晶.增加变形温度或降低应变速率,导致较大的等轴晶粒.变形程度对镍钛形状记忆合金的动态再结晶具有重要的影响.在镍钛形状记忆合金的动态再结晶中存在临界变形程度,当大于临界变形程度时,较大的变形程度有助于获得细小的等轴再结晶晶粒.     

金刚石圆锯片轴向变形测试系统的构建与实验研究

借助位移传感器、信号调理模块和数据采集卡等硬件,并应用NILabVIEW图形化编程软件构建了具有数据采集和分析处理等功能的金刚石圆锯片轴向变形在线监测虚拟仪器系统。利用该测试系统对锯切花岗石过程中金刚石圆锯片的轴向变形进行了实验研究,分析锯切参数对锯片轴向偏摆的影响。结果表明：锯切时,锯片的轴向偏摆随切深的增大而增大,随进给速度的增大而增大,且切深对轴向偏摆的影响较进给速度大。     

一种新型Ni-Cr-Co基合金的热变形行为及其组织演变研究

采用Gleeble-3800热压缩实验机研究了新型Ni-Cr-Co基合金在1050~1250 ℃、0.001~1 s_^-1条件下的热变形行为,并利用EBSD探讨了变形温度和应变速率对合金组织演变和动态再结晶形核机制的影响。结果表明,流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低,而随应变速率的增大而增加。基于流变应力曲线,建立合金的Arrhenius本构方程和热加工图,得到热变形激活能为520.03 kJ/mol,最佳热加工区间为1175~1250 ℃、0.006~1 s_^-1,该区域最大功率耗散效率为45％。动态再结晶分数随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而增加,且动态再结晶过程形成均匀细小的等轴晶粒以及∑3孪晶界。动态再结晶形核主要以晶界“弓出”为特征的不连续动态再结晶机制主导。低温高应变速率下,持续亚晶转动诱导的连续动态再结晶作为辅助形核机制发挥作用。     

201不锈钢形变诱发马氏体相变特性

201不锈钢塑性变形过程中会发生马氏体相变,相变改变了材料力学性能,使201不锈钢拉深成形后易产生时效开裂现象。为探明201不锈钢因马氏体相变导致的时效开裂原因,通过单向拉伸试验,研究了201不锈钢马氏体相变特性、温度和应变速率对马氏体相变的影响规律。结果表明:马氏体相变量随拉伸变形量的增加而增加;增加变形温度与应变速率,均会抑制马氏体相变;当温度达到100℃时,不再有相变发生;在同一温度下,随应变速率的增大,屈服强度和屈强比均增大,伸长率减小;但因马氏体相变,201不锈钢在50℃以下和100℃以上的抗拉强度表现出相反的变化规律;在不同温度下,201不锈钢在应变速率为0.001 s-1时的塑性变形能力最好。     

0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的热变形特性

为了探究0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的最佳动态再结晶条件和热变形机理,利用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机对试验钢进行了等温热压缩模拟试验,试验变形温度为750~1050 ℃,应变速率0.01~10 s^-1,变形量60%。结果表明,峰值应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的升高而增大,在应变速率为0.01∼0.1 s^-1,变形温度为950~1050 ℃时,发生明显动态再结晶;具有双曲正弦函数型的本构方程能较好地描述0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的流变行为;0.30C-Cr-W渗氮轴承钢的形变激活能为442.022 kJ/mol。基于动态材料模型和流变应力数据建立了热加工图。通过热加工图及微观组织的观察确定了变形温度950∼1050 ℃,应变速率0.01∼0.15 s^-1为最佳热变形条件;变形温度750∼950 ℃,应变速率1.2∼10 s^-1为流变失稳区。     

300M钢的热变形行为及其变形组织演变研究

基于热压缩实验,对300M钢在应变速率为10s-1下的热变形行为及其变形组织演变进行了研究。结果表明:在试样高度压下量为50%,变形温度为700～750℃时,300M钢的应力-应变曲线呈流变失稳型,且变形组织出现绝热剪切;当变形温度为800～1000℃时,300M钢的应力-应变曲线呈双峰不连续动态再结晶型,且热变形过程出现了两轮动态再结晶;当变形温度为1050～1180℃时,300M钢的应力-应变曲线呈单峰不连续动态再结晶型,且热变形过程只发生了一轮动态再结晶。     

Zr-4合金热变形行为及物理本构模型

利用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机对Zr-4合金试样进行等温恒应变速率压缩实验,对其热变形行为进行分析,综合考虑变形温度对Young's模量和自扩散系数的影响,建立了 Zr-4合金基于应变耦合的物理本构模型.研究结果表明:合金的峰值应力对变形温度和应变速率敏感,峰值应力会随应变速率的增加或变形温度的降低而增大;...     

Effect of strain rate on hot deformation characteristics of GH690 superalloy

In order to clarify the effect of strain rate on hot deformation characteristics of GH690 superalloy, the hot deformation behavior of this superalloy was investigated by isothermal compression in the temperature range of 1000–1200 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–10 s^?1 on a Gleeble–3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. The results reveal that the flow stress is sensitive to the strain rate, and the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is the principal softening mechanism. The strain rate of 0.1 s^?1 is considered to be the critical point during the hot deformation at 1000 °C. The DRX process is closely related to the strain rate due to the adiabatic temperature rise. The strain rate has an important influence on DDRX and CDRX during hot deformation. The nucleation of DRX can be activated by twin boundaries, and there is a lower fraction of ∑ 3ⁿ (n=1, 2, 3) boundaries at the intermediate strain rate of 0.1 s^?1.     

Preisach-Mayergoyz模型分析金属镁与钴的非线性弹性变形(英文)

应用一个经典滞后模型Preisach-Mayergoyz模型(P-M模型)计算金属镁与钴的非线性弹性变形,模拟这两种金属的应力—应变曲线中的滞后环。分析实验所获取的应力—应变曲线,金属镁和钴的力学滞后具有成为P-M滞后的2个充分必要条件:抹除性和一致性。它们的力学滞后可以应用P-M模型分析。证明了金属镁这种重要的结构材料的非线性弹性变形具有这种特性,钴在300℃的高温下具有这种性能。P-M模型提供了一种简单的方法计算这两种金属的非线性弹性变形。模拟计算的结果和实验结果吻合良好。     

Effect of particle characteristics on deformation of particle reinforced metal matrix composites

The particle characteristics of 15% SiC particles reinforced metal matrix composites (MMC) made by powder metallurgy route were studied by using a statistical method. In the analysis, the approach for estimation of the characteristics of particles was presented. The study was carried out by using the mathematic software MATLAB to calculate the area and perimeter of each particle, in which the image processing technique was employed. Based on the calculations, the sizes and shape factors of each particle were investigated respectively. Additionally, the finite element model (FEM) was established on the basis of the actual microstructure. The contour plots of von Mises effective stress and strain in matrix and particles were presented in calculations for considering the influence of microstructure on the deformation behavior of MMC. Moreover, the contour maps of the maximum stress of particles and the maximum plastic strain of matrix in the vicinity of particles were introduced respectively.     

Applied mechanics in grinding. Part 7: residual stresses induced by the full coupling of mechanical deformation, thermal deformation and phase transformation

In this final part of the series research on residual stresses in ground components, the full coupling of mechanical deformation, thermal deformation and phase transformation during grinding was investigated using the finite element method. It was found that all the components of surface residual stresses become tensile when phase transformation takes place. This phenomenon is independent of the cooling conditions and type of grinding operations and is affected only slightly by the variation of surface mechanical traction. The distribution of the residual stress in grinding direction is nearly linear in both the martensite and non-martensite zones. However, the location of the maximum residual stress is related to the surface mechanical traction and depth of martensite transformation.     

Effect of deformation temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation mechanisms of Al-Al2O3 metal matrix composites

Aluminum-alumina (Al-Al₂O₃) metal matrix composite (MMC) materials were fabricated using the powder metallurgy (PM) techniques of hot pressing followed by hot extrusion. Different reinforcement weight fractions were used, that is, 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 wt% Al₂O₃. The effect of deformation temperature was investigated through hot tensile deformation conducted at different temperatures. The microstructures of the tested specimens were also investigated to characterize the operative softening mechanisms. The yield and tensile strength of the Al-Al₂O₃ were found to improve as a function of reinforcement weight fraction. With the exception of Al-10wt%Al₂O₃, the MMC showed better strength and behavior at high temperatures than the unreinforced matrix. The uniform deformation range was found to decrease for the same reinforcement weight fraction, as a function of temperature. For the same deformation temperature, it increases as a function of reinforcement weight fraction. Both dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization were found to be operative in Al-Al₂O₃ MMC as a function of deformation temperature. Dynamic recovery is dominant in the lower temperature range, while dynamic recrystallization is more dominant at the higher range. The increase in reinforcement weight fraction was found to lead to early nucleation of recrystallization. No direct relationship was established as far as the number of grains nucleated due to each reinforcement particle.     

MoNb合金热变形行为及本构关系

采用Gleeble-3800型热模拟试验机对MoNb合金进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,研究该合金在变形温度900~1200℃和应变速率0.01~10 s^-1条件下的热变形行为,计算其热变形激活能。结果表明:变形温度和应变速率对流动应力具有显著影响,流动应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而减小。误差分析表明,采用多元线性回归法建立的MoNb合金本构关系模型具有较高的精度,该模型的预测值误差小于10%的数据点占总数的92.86%,相关系数和平均相对误差分别为0.976和4.08%,能较为准确的预测合金的高温流动应力。     

X70HD抗大变形管线钢热变形行为

通过考虑临界应变以后的软化机制,构建了包括动态回复和动态再结晶过程的金属热成形分段流变应力数学模型。利用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机进行了X70HD抗大变形管线钢低应变速率到高应变速率下的单道次热压缩实验,获得了应力-应变曲线,并确定了基于Z参数的特征点、待定参数值,验证了模型不但在低应变速率下适用,在高应变速率下仍具备较高的准确性;建立了从动态再结晶开始到完成整个过程被考虑在内的再结晶动力学模型,通过与基于Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)方程求得的动态再结晶实际体积分数相比较,表明该动力学模型具有很高的精确度,可为抗大变形管线钢生产中的组织、性能预报提供理论依据。     

含钪Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金的热变形行为及组织演化

在实验温度范围为380～500℃、应变速率范围为0.001～10.0 s-1,采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机,对含钪Al-Cu-Li-Zr合金的高温热变形行为进行研究,采用金相显微镜和透射电镜观察合金在压缩变形时的组织变化.结果表明:变形温度和应变速率的变化强烈影响合金的流变应力,合金的流变应力随变形速率的增加而增大,随变形温度的升高而降低,可用包含Arrhenius项的Zener-Hollomon参数描述合金在高温压缩变形时的流变应力行为.当合金在温度低于440℃变形时,合金中主要形成亚晶组织,仅发生动态回复;在ln Z≤36.7变形时,合金发生部分动态再结晶,其动态再结晶形核机制主要为晶界弓出和亚晶合并形核.     

ZA27合金的热变形及加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机进行热压缩试验,研究ZA27合金的热变形行为,在变形温度为200~350℃、应变速率为0.01~5 s-1、工程应变为60%,基于Murty准则,建立ZA27合金的加工图。结果表明:流变应力随变形温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的提高而增大;在变形温度为200~210℃、应变速率为0.01~0.1 s-1和变形温度为250~350℃、应变速率为1~5 s-1的2个区域内易产生流变失稳现象;动态再结晶是导致流变软化及稳态流变的主要原因,ZA27合金的安全热加工区域的变形温度在250~350℃之间、应变速率在0.1~1 s-1之间。     

2091铝锂合金动态再结晶诱发超塑变形中的空洞行为

研究了2091铝锂合金动态再结晶诱发超塑变形中的空洞行为.金相观察和图象分析表明,在最佳变形条件下,空洞率及空洞平均直径先随着变形增大而增大,变形至ε=1.03时,空洞率及空洞平均直径均减小,出现了超塑变形初期的空洞弥合现象.超塑变形初期的空洞形核取决于应变速率,最佳应变速率下断裂试样出现大量的圆角空洞,并且此时空洞率出现最大值.     

形变和冷却工艺对X70HD管线钢形变诱导铁素体相变的影响

为使X70HD管线钢中的铁素体晶粒得到细化,在轧制过程中产生一定比例的形变诱导铁素体,并尽量避免先共析铁素体生成,本文制定了2种仅第二阶段变形温度、应变速率不同的两阶段大变形的热压缩工艺,研究了热形变参数对形变诱导铁素体含量及晶粒尺寸的影响,对热压缩后的试样采取不同的冷却工艺,分析得出压缩变形后以25 ℃/s的速度冷却至终冷温度350 ℃时晶粒大小及微观组织构比较合理可实现晶粒细化。随冷却速度的增大,形变诱导铁素体晶粒平均直径逐渐变小,贝氏体形态也更加理想,对改善组织构成具有重要意义。     

Ti-62A合金热变形过程中的流变应力特性及组织演变

通过 Gleeble-3800 热模拟试验机的热压缩实验,研究了 Ti-62A 合金在 800、850、900 和 950℃,应变速率为 0.001、0.01、0.1 和 1s-1 下的热变形行为和动态再结晶（DRX）规律。结果表明：Ti-62A 合金的流变应力受应变速率和变形温度的影响显著;流变应力随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低;在 900~950℃、应变速率 0.01~1s-1 条件下,Ti-62A 合金的热变形应力-应变曲线属于动态回复型;该合金的热变形机制主要由位错运动控制,其动态软化机制包括晶界滑动和位错对消、攀移机制;Ti-62A 合金在热变形过程中,动态再结晶更有可能发生在较高的温度和较低的应变速率下,即 950℃ 和 0.001s-1;基于经典位错密度理论和 DRX 动力学理论,建立了加工硬化—动态回复和 DRX 软化效应的两阶段本构模型。DEFORM-3D 软件的仿真模拟结果证实,基于 DRX 软化效应的本构模型对 Ti-62A 合金在动态再结晶阶段的热变形行为的预测具有较高的准确性,能够为实际生产工艺的制定提供技术参考。