Dielectric strength of transformer insulation at DC polarityreversal

Among special insulation tests for DC power converter transformers, polarity reversal tests can be substituted by applied AC voltage tests from a stress similarity in oil ducts. In order to investigate equivalent levels of other insulation tests to polarity reversal tests, the dielectric strength of a transformer at polarity reversals was examined by use of a model of typical oil/paper composite insulation. From the comparison of polarity reversal and other insulation tests, it was found that dielectric strength of transformer insulation at polarity reversals is phenomenally similar to that under switching impulse stresses. Equivalent AC test voltage to polarity reversal test was also estimated from the experimental results. The breakdown characteristics of polarity reversal tests showed that partial discharges at polarity reversals impose less harmful stress on insulation barriers than those at usual AC or impulse tests     

A water treeing model

A new model for water treeing is introduced. It assumes that when the field-induced stress applied on nano cavities filled with a liquid is larger than the yield strength of the polymer, bonds will be broken and the nano cavity will expand. The growth of the water trees is enhanced by the fatigue induced by the alternating electric field. The diffusion of the liquid is also a parameter affecting the water tree length. A simple equation relating the water tree length with field, time, frequency, and the nature of the solution is presented. A very good agreement between theory and experiments for a wide variety of results obtained with low density polyethylene (LDPE) tested under various fields, frequencies and ionic solutions is observed. This model also predicts the growth of water trees under DC fields after very long times or after many polarity reversals. Some aspects of this model requiring further refinements or experimental data are also pointed out.     

Electrodes and charge injection in low-density polyethylene usingthe pulsed electroacoustic technique

The effects of electrode materials on space charge formation in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) have been investigated experimentally using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique. Common electrode materials used in either the laboratory or power cable industry were selected, i.e. aluminum, gold and carbon loaded crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), and space charge accumulation after the application of high electric stress was monitored. Experimental results demonstrated that charge injection processes take place in all cases once the applied stress has exceeded a threshold. However the amount of charge, and the polarity of the dominant injected charges showed a significant dependence on the electrode materials under the same applied electric stress     

Life model based on space-charge quantities for HVDC polymeric cables subjected to voltage-polarity inversions

This paper illustrates a new model that enables the estimation of life of polymeric insulation subjected to DC stress, both in the presence and in the absence of voltage polarity inversions. The derivation of the model parameters is based on the results of space charge measurements and accelerated life tests realized at constant DC stress, which allows the characterization of the performance of insulating materials under DC electrical stress to be carried out in short times. The expected life of a cable in service can be evaluated by means of this model, provided that the rate of voltage inversions expected during its life is known or estimated. The model is applied here to results of tests carried out on polyethylene-based materials for cable insulation, and model parameters are calculated resorting to two different approaches. A satisfactory fitting of life test results is achieved, thus confirming the validity of the proposed model.     

油纸绝缘介质的空间电荷积聚与消散特性

油纸材料的绝缘问题在换流变压器、直流套管、直流电缆等高压大型直流设备大量应用的情况下显得十分突出。为探讨高压直流设备绝缘的最主要问题—空间电荷效应,应用电声脉冲法(PEA)对油纸绝缘材料的空间电荷特性进行了研究。有关外加场强对油纸材料中空间电荷积聚情况的影响和在较高场强下油纸材料的击穿破坏与空间电荷关系的研究结果表明:①低场强下油纸材料中空间电荷以电离产生为主;而在较高场强下,先后在阴极和阳极产生了同极性载流子注入。②相对于聚乙烯而言,由于油纸材料的电导率较大,材料内的空间电荷在外加电场撤去后很快消散。③空间电荷的注入和运动会导致油纸材料的劣化和破坏。油纸材料中的空间电荷快速消散现象有利于直流设备在极性反转条件下的运行,为阐释油纸绝缘良好的长期性能提供了有重要意义的试验依据。     

Flashover from surface charge distribution on alumina insulators invacuum

Surface charge distributions of disk type aluminas held between a backside electrode (alumina holder) and a needle electrode to be excited by an impulse voltage (rise time 64 μs, wave tail 700 μs) were measured. The measurement of surface charge distribution on the whole surface area of alumina YSA998 and UHA99 after impulse voltage application revealed that the surface charging can be initiated either from the anode or from the cathode triple junction. The charging initiated from the anode triple junction (for positive polarity) produced positive charge at the anode region and the density is dependent on the applied voltage, while the charging initiated from the cathode triple junction region (for negative polarity) produced negative charge around the cathode region. For positive polarity, the critical values of charge density to the flashover for alumina YSA998 and UHA98 are 5.70 and 17.2 μC/m², respectively     

以氯化聚乙烯改性交联聚乙烯作为直流电缆绝缘的研究

以少量氯化聚乙烯(CPE)改性交联聚乙烯(XLPE),用电声脉冲法测量了试样中的空间电荷分布,研究了CPE含量与空间电荷的关系,确定了降低空间电荷的最佳含量,研究了CPE对试样直流预压短路树枝起始电压的影响,当CPE含量为1%时,XLPE的50%直流预压短路树枝起始电压决定直流电压的极性,分别可提高42.3%和35.5%。最后作者还测量了试样的其他介电性能,计算了空间电荷畸变的电场强度,分析和讨论了相关的机理。     

DC field measurement in Oil/Pressboard composite insulation system by electro-optic Kerr effect

An insulating oil/pressboard (PB) composite insulation is generally utilized in oil-immersed power transformers. In such a transformer, charges accumulate at oil/PB interface which changes the electric field distribution depending on time and oil condition. In this paper, we report on directly measured dc electric field in oil/PB composite insulation system using the Kerr electro-optic field measurement technique. From measurement results, we propose a physical model for the charge behavior. We have calculated an electric field distribution using finite element method (FEM) based on the charge movement. We compared the results of measurements and calculations and confirmed that the proposed charge behavior model explains well the experimental results in the case of the polarity reversals as well. As a result, a significant validity of the charge behavior model was confirmed.     

一种变压器反极性连接的双向DC-DC变换器

本文对一种隔离变压器反极性连接时的双向DC-DC变换器进行了研究。隔离变压器副边绕组极性的不同选择可使变换器分为正向连接型和反向连接型两种。本文介绍了反向连接时变换器的工作原理和特点。研究了传递的功率与占空比、移相角以及两边电源电压的关系。比较了两种不同的连接方式对变换器开关器件电流电压应力的影响。在保持50%占空比不变、采用移相调节功率时,两种拓扑结构具有相同的性能。实验结果验证了这种反向极性连接的变换器也可以正常地工作于占空比调节方式下。     

3D true-phase polarity recovery with independent phase estimation using three-tier stacks based region growing (3D-TRIPS)

Objectives

A postprocessing technique termed 3D true-phase polarity recovery with independent phase estimation using three-tier stacks based region growing (3D-TRIPS) was developed, which directly reconstructs phase-sensitive inversion-recovery images without acquisition of phase-reference images. The utility of this technique is demonstrated in myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging.

Materials and methods

A data structure with three tiers of stacks was used for 3D-TRIPS to directly achieve reliable region growing for successful background-phase estimation. Fifteen patients undergoing postgadolinium 3D phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) cardiac LGE magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were recruited, and 3D-TRIPS LGE reconstructions were compared with standard PSIR. Objective voxel-by-voxel comparison was performed. Additionally, blinded review by two radiologists compared scar visibility, clinical acceptability, voxel polarity error, or groups and blurring.

Results

3D-TRIPS efficiently reconstructed postcontrast phase-sensitive myocardial LGE images. Objective analysis showed an average 95% voxel-by-voxel agreement between 3D-TRIPS and PSIR images. Blinded radiologist review demonstrated similar image quality between 3D-TRIPS and PSIR reconstruction.

Conclusion

3D-TRIPS provided similar image quality to PSIR for phase-sensitive myocardial LGE MRI reconstruction. 3D-TRIPS does not require acquisition of a reference image and can therefore be used to accelerate phase-sensitive LGE imaging.

     

Strain–magnetization properties and domain structures of silicon steel sheets

The effects of tensile stress and strain on magnetization and magnetic domains in silicon steel sheets were investigated. In the elastic deformation region, magnetization decreased with an increase in strain, while in the plastic deformation region, strain–magnetization properties under stress showed a peculiar characteristic, namely, an increase of magnetization when strain was decreased. We observed lancet and other domains in the specimens after removing the stress applied in the plastic deformation region, especially near grain boundaries. This phenomenon can be explained by changes in the domain structures, which were observed in this study. The features observed in this investigation can be applied to the nondestructive detection of fatigue in metal magnetic materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(2): 10–17, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20002     

Hot carrier degradation of HfSiON gate dielectrics with TiN electrode

Hot carrier reliability of the HfSiON dielectric with the TiN metal gate electrode has been studied in the nMOS and pMOS short channel transistors. Hot carrier induced degradation of the high-/spl kappa/ gate stack devices are severe than the one in the SiO/sub 2//poly devices. It is determined that total threshold voltage shift during a hot carrier stress is a sum of contributions from both hot carrier and cold carrier effects. The hot carrier contribution induces permanent damage while cold carrier contribution is shown to be reversible. The contribution from the cold carrier can be evaluated by applying a de-trapping (opposite polarity) bias after the stress.     

残余应力影响下的圆锥压入问题

利用有限元分析了材料在压痕过程中各变量,并计算了硬度HRC值,与在硬度试验中所测HRC值吻合,证实了有限元分析的正确性;在此基础上,分析了试件具有残余应力时的压入响应问题,研究了残余应力对圆锥压入响应的影响,探讨了压痕法测试残余应力所存在的问题。研究结果表明：残余拉、压应力以不同程度影响压入响应,压应力使圆锥压头处出现隆起量,而拉应力使其出现下沉量,该表现用于直观法预测残余应力;拉应力使压痕处塑性区域增加,压应力使塑性区域减少,在压痕法测量残余应力时,由于塑性区域事先的未知性而影响应变测试位置的确定,从而影响测量残余应力的准确性。     

Dynamics of voltage polarity reversal as the controlling factor inspace-charge induced breakdown of insulating polymers

Our investigation is focused on the understanding of high-field phenomena in polymers. In highly insulating materials such as polyethylene, space charge has a strong influence on both the short and long term breakdown strengths. The aim of this report is to demonstrate and discuss the importance of the dynamics of voltage polarity reversal at the injecting needle electrode on space charge induced breakdown. Evidence of space charge injection is provided by the observation of local breakdown generated by grounding of the sample after the polarization (so-called `grounding' tree). The effect which is polarity dependent, can be observed only when the sample is short-circuited immediately after charging. Field computation is performed versus injected charge and a critical charge density is derived in order to explain polymer breakdown upon grounding. The time dependence of the effect is explained by space charge relaxation. Polymer degradation under ac voltage is discussed on the basis of this interpretation     

球应力循环条件下堆石料变形特性的试验研究

库水位反复升降过程中堆石体的应力状态表现为偏应力基本恒定、球应力往复循环变化,为探求球应力循环条件下堆石料的变形规律,以取自现场的堆石材料为研究对象,通过控制孔隙水压力来实现球应力增大–减小的低速循环应力路径静力三轴试验。研究结果表明：偏应力恒定、球应力循环条件下,体应变随球应力的减小而增大,随球应力增大而减小,总体表现出随循环周次向体积收缩发展的变化规律,循环周次对累积体应变的影响较小;剪应变的发展受应力条件的影响较为显著,有效球应力减小时或增幅较缓,或在第1循环周次内突增,有效球应力增加时,剪应变增幅较缓;累积剪应变与初始应力比和试验过程中的动态应力比有关;土样可能存在类似临界状态线且处于其下方的“转折状态线”,当土样应力变化状态处于“转折状态线”与临界状态线之间的区域内时,土样状态将产生显著变化。     

Role of number of consecutive voltage zero-crossings in propagation of water trees in polyethylene

Effects of superposition of a low-frequency (0.1 to 50 Hz) voltage and a high-frequency 2 kHz voltage on the growth of water trees in polyethylene are examined. It has become clear that both the number of total voltage zero-crossings during the whole voltage application period and the number of consecutive voltage zero-crossings in the instant of the polarity reversal of the low-frequency voltage play important roles in the length and shape of water trees. Namely, the water tree length becomes longer as the number of total zero-crossings increases. Furthermore, among the voltages with the same number of total zero-crossings, the length becomes even longer with a prolonged shape in the direction of electric field as the number of consecutive zero-crossings increases. Effects of superposition of a high-frequency voltage onto a dc voltage are also examined. In this case, the dc voltage seems not to have any influence to the tree growth. By assuming the presence of space charge around the water-tree tip, the effective zero-crossings become only sensitive to the high-frequency component. Therefore, this result also indicates that the number of voltage reversals at the tree tip plays a crucial role in the growth of water trees.     

Space charge formation in γ-irradiated low densitypolyethylene

Energetic ionizing radiation can alter the chemical structure of polymeric materials and also may give rise to the presence of trapped charge within the material, the trapping characteristics of which may be influenced by these radiation-induced structural alterations. In the present work, the formation of space charge in γ-irradiated LDPE (low-density polyethylene) was investigated using the technique of a LIPP (laser induced pressure pulse). Specimens of LDPE, ~350 μm thick, were irradiated in a ⁶⁰Co γ-source in room air to various doses and the results indicate that space charge distributions are dependent on both dose and electric stress, including the length of time during which the stress is applied. At low doses (⩽10 kGy), there is a large amount of positive charge adjacent to the cathode, leading to stress enhancement at the interface. Higher applied stress serves to extend the positive charge towards the anode. At high doses (⩾50 kGy), the charge distribution is more complicated than that for low doses. Here there is initially negative charge present adjacent to the cathode and a substantial positive charge adjacent to the anode. With the passage of time, however, there is a polarity change from negative to positive at the cathode and a decrease in the density of the positive charge at the anode, with negative charge in the middle of the sample     

Control of crystal polarity in oxide and nitride semiconductors by interface engineering

The ZnO-based oxide and GaN-based nitride semiconductors have been explored for applications to photonic devices in the UV wavelength region and high power electronic devices, where the control of crystal polarity is one of the key issues. This paper will deal with the control of crystal polarity in ZnO/GaN heterostructures and ZnO/sapphire heterostructures by interface engineering.     

永磁式电机齿槽定位力矩分析

提出了区域函数和单极性边缘函数两个新概念,利用这两个函数定量分析了永磁式电机齿槽定位力矩,并提出了削弱齿槽效应的新方法,为永磁式电机的设计提供了理论依据     

硅橡胶中空间电荷的形成机理

文中采用电声脉冲法，在不同的直流电场作用下，测量了硅橡胶中空间电荷的分布，并分析了其与加压时间的关系。同时测量了短路电极时空间电荷分布的变化，讨论了电极短路试样中残留电荷的分布及其影响。研究发现，在场强相对较低(5kV／mm)与较高(60kV／mm，70kV／mm)时，电极附近介质中的电荷分布均为异极性电荷，但其形成机理完全不同；而在中场强(10kV／mm，30kV／mm)下可出现同极性电荷。文章还讨论了Al和Cu电极在不同电场强度下的电子或空穴注入现象以及其在空间电荷形成中的作用。