橡木制品对干红葡萄酒中橡木香气成分的影响研究

在酒精发酵过程中和发酵结束后两个阶段添加不同类型的橡木制品,研究橡木处理对干红葡萄酒中橡木香气成分和感官品质的影响。通过GC-MS对丁子香酚、愈创木酚、威士忌内酯、香草醛、5-甲基糠醛和糠醛6种橡木香气成分的分析,发现发酵过程中和发酵后添加法国中度烘烤橡木粉都可以获得含量较高的橡木香气成分,而发酵后添加国产中度烘烤橡木片较相同烘烤程度的法国和美国橡木片能获得含量更高的橡木香气成分。感官分析结果表明,在酒精发酵中添加橡木制品进行处理,酒体橡木香气与果香融合较好,香气协调;而在发酵结束后添加不同类型的橡木制品,添加美国中度烘烤橡木片和法国轻度烘烤橡木粉的葡萄酒香气较好;其他酒样酒体呈现的橡木味偏重、不协调。     

不同烘烤程度的法国橡木片对赤霞珠葡萄酒理化性质的影响

本试验取4份同量的酒精发酵后的赤霞珠葡萄酒样,3组分别添加4 g/L不同烘烤程度(轻度、中度、重度烘烤)的法国橡木片,1组不加橡木片做对照。4℃条件下进行陈酿。陈酿期间每隔15 d取样测定酒样的单宁含量、总酚含量、p H值、色度和色调,旨在分析不同烘烤程度橡木片对葡萄酒理化性质的影响。试验结果表明,加入橡木片45 d,可增加酒样的单宁含量、总酚含量,加入轻度烘烤程度的橡木片酒样中单宁含量略高于中度和重度烘烤橡木片酒样,总酚含量差异不显著。加入橡木片15 d,可降低酒样的pH值,轻度、中度处理组酒样p H值比重度处理组低。陈酿期间,添加不同烘烤程度橡木片对酒样的色度值和色调值无影响。     

不同橡木制品对刺葡萄酒品质的影响

为了改善刺葡萄酒的品质,以刺葡萄酒为试材,经不锈钢罐、不同产地及类型的橡木制品陈酿6个月后,检测刺葡萄酒的总糖、总酸、挥发酸等理化性质的差异。结果表明,通过橡木制品的陈酿,刺葡萄酒的理化指标和感官品质得到明显改善和提升。橡木制品陈酿刺葡萄酒对其残糖和总酚含量影响较大,对刺葡萄酒的总酸、挥发酸、pH无显著性影响（P＞0.05）。其中,法国中度烘烤橡木片陈酿的刺葡萄酒中残糖含量最高（4.85 g/L）,显著高于对照（4.33 g/L）及其他组（P＜0.05）,总酚含量为0.90 g/L,感官评分最高为85.1分;德国中度烘烤橡木片陈酿刺葡萄酒的总酚含量最高（1.03 g/L）,显著高于其他组（P＜0.05）,残糖含量为4.42 g/L,感官评分为81.0分。综合可知,法国中度烘烤的橡木片陈酿的刺葡萄酒品质较优。     

皂土处理对葡萄酒发酵及质量的影响

以霞多丽和玫瑰香为原料,通过优化和添加两种皂土处理方式,研究皂土对酒精发酵和葡萄酒质量的影响。结果表明:添加处理可增加葡萄汁中不溶性固形物含量,对最大发酵速率和总发酵时间及葡萄酒组分无明显影响;优化处理可提高葡萄汁的澄清度,降低发酵速率,延长总发酵时间,使葡萄酒的残糖含量较高。无论是添加处理还是优化处理均对葡萄汁的氨基氮含量无明显影响,因此在优化葡萄汁中添加氮素营养不能扭转发酵缓慢现象。     

基于GC-MS和电子鼻技术分析不同烘烤度橡木对荔枝白兰地风味的影响

为了研究不同烘烤度橡木片对荔枝白兰地陈酿风味的影响，在荔枝白兰地中加入不同烘烤度橡木片进行陈酿。运用感官评价、电子鼻和气相色谱-质谱联用，对四种(原酒、轻度烘烤、中度烘烤和重度烘烤)荔枝白兰地的品质和挥发性风味成分进行评定和分析。结果表明，在四种荔枝白兰地中共检测出21种挥发性香气化合物，其中酯类和醇类物质在四种酒中皆有，气味活度值较高，对酒的风味贡献大，它们的组成与含量构成了荔枝白兰地的主要挥发性香气特征。原酒中含有独特的烯烃类和芳香烃类化合物，不同烘烤橡木浸渍的荔枝白兰地中含有独特的醛酮类物质。原酒中风味化合物种类最多，含量较高。轻度和中度烘烤橡木荔枝白兰地中风味化合物种类较少，主要是酯类、醇类和醛酮类，而重度烘烤橡木荔枝白兰地中则含有部分烯烃和芳香烃类化合物。在感官评价中，重度烘烤橡木荔枝白兰地得分最高，风味较好，同时电子鼻检测可以明显的区分出添加不同烘烤度橡木的荔枝白兰地，因此添加重度烘烤的橡木片能提升荔枝白兰地陈酿的品质。     

烘烤强度和木纹理对橡木（Quercus petraea）心材多酚和香气的影响

考察不同烘烤程度对不同纹理橡木心材试样中低分子质量酚酸和挥发性物质含量的影响,结果表明烘烤过程将会改变橡木心材的物质组成,并通过相应的化学反应增加挥发性物质的含量。同时,在不考虑烘烤强度条件下,供试的细纹理橡木心材试样含有较高的挥发性物质含量,例如顺/反橡木内脂、顺/反异丁子香酚、呋喃醛、紫丁香醇,以及芥子醛、松柏醛、香草醛和丁香醛等低分子质量酚类化合物,而中纹理和粗纹理的样品则表现出较高的总酚、总单宁水平,以及较高的鞣花酸和没食子酸含量。此外,主成分分析显示,中纹理和细纹理样品的中度和重度烘烤处理与橡木心材试样的挥发性物质含量有较大的正相关性,而粗纹理的未烘烤和轻度烘烤样品则与试样中总单宁和阿魏酸含量呈正相关。     

烘烤强度和木纹理对橡木(Quercus petraea)心材多酚和香气的影响（英文）

考察不同烘烤程度对不同纹理橡木心材试样中低分子质量酚酸和挥发性物质含量的影响,结果表明烘烤过程将会改变橡木心材的物质组成,并通过相应的化学反应增加挥发性物质的含量。同时,在不考虑烘烤强度条件下,供试的细纹理橡木心材试样含有较高的挥发性物质含量,例如顺/反橡木内脂、顺/反异丁子香酚、呋喃醛、紫丁香醇,以及芥子醛、松柏醛、香草醛和丁香醛等低分子质量酚类化合物,而中纹理和粗纹理的样品则表现出较高的总酚、总单宁水平,以及较高的鞣花酸和没食子酸含量。此外,主成分分析显示,中纹理和细纹理样品的中度和重度烘烤处理与橡木心材试样的挥发性物质含量有较大的正相关性,而粗纹理的未烘烤和轻度烘烤样品则与试样中总单宁和阿魏酸含量呈正相关。     

橡木桶陈酿对‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒品质的影响

以‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒为研究对象,经不同来源和不同烘烤程度的橡木桶陈酿,检测葡萄酒的理化指标、香气物质、感官评价等。结果表明,在陈酿2个月时,不锈钢罐组总酸及总花色苷含量均显著高于橡木桶组,分别为5.49 g·L^-1、238.66 mg·L^-1。在陈酿6个月后,橡木桶陈酿的酒样中花色苷含量逐渐降低,且以美国橡木桶组最低;而单宁含量显著高于不锈钢陈酿组,以法国中度烘烤橡木桶6个月最高为307.29 mg·L^-1。由主成分分析可知,橡木桶陈酿与不锈钢陈酿酒样香气成分有较大差异,橡木桶陈酿可以降低酒中异戊醇和异丁醇等杂醇油的含量。感官评分结果,法国中度烘烤橡木桶陈酿6个月处理组最高为90.1分。综合分析认为,‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒采用法国中度烘烤橡木桶陈酿品质较好。     

不同发酵及陈酿方式对霞多丽干白葡萄酒质量的影响

通过选取相同地块相同成熟度的霞多丽葡萄,分别进行低温不锈钢大罐、常温橡木桶发酵和3个月的陈酿。采用理化指标、香气成分分析及感官品评的方法,主要通过其酒精度、残糖、干浸出物、总酸等理化指标、香气成分和感官品评的差异,说明不同发酵方式及陈酿方式对霞多丽葡萄酒质量的影响。     

发酵条件对葡萄酒中高级醇的影响研究

探讨了发酵条件对葡萄酒发酵过程中高级醇的影响.结果表明,发酵条件(接种量、装液量、发酵温度、SO2)对葡萄酒发酵中的高级醇有一定的影响,在接种量3.5×107 cfu,装液量190 mL/250 mL,培养温度20℃,SO2添加量1 00 mg/L条件下,葡萄酒发酵中高级醇含量较低,酒精浓度较高.     

Concentration of volatile compounds in Chardonnay wine fermented in stainless steel tanks and oak barrels

The influence of the type of container used in alcoholic fermentation on the formation of volatile compounds in wine from Chardonnay variety was studied. To do so, must from Chardonnay variety was fermented in both stainless steel tanks and in new Nevers oak barrels. The results obtained showed that wine fermented in barrels had a greater concentration of higher alcohols and esters than wine fermented in tanks. Concentration of isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate was four times higher in wine fermented in oak barrels than in wine fermented in stainless steel tanks. With regard to the concentration of acids, a greater concentration of medium-chain fatty acids (C6:0–C10:0) was noticeable in wine fermented in oak barrels. Given that these acids are toxic for the yeasts, they may be responsible for the slower fermentation rate of wine fermented in oak barrels.     

Volatile composition of Bobal red wines subjected to alcoholic/malolactic fermentation with oak chips

The effect of wood, in the form of oak chips, on the volatile composition of Bobal red wines caused by adding oak chips at different stages of the fermentation process has been studied. Aroma compounds were isolated by solid phase extraction (SPE) for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Bobal control wine was produced according to traditional winemaking processes, without oak chips. Oak chips were added to the rest of the wines at two dose levels (3 and 6 g/L) at different stages of the winemaking process: at one week during alcoholic fermentation (AF), during malolactic fermentation (MLF) and in young, red Bobal wine. Wines fermented with oak chips during AF showed higher concentrations of the ethyl esters of straight-chain fatty acids and ethyl, hexyl and isoamyl acetates than the control wine. A similar, trend was observed for higher alcohols. Higher concentrations of benzene compounds, oak lactones and furanic compounds were found in wines in contact with oak chips during MLF followed by young Bobal oak wines. These results reveal that the point of addition during the winemaking process and the dose level of oak chips used have a significant effect on the volatile composition of Bobal red wines.     

Effect of oxygen and lipid supplementation on the volatile composition of chemically defined medium and Chardonnay wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Oxygen or lipids are required to complete stressful alcoholic fermentation. Lack of these nutrients can inhibit sugar uptake and growth, which leads to incomplete or ‘stuck’ fermentation. Oxygen or lipids supplementation not only restores yeast fermentative activity and also affects formation of yeast volatile metabolites. To clarify the effect of oxygen and lipid supplementation on the formation of flavour active metabolites during wine fermentation, we evaluated the addition of these two nutrients to chemically defined grape juice and filter clarified Chardonnay must. Lipid addition increased the concentration of esters, higher alcohols and volatile acids, whereas oxygen increased the concentration of higher alcohols and altered the proportion of acetate to ethyl esters and the proportion of branch-chain acids to medium-chain fatty acids. Combined addition of lipids and oxygen showed an additive effect on concentration of higher alcohols whereas oxygen suppressed the enhancing effect of lipids on formation of esters and volatile acids. Our results demonstrate the potential of lipid and oxygen supplementation for the manipulation of wine aroma in white wine fermentation.     

三种酵母酿造霞多丽干白葡萄酒的效果研究

采用三种商品酵母AWRIR2、CY3079和EC1118进行霞多丽干白葡萄酒的发酵试验.结果表明:3种酵母发酵期的温度及比重变化一致,产酒精率相同,但AWRIR2酵母较其他两种酵母产生的挥发酸和残糖略高.采用GC/MS技术分别鉴定出3种酵母发酵的酒体中存在49、48和49种香气物质,其主要香气组分无差异,只在某些微量香气物质上有所区别.醇类、酸类、酯类及其他香气物质在3种酵母发酵的干白葡萄酒中的含量各有差异.     

黑果腺肋花楸与赤霞珠波特酒中挥发性香气成分分析

以黑果腺肋花楸和赤霞珠葡萄为原料,在二者混合发酵过程中添加无核白、霞多丽、赤霞珠3种葡萄蒸馏酒终止酒精发酵,制备波特酒。采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱（GC×GC-TOF MS）技术,对黑果腺肋花楸和赤霞珠波特酒的挥发性香气成分进行分析,并对结果进行主成分分析（PCA）。结果表明,3种波特酒中共检测出68种挥发性香气成分,包括酯类25种、醇类21种、酸类7种、酮类6种、醛类4种、其他类5种。对3种波特酒的共有挥发性物质和挥发性化合物进行主成分分析,发现醇类和醛类物质是影响波特酒香气的主要因素。香气品质评价模型结果表明,添加赤霞珠蒸馏酒的波特酒香气品质最佳,添加霞多丽蒸馏酒的波特酒次之,添加无核白蒸馏酒的波特酒最差。     

不同酵母对干白葡萄酒发酵过程中香气变化的影响

选用两种酿酒酵母进行霞多丽干白葡萄酒发酵试验,酒精发酵过程中对发酵液的还原糖、可溶性固形物、总酸含量及香气物质进行分析。结果表明,两种酿酒酵母发酵过程中发酵液的还原糖和可溶性固形物均呈下降趋势,总酸含量均大于葡萄汁总酸含量;葡萄汁和发酵液中共检测出68种香气物质。相比于葡萄汁,酵母LA-DE和LA-PE发酵时发酵液中醇类、酯类、酸类、萜烯类和酚类物质含量随发酵时间延长逐渐增加,而醛类物质逐渐减少;其中酯类物质含量增加显著,发酵结束时分别为22.79 mg/L和14.57 mg/L。主成分分析结果表明,发酵过程中香气物质在前3 d变化较为明显,两种酵母发酵液在第1天、第3天、第9天香气物质差异明显。     

Influence of pH and ethanol on malolactic fermentation and volatile aroma compound composition in white wines

The present study investigated the influences of pH and ethanol on malolactic fermentation (MLF) and the volatile aroma profile of the subsequent white wines from Riesling and Chardonnay inoculated with two different Oenococcus oeni strains. In all cases MLF was induced after completion of alcoholic fermentation (AF). Partial MLF occurred under low pH 3.2 and high alcohol (118.3 g/L) conditions. In the cases with complete MLF, the time required for each strain varied from 13 to 61 days and was dependent on bacterial culture, cultivar and wine parameter. Chemical properties of each wine were determined after AF, complete and partial MLF. The wines showed significant differences in total higher alcohols, esters and acids that are important for the sensory profile and quality of wine. This work demonstrated that the wine matrix as well as the pH and alcohol concentration affects MLF and the final volatile aroma profile. Results indicate that changes in volatile aroma composition are not necessarily related to complete MLF and that partial MLF already has distinct influences on the wine aroma profile of white wines.     

Effect of oak wood on the quality of beer

Maturation in wood is an important practice that is widely used in the production of high‐quality beverages. The effect of French oak cubes on young lager beer was studied. Oak cubes (with light, medium or heavy toasting) were added to the beer, which was stored at 0°C for 3 months. Beer samples were analysed monthly, and an acceptance test was performed at the end of 3 months. The content of volatile compounds (aldehydes, esters and higher alcohols) was determined by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector, and the content of low molecular weight phenolic compounds was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The contents of aldehydes, esters, higher alcohols and wood‐derived compounds increased during the 3‐month maturation period. Lager beer stored with heavily toasted oak cubes had the highest concentration of low‐molecular‐weight phenolic compounds, followed by the beer matured in an oak barrel. These results suggest that beer maturation in wood barrels or with oak cubes changed the composition of their oak‐related aromatic compounds, indicating that interactions between the beer and the wood occurred. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling