Hardness of tempered martensite in carbon and low-alloy steels

This paper presents the results of a systematic study of the effect of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium on the hardness of martensite in low to medium carbon steels tempered for one hour at 100°F (56°C) intervals in the range 400 to 1300°F (204 to 704°C). Results show that the as-quenched hardness depends solely on carbon content. On tempering, the effect of carbon on hardness decreases markedly with increasing tempering temperature. Studies of carbon-0.5 manganese steels showed that the incremental increase in hardness from 0.5 pct manganese after a given tempering treatment was independent of carbon content. Based on this result, studies of the effects of the other alloying elements were made using a 0.2 or 0.3 pct carbon, 0.3 to 0.5 pct manganese steel base composition. The hardness of the resulting tempered martensite was assumed to be due to a given alloy addition, and when two or more alloying elements were added, their effects were assumed to be additive. Each of the seven alloying elements increased the hardness of tempered martensite by varying amounts, the increase being greater as more of each element was present. Nickel and phosphorus have substantially the same effect at all tempering temperatures. Manganese has essentially the same hardening effect at any temperature in the range 700 (371°C) to 1300°F; silicon is most effective at 600°F (316°C), chromium at 800°F (427°C), molybdenum at 1000 to 1100°F (538 to 592°C), and vanadium at 1200°F (649°C). Using the data obtained, a procedure is established for calculating the hardness of tempered martensite for carbon and alloy steel compositions in the range studied and for any combination of tempering time and temperature. R. A. GRANGE was formerly with U. S. Steel Corporation (retired)     

High corrosion resistance 21%Cr-0.4%Cu ferritic stainless steel contributing to resource conservation

With prices for metal resources such as nickel and molybdenum soaring,there is a heightened sense of crisis concerning resource scarcity.While Type304,the most common stainless steel,offers excellent corrosion resistance,its price is affected significantly by the cost of nickel because of its 8%nickel content.The stainless steel that has the same corrosion resistance as that of Type304 and does not contain nickel and molybdenum has been required.JFE Steel Corporation has developed a new 21%Cr-0.4%Cu stainless steel,the world’s first ferritic stainless steel,which offers equivalent corrosion resistance to Type304 while containing absolutely no nickel or molybdenum,two rare metals.The newly developed steel contains 21%chromium with the addition of 0.4% copper.The development of the steel is based on a new discovery that the passive films of stainless steels could be strengthened by the synergy effect of high chromium content and copper addition.Copper addition enriches the chromium content in passive films after field exposure.Newly developed 21%Cr-0.4%Cu stainless steel is adopted for many applications as a substitution for Type304,including commercial kitchenware,building materials and industrial machinery.The steel is expected to be a new standard of a ferritic stainless steel as a substitution for Type304.     

Effect of Silicon and Manganese on Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Plain TRIP Steel

Inthelasttwodecadesconsiderableefforthas beenputonthedevelopmentofhighstrengthsteels fortheautomotiveindustry.Themainaimistore ducecarweightbyincreasingthesteelstrength. Nowmoreandmoreattentionhasbeenpaidtohigh strengthtransformation inducedplasticity(TR…     

16Cr20Ni14Si2耐热钢成分对高温力学性能的影响

16Cr20Ni14Si2属于经典耐热钢牌号,标准中碳、锰、硅控制范围较宽,元素含量的高低对钢的力学性能和高温性能有着明显的影响。为了了解碳、锰、硅元素等对16Cr20Ni14Si2耐热钢性能的影响,通过不同碳、锰、硅含量试验钢的力学性能比较,以及Thermal-Calc析出相计算与比较,初步了解这些元素在钢中的作用及对力学性能的影响。试验数据表明,700℃以下拉伸时,碳、锰、硅元素的含量对16Cr20Ni14Si2耐热钢高温屈服强度和抗拉强度有较大影响。     

高磷硅锰合金还原脱磷实验研究

在硅钼炉中,1400℃的条件下,利用硅钙合金、稀土硅、铝基脱磷剂等对高磷硅锰合金进行还原脱磷实验研究.脱磷实验采用CaO-CaF₂（质量比为25∶75）为覆盖渣,渣金比为0.2∶1.采用ICP光谱仪检测脱磷后合金中的磷含量,X射线衍射检测渣样物相成分,着重分析了不同脱磷剂及其用量对高磷硅锰合金还原脱磷的影响.结果表明:随脱磷剂用量的增加,硅锰合金脱磷率呈上升的趋势.其中,铝基脱磷剂脱磷效果最好,当其质量分数达到8%时,合金中磷的质量分数可降至0.21%,符合国标要求（≤ 0.25%）,脱磷率达78%;硅钙合金次之,当其质量分数达到10%时,脱磷率为47%;稀土硅的脱磷效果最差,当其质量分数达10%时,脱磷率仅22%.铝基脱磷剂为本实验条件下的最佳脱磷剂.      

45 t AOD精炼高氮奥氏体不锈钢10Cr21Mn16NiN的工艺实践

冶炼高氮不锈钢10Cr21Mnl6NiN (/%:0.03~0.13C,0.30~0.60Si,15.0~17.0Mn, ≤0.045P, ≤0.030S,21.0~22.0Cr,1.0~1.8Ni,0.40~0.65N) EAF粗炼钢水主要成分为2.20%C,21.32%Cr。AOD精炼时,采用顶吹和底侧吹氧氮进行脱碳,加入锰铁和镍铁,并加入石灰脱硫,用硅铁还原后再用铝和硅钙粉进行深脱氧;使用金属锰进行锰合金化后钢中Mn含量达16%;在钢水量为45.2~46.0 t时,AOD出钢时钢中氮含量为0.49%~0.54%,在出钢过程加入1.34~1.67 t氮化锰后钢中氮含量为0.64%~0.65%,氮的收得率可达42.1%~50.2%。     

Super304H奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀的研究进展

Super304H奥氏体不锈钢(0.10C-18Cr-9Ni-3Cu-0.4Nb-0.08N)为超超临界机组过热器和再热器的首选材料之一,由于该钢含碳较高,服役温度(～650℃)为M₂₃C₆沿晶界析出的敏化温度,如何避免晶间腐蚀发生是Super304H钢主要研究课题。本文综述了国内外Super304H钢晶间腐蚀倾向的研究进展,包括晶间腐蚀机理,钢中合金元素特别是Nb/C,双固溶处理、稳定化处理,焊接工艺、600～700℃高温时效对该钢晶间腐蚀的影响和Super304H钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的表征方式。展望了Super304H钢的研究方向。     

Effects of Silicon Content and Intercritical Annealing on Manganese Partitioning in Dual Phase Steels

Steels of constant manganese and carbon contents with silicon content of 0.34%-2.26% were cast.The as-cast steels were then hot rolled at 1100 ℃ in five passes to reduce the cast ingot thickness from 80 to 4 mm, air cooled to room temperature and cold rolled to 2 mm in thickness. Dual phase microstructures with different volume fraction of martensite were obtained through the intercritical annealing of the steels at different temperatures for 15 min followed by water quenching. In addition to intercritical annealing temperature, silicon content also altered the volume fraction of martensite in dual phase steels. The partitioning of manganese in dual phase silicon steels was investigated using energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The partitioning coefficient, defined as the ratio of the amounts of alloying element in the austenite to that in the adjacent ferrite, for manganese increased with increasing intercritical annealing temperature and silicon content of steels. It was also found that the solubility of manganese in ferrite and austenite decreased with increasing intercritical temperature. The results were discussed by the diffusivity and the solubility of manganese in ferrite and austenite existed in dual phase silicon steels.     

提高炉渣中MnO向钢中传递的试验

 为了提高锰矿直接合金化锰的收得率,根据热力学分析结果确定了降低渣钢间锰分配比的影响因素。分析结果表明,提高温度和碳的活度是降低渣钢间锰分配比的必要条件。由此设计了感应炉试验方案,并进行了试验研究。结果表明,精炼渣在配加还原剂的情况下锰矿直接合金化锰平均收得率为90.8%,碳化硅作为还原剂在配碳量为1.2～1.4时,锰分配比最低;高温、高碳质量分数可以有效降低渣钢间锰分配比,底吹强度、锰矿加入量等工艺参数对锰矿直接合金化的效果有影响,应控制工艺避免锰矿石和还原剂的加入对钢中磷、硫产生的不利影响。     

Martensitic steel with 13% Cr for corrosion-resistant oil pipe

The temperature ranges corresponding to phase transitions in the heating and cooling of L80 steel of 13Cr type according to the API 5CT/ISO 11961 standard are determined (the Russian analog is 20X13 steel). The influence of the heat treatment on the structure and mechanical properties of the steel is investigated. It proves expedient to reduce the initial temperature in quenching from 1030–1040°C to 930–960°C, so as to improve the impact strength of the steel at negative temperatures. The influence of additional alloying of L80-13Cr steel with manganese and molybdenum on its strength and plasticity is studied. The use of steel with 13% Cr and with 1–2% nickel and manganese is promising for low-temperature pipe resistant to carbondioxide corrosion.     

A New Economical Sigma-Free Duplex Stainless Steel 19Cr-6Mn-1.0Mo-0.5Ni-0.5W-0.5Cu-0.2N

A new resource-saving duplex stainless steel with composition of 19Cr-6Mn-1.0Mo-0.5Ni-0.5W-0.5Cu-0.2N has been developed,and the microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion properties have been investigated.The results show that the alloy has a balanced ferrite-austenite relation,and the ferrite content rises with the solution treatment temperature.The designed alloy is free of precipitation of sigma phase when aged at 650,750 and 850 ℃ for 3 h,respectively,whereas a few Cr23C6 precipitates are found...     

碳和硅对Mn系空冷贝氏体钢回火韧性的影响

研究了碳的质量分数低于0.3%、不同硅含量的Mn系贝氏体钢的冲击韧性随回火温度的变化,结果表明,随着Si含量的提高,低温回火阶段出现韧性峰值的温度由220℃提高至340℃,韧性出现低谷的温度由340℃提高至520℃,这与Si抑制碳化物析出、稳定残余奥氏体有关。低Si钢一般适合高温回火后使用,高Si钢一般适合低温回火后使用;但碳的质量分数低于0.08%时,无论Si含量如何,低温或高温回火均适用,若碳含量过高,回火改善韧性的作用不明显。     

真空感应炉熔炼合金钢时用氮化物增氮的试验研究

分析了真空度、温度和氮化物成分对钢中氮溶解度影响,并在50 k真空感应炉对不同化学成分的合金钢(/%:0.06～0.36C、≤3.23Si、≤2.20Al、≤9.00Cr)进行3种氮化物-氮化硅、氮化锰和氮化铬的增氮试验。结果表明,气相中氮气分压对钢液中氮溶解度影响最大;钢中Ti、Cr提高氮溶解度和氮化物的收得率;增加C含量则降低氮溶解度和氮化物的收得率;钢中含有一定量的铝,可以显著提高氮化物的收得率。40 kPa氩气压力,1 600～1 650℃时在硅钢、结构钢和9%Cr钢中氮化硅、氮化锰、氮化铬的收得率分别为25%～30%、30%～50%、60%～100%。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定镍铁合金中7种元素

使用王水并利用微波消解的方式处理样品,微波消解采用分步升温的方法,第1步升温5 min到120 ℃,维持6 min;第2步再升温5 min到180 ℃,并保持6 min。选择Si 251.612 nm、Mn 293.930 nm、P 213.618 nm、Cr 206.149 nm、Cu 324.754 nm、Co 238.892 nm、Ni 221.647 nm为分析线并设置合适的背景扣除位置,采用基体匹配法绘制校准曲线可消除基体效应的影响,利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定硅、锰、磷、铬、铜、钴、镍,建立了镍铁合金中硅、锰、磷、铬、铜、钴、镍的测定方法。各待测元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.999 5;镍铁中各元素的检出限为0.000 9%～0.003%(质量分数)。方法应用于镍铁合金标准样品JSS 760-3中硅、锰、磷、铬、铜、钴、镍的测定,结果与认定值相符,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)为0.36%～5.2%。     

Effect of copper and molybdenum additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of steel shot

The effect of copper and molybdenum additions on the microstructure of particles produced by the atomization of an iron-carbon melt by an air-water jet using a new atomizer unit has been studied. The application of air-water atomization instead of water atomization is shown to intensify the solidification of particles with a fine microstructure. The introduction of molybdenum (up to 0.6 wt %) into a melt refines the structural constituents of the granules and decreases the fraction of the retained austenite, and the introduction of copper (up to 0.8 wt %) leads to the opposite results. The addition of copper (up to 0.6 wt %) and molybdenum (up to 0.6 wt %) to a melt results in a homogeneous microstructure consisting of fine acicular martensite and fine molybdenum carbides. Low-temperature vacuum tempering at 350°C for 1 h leads to insignificant decarburization of the martensite and the precipitation hardening of the base metal due to copper alloying. The microstructure of a steel alloyed by molybdenum and copper provides an increase in the wear resistance of the steel shot by a factor of 1.5–2 and high quality of the shot (close to the best foreign analogs).     

硝酸溶样钼蓝光度法测定高锰钢中的硅

针对用国标规定的稀硫酸溶解试样、钼蓝光度法测定高锰钢中的硅存在结果偏低的问题,试验验证了用硝酸溶样能保证测定结果的准确性。试验表明,酸度对测定结果影响较大,一般应控制中浓度在0．1-0．6mol／L。     

电解二氧化锰生产过程中硫酸锰溶液深度除钼的试验研究

以粉体电解二氧化锰为吸附剂,对硫酸锰溶液深度除钼工艺进行了试验探讨。考察了硫酸锰溶液的浓度、溶液的DH值、吸附剂的加入量、反应时间及温度等因素对不同锰氧化物吸附除钼的影响。结果表明：在硫酸锰浓度为70-200g／L、Mo 1 mg／L左右、硫酸锰溶液初始pH值为2．0～4．5、除钼反应温度为70～90℃、反应时间为60min和电解二氧化锰加入量大于3．30g／L的优化条件下,除钼后硫酸锰溶液的含钼量低于0．02mg／L。完全达到生产无汞碱性锌锰电池专用电解二氧化锰的要求。     

Fe-20Cr-5Al不锈钢加稀土元素La合金化工艺对La收得率的影响

研究了50kg真空感应炉+电渣重熔工艺冶炼Fe-20Cr-5Al不锈钢(/%:0.004~0.006C,0.18Si,0.08Mn,20.25~20.28Cr,5.06~5.17Al)时的加La合金化方法对La回收率的影响。结果表明,采用真空感应炉熔炼(VIF)Fe-20Cr-5Al母合金+稀土氧化物La₂O₃(/%:50CaF₂-20CaO-30La₂O₃)电渣重熔(ESR)La合金化时,钢中La的平均含量为0.003%,加稀土氧化物电渣重熔La合金化不明显;真空感应炉母合金La合金化(含0.38%La)+70%CaF₂-30%Al₂O₃电渣重熔后钢中平均La含量为0.066%;真空感应炉母合金La合金化(含0.34%La)+50%CaF₂-20%CaO-30%La₂O₃电渣重熔后钢中平均La含量为0.032%,说明含La母合金在电渣重熔过程La烧损较大,但30%Al₂O₃较30%La₂O₃更有利降低母合金在电渣重熔过程中La的烧损。     

120 t转炉半钢炼钢去磷保碳工艺的生产试验

针对攀钢转炉半钢冶炼中高碳钢增碳法增加成本降低钢水质量问题,采取了半钢增硅化学热补偿工艺,并根据对转炉脱磷热力学以及钢渣中磷富集规律,得出炉渣中磷的主要富集相为硅酸二钙。采用快速成渣、降低出钢温度等技术措施后,增加了炉渣中富磷相的比例,提高了脱磷效果。试验结果表明,新的热补偿工艺在提高半钢热源的同时,使得炼钢转炉成渣时间由4.1 min缩短到2.5 min,试验炉次转炉终点钢水碳含量平均为0.18%,温度平均为1653℃,炉渣TFe含量平均降低2.81个百分点,终点磷含量均控制在0.015%以内。     

硅钢生产技术及其发展

硅钢片作为变压器及电机铁芯的材料,我国年需求最近100万t,目前主要通过热轧及冷轧两种工艺生产,冷轧方法比较热轧具有更大的优越性,硅钢生产的关键在于其成分的控制;在铁水预脱硫、转炉冶炼、炉外精炼及浇铸工艺过程中,应尽可能降低硫含量,控制锰、碳、氮、磷等含量在要求标准内,以保证硅钢的良好性能。