Cooking indices to predict screw-press performance for crambe seed

Screw presses offer one means for extracting oil from crambe seed. Crambe seed was steam-cooked at 80 to 112°C for 5 to 20 min, dried to 6% (wet basis), and screw-pressed. Meal residual oil decreased with increased cooking time and temperature to a minimum at 10 to 15 min and 100°C (8.5 to 8.9% oil vs. 11 to 12% in uncooked or lightly cooked seed). More intense cooking increased residual oil to a high of 16% at 20 min and 112°C. The degree of cooking was quantified using indices based on light absorbance at 280 nm (A280 index, a measure of soluble protein) and myrosinase activity for aqueous seed extracts. Regression analysis showed that oil recovery, meal residual oil, and the A280 index were significantly correlated with cooking time and temperature. A plot of residual oil vs. the A280 index showed that this index helps discriminate between under-, over-, and optimally cooked seed. The myrosinase index helped identify undercooked samples but was unable to identify overcooked samples. The optimal A280 index values from this bench-scale study may not be the same in full-scale processes, but this approach can be adapted for tuning such processes.     

Dehulling crambe seed for improved oil extraction and meal quality

Crambe seed had low bulk density (328 kg/m³) due to thick hulls (0.23 mm), which made up 21.2% of the seed weight. The mean seed diameter was 2.7 mm (SD±0.2 mm); the thousand-grain-weight was 6.2 g. Dehulling improves oil extraction efficiency and facilitates the marketing of high-protein meal (>40% protein). The effectiveness of roller milling/aspirating and the effectiveness of impact milling/aspirating on dehulling crambe seed were studied and compared by analyzing the meat and hull fractions for oil and protein contents and calculating material balances. Roller milling was more effective than impact milling. The optimal roller mill gap was 7/64 in. (0.28 cm), and the optimal impact mill speed was 2,400 rpm generating 44.7 m/s tangential speed. The optimal aspiration airflow was 1,970 ft³/min (55.7 m³/min). Roller milling/aspirating was projected to produce 46% protein meal at 12% moisture and 1% residual oil (typical of solvent extraction) or 42% protein meal at 12% moisture and 6% residual oil (typical of screw pressing most other oilseeds). Hand-dissected hulls contained 10.4% moisture, and 1.2% oil and 8.8% protein on a dry basis, whereas the meats contained 8.8% moisture, and 47.6% oil and 31.6% protein on a dry basis. Optimal roller milling/aspirating produced hulls with 8.1% oil and 11.4% protein and meats with 42.6% oil and 30.5% protein on a dry basis.     

Degradation of lipids and glucosinolates in dehulled crambe seed during storage

Crambe as harvested contains seed accompanied by ca. one-third hull, a fraction of little commercial value that can be removed during processing. If the hull were removed before shipping, considerable transportation costs could be saved. Because little was known about the quality of crambe seed after dehulling and storage, decomposition of the glucosinolates in dehulled seed after storage was studied, as well as changes in color, free fatty acids, peroxide value, and ease of hydrogenation of the oil fraction. While not so stable as seed plus pericarp (hull), dehulled crambe seed can be stored for at least 3 months at temperatures up to 110F at ambient moisture (6.3%). However, at 14% moisture, decomposition was significant after storage for 2 weeks at both ambient (77 F) and elevated (110 F) temperatures. Inactiviation of the endogenous enzyme after dehulling extends storage life to 3 months at either moisture level at ambient temperatures.     

Compositional data on sunflower seed

Comparative data are provided on the composition of achenes from sunflower varieties Armavirec, Peredovik, VNIIMK 8931, Smena, Krasnodarets, Arrowhead and Mingren. Handseparated achene components were analyzed. Kernel oil from seed raised in northern United States or southern Canada typically contains about 70% of linoleic acid. In addition to other common acids, traces of C₁₇, C₂₀, C₂₂, C₂₄ acids and linolenic acid are present. The amino acid composition of sunflower kernel protein suggests that the meal may be a valuable ingredient of high-quality feed or food materials. The hull is primarily cellulose, lignin and pentosans; hull lipid and protein differ in composition from the corresponding kernel constituents. No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Influence of moisture content and cooking on screw pressing of crambe seed

The cooking and drying conditions for oilseeds preparatory to screw pressing are some of the most important factors that influence screw-press performance. Screw-press oil recovery, residual oil, pressing rate, and oil sediment content were measured for uncooked crambe seed and crambe seed cooked at 100°C for 10 min, pressed at six moisture contents ranging from 9.2 to 3.6% dry basis. Oil recovery significantly increased (P≤0.01) from 69 to 80.9% and 67.7 to 78.9% for cooked and uncooked seeds, respectively, as moisture content decreased. Residual oil significantly decreased (P≤0.01) from 16.3 to 11.1% and 16.9 to 11.9%, respectively, as moisture content decreased. The reduced oil loss due to only drying the seed from 9.2 to 3.6% was 32% for cooked seed, whereas cooking contributed only 3.6 to 7% reduced oil loss. Pressing rate decreased from 5.81 to 5.17 kg/h and 6.09 to 5.19 kg/h for cooked and uncooked seeds, respectively, whereas sediment content increased from 0.9 to 7.8% and 1.1 to 5.4%, respectively, as moisture content decreased. The effects of moisture content on pressing rate and sediment content were significant at P≤0.05. All relationships of screw-press performance to moisture content were fitted to a second-order polynomial.     

Near-infrared reflectance measurement of moisture,protein and oil content of ground crambe seed

Crambe moisture, protein and oil percentages were predicted by fixed-filter near-infrared reflectance with standard errors of prediction (SEP) of 0.26, 0.59 and 0.86 percentage points, respectively. Crambe had a large range of protein and oil percentages, 17.4%–25.0% and 17.7%–36.4% respectively. Calibration samples were selected on the basis of relative spectral data, with no advance knowledge of protein and oil content. This procedure selected samples representing the full range of constituent values, and resulted in calibrations that had lower SEP's than standard errors of calibration.     

Compositional variation in seed oils of theCrepis genus

Seed oils from eight species of the genusCrepis (family Compositae) fall into three groups differing in chemical composition. Besides conventional fatty acids the oils contain either vernolic acid (47–68%), crepenynic (36–65%), or both (18–35% vernolic and 7–11% crepenynic). Within any one section of the genus, the oils are chemically similar, among the limited groups of samples examined. No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. Crops Research Division, ARS, USDA.     

Gas chromatograms of synthetic liquid waxes prepared from seed triglycerides of limnanthes,crambe and lunaria

Compositions of synthetic liquid waxes derived from erucic-containing seed oils vary considerably. These differences, when determined by gas chromatography, allow “fingerprint” identification of the source of oil. ARS, USDA.     

Compositional and structural trends among the bismuth molybdates

A comparison is made between phases in the Bi₂O₃–MoO₃binary. In recent years, compositional and structural details for phases in this system have become increasingly clear based on a combination of TEM, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and high-resolution neutron powder diffraction. The trends and common features are discussed in the context of catalytic performance, phase cooperation, and the site isolation concept (J.L. Callahan and R.K. Grasselli, AIChE J. 9 (1963) 755).     

Minor components ofLesquerella fendleri seed oil

Routine analysis of fatty ester fractions ofLesquerella fendleri oil suggested the presence of epoxy compounds and other minor components. By a combination of open silica column and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionations of the methyl esters prepared from the oil, these constitutents were isolated and then characterized by thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS—electron ionization, EI, and chemical ionization, CI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR—¹H and¹³C). Three epoxy acids, 15,16-epoxy-9,12-octadecadienoic, 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic and 9,10-epoxy-octadecanoic, were found. Hydroxy acids present included a C-22 homologue of lesquerolic acid (16-hydroxy-12-docosenoic acid) and 14,15-dihydroxy-tricosanoic acid. Other minor ocmponents included four sterols, brassicasterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, and a series of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids up to C30. Visiting postdoctoral scientist sponsored by the government of India.     

Antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities of buckwheat seed components

The search for endogenous components in food ingredients exhibiting antioxidant activity has been intensified in order to eliminate synthetic antioxidants. Tocopherols are widely used as natural antioxidants, although their protective ability is not always sufficient. Buckwheat seed components were evaluated for antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities using solvents of different polarities to isolate components from hulls and groats. Components extracted from buckwheat hulls were pro-oxidant in canola oil. Antioxidant activity of extracts from buckwheat groats increased when more polar solvents were used for extraction. The highest activity was observed for the methanolic extract. Radical-scavenging activity of buckwheat extracts was analyzed with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl). This activity increased when the more polar solvents were used for extraction, with the highest activity observed for the methanolic extract. It was also observed that the radical scavenging effectiveness of extracts was concentration dependent. Analysis revealed the presence of tocopherols in the hexane extract, while methanolic extracts were rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids.     

葡萄籽功能性成分及其应用

综述了葡萄籽功能性成分及其应用,主要介绍了葡萄籽中原花青素、葡萄籽油、白藜芦醇、维生素、单宁等成分所具有的美容保健功能、安全性和应用概况,同时介绍了葡萄籽超微粉的制备技术、优势和应用前景。提出了将葡萄籽超微粉技术应用于美容保健品的生产中,充分发挥葡萄籽功能性成分的作用,生产出功效更为全面的化妆品。     

Allyl esters and allyl epoxy esters from crambe oil

Room temperature transesterification of crambe oil with allyl alcohol gave allyl esters previously prepared by hydrolysis of the oil and reesterification of the mixed acids at elevated temperatures. Treating the esters with m-chloroperbenzoic acid in the presence of sodium bicarbonate resulted in the selective epoxidation of ethylenic bonds and suppression of side reactions. Bifunctional allyl epoxy esters produced in 88% overall yield by this method contain 5.08% oxirane oxygen and an unsaturation equivalent to 91% allyl group; they are prospective monomers for various types of polymerization.     

Compositional analysis of laboratory-prepared and commercial samples of linseed meal and of hull isolated from flax

Six laboratory-prepared (LM) and four commercially-obtained (CM) samples of linseed meal were analyzed for eleven proximate components, ten mineral elements, monosaccharides, amino acids, and seven vitamins (two samples only). Analysis of variance of LM data showed location had a greater influence on meal composition than did cultivar. LM and CM had similar composition, except for protein, total carbohydrates, acid-detergent fiber and lignin. Hull separated by a liquid cyclone process formed 37.5% of the seed and contained less than 1% oil, 20% protein and 32.9% total monosaccharides. Xylose and arabinose were the major sugars. Meal absorbed 8-fold, and the hull 13-fold their weights of water (water-hydration capacity), compared to less than 2-fold by similar fractions of canola (rapeseed) and soybean. Viscosities of aqueous extrats of hull were stable for 30 min at 25°C, and were concentration-dependent.     

Comparison of three whole seed near-infrared analyzers for measuring quality components of canola seed

Whole seed near-infrared (NIR) analyzers are capable of high-speed compositional analysis of oilseed commodities. This study compared the PerCon Inframatic 8144 (Perten Instruments, North America Inc., Reno, NV), the Tecator Infratec 1225 (Tecator AB, Hoganas, Sweden) and the NIR-Systems 6500 (NIR Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, MD) analyzers for measurement of oil, protein, chlorophyll and glucosinolates in intact canola seed of composite samples from the Grain Research Laboratory's (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) annual Western Canada Harvest Surveys (1985–1989) for assembly of calibration and prediction sets. No significant differences were found between the three instruments for oil [standard error of prediction (SEP 0.43–0.55%)], protein (SEP 0.35–0.42%) and glucosinolates (SEP 2.4–3.8 mM/g). Neither the Tecator nor the PerCon instruments were effective for determining chlorophyll. By combining oil content and fatty acid composition data to give an estimate of the total level of each fatty acid in the sample, high correlations were obtained for total saturates, linolenic acid, and linoleic acid although the RPD (ratio of the S.E. of prediction to the S.D. of the original data) values were not high enough to enable routine use of the method to predict results. Presented at the 84th AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, April 27, 1993, Anaheim, California.     

Processing of crambe for oil and isolation of erucic acid

Crambe seed (Crambe abyssinica) is an excellent, recently established source of high-erucic acid oil. Erucic acid has a number of important and potential applications. To develop this potential, a rapid bench-scale method was desired whereby purified erucic acid in up to several 100-g quantities could be produced from crambe seed. Using the method developed, oil was expressed from dried, intact seed; clarified, degummed, and bleached; and saponified and acidified to obtain the free fatty acids. Analysis by inductively coupled plasma of the free fatty acids showed negligible levels of phosphorus and most minerals. Erucic acid was twice crystallized from 95% ethanol at −14°C, resulting in a purity of 87.1%. This process yielded 365 g erucic acid crystals per kg bleached oil. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the prepared erucic acid had an excellent pattern of correlation with a commercial standard. The time needed to convert 1 kg of crambe seed to erucic acid is about 48 h. Crystal filtration and drying stages under the current process conditions require 30% of the overall time. The method is suitable for producing adequate quantities of erucic acid for use in studies of its bench-scale conversion. There is obviously, still, a fruitful field of work to be explored in the formalization of refining procedures for crambe oil. It seems that crambe is destined to continue expansion into the high-erucic acid oil markets.     

Interaction between aluminum and periclase-carbon components

Interactions between metallic aluminum and mixture components in periclase-carbon refractories subjected to heat treatment are considered. The increase in heat treatment temperature of specimens causes an increase in porosity, the occurrence of new phases (Al₄C₃ and spinel), and the formation of a dense MgO zone. __________ Translated from Novye Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 118–120, April, 2006.     

Interactions among the components of the diet

A large number of dietary interactions are described in this article. Of these, only a relatively small number have been proved of relevance for human nutrition, under the conditions of real diets. These interactions most often occur at the intestinal lumen, but they may also take place during the utilization or storage of nutrients. Traditional diets of developing countries, which usually include unrefined cereals and other sources of fiber, may inhibit the bioavailability of mineral nutrients, contributing to specific deficiencies. Drug-nutrient interactions may also affect the nutritional status, particularly in population groups such as the elderly, who frequently receive prolonged medication and may have an inadequate food intake.     

Lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis of crambe oil and camelina oil for the preparation of long-chain esters

Crambe oil and camelina oil were transesterified with oleyl alcohol, the alcohols derived from crambe and camelina oils, n-octanol or isopropanol using Novozym 435 (immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica), Lipozyme IM (immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei), and papaya (Carica papaya) latex lipase as biocatalysts. The highest conversions to alkyl esters were obtained with Novozym 435 (up to 95%) in most cases, whereas Lipozyme IM and papaya latex lipase gave lower (40 to 50%) conversions. The conversions with long-chain alcohols (oleyl alcohol, crambe alcohols, and camelina alcohols) were higher (40 to 95%) than with medium-chain n-octanol (30 to 85%). Isopropyl esters of crambe oil and camelina oil were obtained with rather low conversions using Novozym 435 (<40%) and Lipozyme IM (about 10%) as biocatalysts, whereas with papaya latex lipase no isopropyl esters were formed. The conversions of crambe oil and camelina oil to oleyl and n-octyl esters using Novozym 435 as biocatalyst were hardly affected by the ratio of the substrates, but with Lipozyme IM the conversions to alkyl esters distinctly increased with an excess of alcohol substrate Presented as part of the doctoral thesis of Georg Steinke to the University of Münster, Münster, Germany     

中国画与陶瓷的联系和差异

昌南自昔号瓷都,瓷业高峰在此都……。贵逾珍宝盼逾镜,画比荆关字比苏,这是郭沫若先生六五年访问景德镇时为精美陶瓷所赋的诗句。中国画与陶瓷艺术是并驾齐驱的姊妹艺术,因此他们的存在与发展极大的丰富了中国文化,增加拉中国对世界的吸引力,更促进了中国对外的文化交流。我们知道绘画艺术讲究的是气韵生动、形