2205双相不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能

采用不同搅拌头转速,研究了搅拌头转速对4 mm厚2205双相不锈钢板材搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响. 结果表明,当焊接速度为50 mm/min时,搅拌头转速在600 ~ 800 r/min的范围内,均可获得表面成形良好且内部无缺陷的接头.接头搅拌区在动态再结晶的作用下组织得到细化,硬度值较高,热影响区在焊接热作用下组织粗化,硬度值较低.整个接头的铁素体含量在50% ~ 60%范围内,且随着转速的升高搅拌区的铁素体含量有所增加. 当转速为600 r/min时,接头的抗拉强度达到最大824 MPa,为母材的97.3%,断裂位置为接头的热影响区.     

Thermal history in UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel friction stir welds

Consolidated UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel joints welds were performed using a friction stir welding (FSW) process. An experimental set-up was used to record the thermal history of duplex stainless steel FSW joint. For points at equal distance from the weld centreline, temperature measured near the beginning of the weld was lower than that measured in the middle of the welded joint. This was attributed to a non-stationary transfer condition. FSW thermal cycle showed shorter time spent at elevated temperature compared that presented by fusion welding, indicating less propensity to detrimental second phase precipitation. To support temperature measurements with thermocouples, a three-dimensional finite element thermal model of FSW was implemented, which provided a good agreement with experimental data.     

Understanding the parameters controlling friction stir welding of AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel

Empirical relationships were developed to predict the tensile strength and impact toughness of the friction stir welded AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel joints by incorporating process parameters, namely rotational speed, welding speed and tool shoulder diameter. The experiments were conducted based on a three factor, five level, central composite rotatable design matrix. Sensitivity analysis was carried out and compared with the relative impact of three process parameters on tensile strength and impact toughness to verify the measurement errors on the values of the uncertainty in estimated parameters. The results indicate that the welding speed has the greatest inuence on tensile strength and impact toughness, followed by rotational speed and tool shoulder diameter.     

Friction stir welding of duplex stainless steels

Duplex stainless steels are successful in a variety of applications such as the food industry, petrochemicals and plants for desalination of seawater, where high corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength are required. However, the beneficial microstructure may change during fusion welding steps, and it can compromise the performance of these materials. Friction stir welding is a solid-state process avoiding typical problems concerning solidification such as solidification cracks, liquation and segregation of alloying elements. Superduplex stainless steels can avoid unbalanced proportions of ferrite and austenite, formation of secondary deleterious phases and grain growth of ferrite in the heat-affected zone. Consolidated friction stir welded joints with full penetration 6 mm thick were obtained for UNS S32101 and S32205 duplex and S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels. The friction stir welds were submitted to tensile tests indicating an improvement of strength in welded joints, showing increased yield and tensile strength for all studied cases. Regarding the microstructural characterization, an outstanding grain refinement was observed in the welded joint, achieving grain sizes as small as 1 μm. This refinement was associated with the combination of microstructural restoration mechanisms in the dual-phase microstructure promoted by severe deformation associated with a high temperature during the welding process.     

Joining phenomena and joint strength of friction welded joint between pure aluminium and low carbon steel

Abstract

This paper describes the joining phenomena and joint strength of friction welded joints between pure aluminium (P-Al) and low carbon steel friction welds. When the joint was made at a friction pressure of 30 MPa with a friction speed of 27·5 s^?1, the upsetting (deformation) occurred at the P-Al base metal. P-Al transferred to the half radius region of the weld interface on the low carbon steel side, and then it transferred toward the entire weld interface. When the joint was made at a friction time of 0·9 s, i.e. just after the initial peak of the friction torque, it had ～93% joint efficiency and fractured on the P-Al side. This joint had no intermetallic compound at the weld interface. Then, the joint efficiency slightly decreased with increasing friction time. The joint had a small amount of intermetallic compound at the peripheral region of the weld interface when it was made at a friction time of 2·0 s. When the joint was made at a friction time of 0·9 s, the joint efficiency decreased with increasing forge pressure, and all joints were fractured at the P-Al side. Although the joint by forge pressure of 90 MPa had hardly softened region, it had ～83% joint efficiency. To clarify the fact of decreasing joint efficiency, the tensile strength of the P-Al base metal at room temperature was investigated, and the tensile test was carried out after various compression stresses and temperatures. The tensile strength of the P-Al base metal has decreased with increasing compression stress at any temperature. Hence, the fact that the joint did not achieve 100% joint efficiency was due to the decrease in the tensile strength of the P-Al base metal by the Bauschinger effect. To obtain higher joint efficiency and fracture on the P-Al side, the joint should be made without higher forge pressure, and with the friction time at which the friction torque reaches the initial peak.     

球墨铸铁与45钢的摩擦焊接研究

球铁与 45钢采用摩擦焊接方法可形成良好的焊接接头。焊后退火处理可改善球铁 - 45钢摩擦焊接头的组织 ,提高接头的性能。在其他焊接参数保持不变时 ,退火后接头拉伸强度随摩擦时间的增大而增加 ,直到 2 3s时达到最大值 358MPa,继续增大摩擦时间 ,接头拉伸强度下降。这主要是因为摩擦时间直接影响着球铁与 45钢摩擦焊接过程中的产热、温度分布、金属的塑性变形和石墨在界面的形态。     

Structure,properties, and residual stress of 304L stainless steel friction stir welds

Alloy 304L stainless steel sheets, 3.2 mm thick, were joined by friction stir welding at a single welding speed using two different tool rotation rates. The resulting welds were overmatched relative to the base metal. Longitudinal residual stresses (tensile) were near the base metal yield strength.     

Interface shape and microstructure controlled dissimilar friction stir lap welded steels

Abstract

When fusion welding is conducted on the dissimilar materials between a reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel F82H steel and an austenite stainless steel SUS 316 steel, δ ferrite is generally formed and inevitably deteriorates the weld properties. In this study, dissimilar welding of F82H to SUS 316 steel was successfully achieved by friction stir lap welding technique. It revealed that the shape and microstructure of the joint interface can be controlled by controlling the welding temperature, in another word, by changing the applied load. By controlling the welding temperature at ～710°C, a sound dissimilar joint can be obtained with a smooth joint interface and no mixed microstructure, despite the relative overlapping position of the steel plates. All the dissimilar joints showed high shear tensile strength and fracture in the base metal of F82H steel plate, which has lower strength than the SUS 316 steel plate at room temperature.     

低活化马氏体钢真空扩散焊接头力学性能

在不同焊接工艺参数下对低活化马氏体钢进行真空扩散焊接试验,分别对焊缝区进行光学显微观察(OM)与扫描电镜观察(SEM)分析,并对焊件进行力学性能测试. 结果表明,低活化马氏体钢的焊后组织主要为板条马氏体及少量的残余奥氏体,焊缝结合状况良好;在一定范围内提高焊接温度、延长保温时间可以提升接头抗拉强度,但过高的温度及保温时间会导致奥氏体晶粒粗化,损害接头的抗拉强度及冲击韧性. 经过焊后热处理(正火+回火)的接头抗拉强度相对于热处理前有所降低,但组织稳定性及冲击韧性有一定改善.     

Characteristics of Laser Beam and Friction Stir Welded AISI 409M Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

This article presents the comparative evaluation of microstructural features and mechanical properties of friction stir welded (solid-state) and laser beam welded (high energy density fusion welding) AISI 409M grade ferritic stainless steel joints. Optical microscopy, microhardness testing, transverse tensile, and impact tests were performed. The coarse ferrite grains in the base material were changed to fine grains consisting duplex structure of ferrite and martensite due to the rapid cooling rate and high strain induced by severe plastic deformation caused by frictional stirring. On the other hand, columnar dendritic grain structure was observed in fusion zone of laser beam welded joints. Tensile testing indicates overmatching of the weld metal relative to the base metal irrespective of the welding processes used. The LBW joint exhibited superior impact toughness compared to the FSW joint.     

Influence of polarity on mechanical properties of dissimilar resistance spot welds of DP 600/AISI 304 steels

The influence of polarity during resistance spot weld (RSW) of dissimilar lap joints on mechanical properties and failure mode is assessed in this work. A dissimilar lap joint was set using DP 600 dual phase steel with AISI 304 stainless steel. The experiments were performed on a medium-frequency direct current spot welding machine with proper data acquisition of voltage and welding current. Temperature evolution was also acquired by using IR camera. The mechanical properties of spot welds were evaluated by using a coach peel testing. The effect of welding current and welding time on mechanical properties was also evaluated. Correlations between polarity with the welding nugget size, failure mode, tensile strength, temperature evolution and dynamic resistance were analysed. The analysis confirmed that the polarity on dissimilar lap joints affects the behaviour of dissimilar RSWs.     

Microstructure and pitting corrosion of similar and dissimilar stainless steel welds

Abstract

Pitting Corrosion behaviour of similar and dissimilar metal welds of three classes of stainless steels, namely, austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304), ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430) and duplex stainless steel (AISI 2205), has been studied. Three regions of the weldment, i.e. fusion zone, heat affected zone and unaffected parent metal, were subjected to corrosion studies. Electron beam and friction welds have been compared. Optical, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe analysis were carried out to determine the mechanism of corrosion behaviour. Dissimilar metal electron beam welds of austenitic–ferritic (A–F), ferritic–duplex (F–D) and austenitic–duplex stainless steel (A–D) welds contained coarse grains which are predominantly equiaxed on austenitic and duplex stainless steel side while they were columnar on the ferritic stainless steel side. Microstructural features in the central region of dissimilar stainless steel friction welds exhibit fine equiaxed grains due to dynamic recrystallisation as a result of thermomechanical working during welding and is confined to ferritic stainless steel side in the case of A–F, D–F welds and duplex stainless steel side in the case of D–A welds. Beside this region bent and elongated grains were observed on ferritic stainless steel side in the case of A–F, D–F welds and duplex stainless steel side in the case of D–A welds. Interdiffusion of elements was significant in electron beam welding and insignificant in friction welds. Pitting corrosion has been observed to be predominantly confined to heat affected zone (HAZ) close to fusion boundary of ferritic stainless steel interface of A–F electron beam and D–F electron beam and friction weldments. The pitting resistance of stainless steel electron beam weldments was found to be lower than that of parent metal as a result of segregation and partitioning of alloying elements. In general, friction weldments exhibited better pitting corrosion resistance due to lower incidence of carbides in the microstructure.     

脉冲电流波形对Tandem双丝MIG焊力学性能影响

双丝脉冲MIG焊作为高效化的不锈钢焊接方法,是目前焊接行业研发的热点之一,但是如何选择和调节双丝MIG焊的电流波形参数依旧是一个难点. 为了优化不锈钢焊接的焊接方法,提高焊接效率,文中以双相不锈钢为焊接工件,通过电流波形参数对比试验,研究了双丝梯形波双脉冲焊,双丝矩形波双脉冲焊以及双丝单脉冲焊对焊接质量的影响. 结果表明,在相同热输入的条件下,双丝梯形波双脉冲焊焊接稳定性好于双丝矩形波双脉冲焊和双丝单脉冲焊,且前者的焊接成形质量更高,可看到更多的鱼鳞纹,同时使不锈钢接头的的拉伸强度和硬度以及韧性显著提高.     

大截面钢/铝摩擦焊接头力学性能及显微组织分析

针对大截面铸态纯铝与Q235钢异种金属.采用连续驱动摩擦焊技术进行焊接试验,通过光学显微镜观察、电子探针分析、常温和高温拉伸性能及硬度测试,探讨了其焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能.研究表明,大截面铸态纯铝与Q235钢间具有良好的摩擦焊接性,焊接接头强度等于或高于铝基材;高温条件下,试样均断于铝端母材,抗拉强度随着温度的升高呈现出明显的下降趋势,而伸长率随温度升高而增大;焊接接头在近缝区发生了晶粒细化,在粘塑性层内发生了一定程度的原子扩散,形成扩散层.     

两种规格超细晶粒钢的激光焊接

超细晶粒钢依靠微米级或亚微米级的铁素体,使钢的强度和韧性大大提高。本文分析了超细晶粒钢的焊接性及激光焊接的特点,进行了超细晶粒钢的激光焊接试验,并与等离子弧焊接、MAG焊接进行了比较,超细晶粒钢激光焊接接头粗晶区有较好的韧性,采用较小的激光功率并配合较慢的焊接速度,可减小粗晶区硬化倾向。终轧温度较高的SS400钢激光焊接接头强度高于母材,深度轧制钢激光焊接接头出现再结晶软化区,当软化区宽度较窄时,不影响整体接头强度,SS400钢和深度轧制钢激光焊接接头均有好的弯曲塑性。     

不同焊接工艺对双相不锈钢力学性能及耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用三种不同的焊接工艺对双相不锈钢S31803进行焊接试验,通过对接头微观组织、力学性能、氧含量及耐腐蚀性能的观察与测试,确定最佳焊接工艺参数,并分析了焊接工艺方法对焊接接头组织、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:与GTAW,SMAW相比,GTAW+SAW焊接工艺获得的接头的冲击吸收能量和耐腐蚀性能均可以满足双相不锈钢的制造标准要求,可以在压力容器制造中广泛使用。     

304不锈钢薄板列置双TIG高速焊缝组织与性能

相比常规速度不锈钢焊接,高速焊接过程中焊缝金属的凝固过程及组织形态将会发生变化,从而影响焊缝组织和性能. 对1.2 mm厚304不锈钢薄板对接,采用列置双TIG焊在焊接速度为3.0 m/min时获得了良好焊缝成形,并与常规速度单TIG焊接工艺相比,采用非标准拉伸试样测试了焊缝性能,并分析了其组织. 结果表明,高速双TIG焊接焊缝中心生成等轴晶,两侧树枝晶未形成对向生长的定向晶粒,焊缝抗拉强度及断后伸长率略低于母材;相比常规单TIG焊接工艺,高速双TIG焊接热影响区晶粒平均直径降低了10.3%,但焊缝中心晶粒平均直径增大了12.9%;焊缝抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别提高了4.3%和23.2%,焊缝中心硬度值略高于母材.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar welds between 16Mn and 304L in underwater wet welding

Dissimilar joint between 304L austenitic stainless steel and low-alloy steel 16Mn was underwater wet welded using self-shielded nickel-based tubular wire. Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of dissimilar welded joints were discussed. Ni-based weld metal was fully austenitic with well-developed columnar sub-grains. Type II boundary existed between Ni-based weld metal and ferritic base metal in underwater welds similar to that in air welds. Major alloying elements distributed non-uniformly across the austenitic weld metal/16Mn interface. Maximum hardness values in wet welding appeared in a coarse-grained heat-affected zone at the 16Mn side, which possessed very low impact toughness. Underwater Ni-based welded joints fractured at Ni-based weld metal under tensile test. Ni-based weld metal had favourable corrosion resistance similar to 304L base metal.     

不同热处理制度下1Cr11Ni2W2MoV闪光对焊接头的组织与性能

针对1Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢开展闪光对焊试验,研究不同焊后热处理制度对其焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:采用闪光对焊方法焊接1Cr11Ni2W2MoV,能够获得优质的焊接接头。1Cr11Ni2W2MoV闪光焊焊态下焊缝组织为马氏体和少量的δ铁素体组织,焊接接头具有较好的拉伸性能,但塑性和韧性较差。经过淬火+回火热处理后组织表现为回火索氏体组织,焊接接头的抗拉强度、塑性和韧性等性能均得到改善。在1000℃油淬+570℃回火状态下,焊接接头具有良好的综合力学性能。     

采用混合智能方法评估球墨铸铁摩擦焊接接头的抗拉强度(英文)

采用混合智能方法评价球墨铸铁的最佳摩擦焊接工艺参数。在自动循环中使用支持向量回归(SVR)、遗传算法(GA)和帝国竞争算法(ICA)优化焊接工艺参数。该方法被用来确定焊接工艺参数,得到了理想的球墨铸铁摩擦焊接抗拉强度。在加热力40kN,加热时间300s,顶锻压力10.12kN条件下,使用SVR加上GA方法得到了最高抗拉强度为256.93MPa。将摩擦焊接样品进行拉伸强度测试,并比较了采用混合智能方法得到的优化值与实验结果。结果表明,混合智能方法可以使ZT14型摩擦焊机拉伸强度从211MPa增加到258MPa。