空间红外探测系统外部杂散光分析与抑制

为降低视场外太阳辐射对空间红外探测系统的影响,对系统的遮光罩和挡光环进行了设计与优化。在ZEMAX软件下,建立了光机结构分析模型,采用非序列模式下的光线追迹方法,计算了视场外太阳辐射经镜筒表面及透镜表面的多次散射或反射到达探测器表面的杂散光辐照度。根据计算结果对遮光罩和挡光环的参数进行了优化,使得杂散光抑制水平满足系统要求。     

Skin optics

Quantitative dosimetry in the treatment of skin disorders with (laser) light requires information on propagation of light in the skin related to the optical properties of the individual skin layers. This involves the solution of the integro-differential equation of radiative transfer in a model representing skin geometry, as well as experimental methods to determine the optical properties of each skin layer. These activities are unified under the name skin optics. This paper first reviews the current status of tissue optics, distinguishing between the cases of: dominant absorption, dominant scattering, and scattering about equal to absorption. Then, previously published data as well as some current unpublished data on (human) stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis, have been collected and/or (re)analyzed in terms of absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and anisotropy factor of scattering. The results are that the individual skin layers show strongly forward scattering (anisotropy factors between 0.7 and 0.9). The absorption and scattering data show that for all wavelengths considered scattering is much more important than absorption. Under such circumstances, solutions to the transport equation for a multilayer skin model and finite beam laser irradiation are currently not yet available. Hence, any quantitative dosimetry for skin treated with (laser) light is currently lacking.     

水下光源主光轴光谱辐照度分布模型

根据光传输理论和水体光学衰减规律,提出了水下光源主光轴上光谱辐照度随距离分布的理论模型,确定了模型结构。在此基础上,采用数值计算的方法对模型中各待定参数进行求解,根据模型结构特点提出了对不同参数进行分步拟合的思路并给出了具体的参数求解方法。为了验证建模方法的准确性和可行性,根据水下光源实测数据进行建模并对模型的精度进行了评估。结果显示:模型拟合数据与水下实测数据吻合程度较高,拟合误差的方均根值仅为实测数据方均根值的4%,说明模型拟合精度较高。该方法有望用于水下光场建模、水下图像处理等应用领域。     

散射效应对FSO-OFDM系统的影响研究与仿真

为了研究了大气散射效应对光信号的影响,以雨粒子为例,从其物理特性出发,应用Mie散射理论和Joss雨滴谱分布,计算了雨粒子对光波传输的衰减,在此基础上分析了光散射效应对自由空间光通信-正交频分复用系统性能的影响。结果表明,在散射信道中,自由空间光通信-正交频分复用系统的性能主要取决于散射造成的光强度起伏方差,其次为散射造成的光强度衰减系数。     

Light absorption distribution of prostate tissue irradiated by diffusing light source

Nitric oxide(NO)and nitric oxide synthase(NOS)have an important role in pain signaling transmission in animal models.Low-level laser therapy(LLLT)is known to have an analgesic effect,but the mechanism is unclear.The aim of the study is to investigate the influence of LLLT on NO release and NOS synthesis in dorsal root ganglion(DRG)neurons,in order to find whether LLLI can ameliorate pain through modulating NO production at the cellular level.The results show that in stress conditions,the laser irradiation at 658 nm can modulate NO production in DRG neurons with soma diameter of about 20μm in a short time after illumination,and affect NOS synthesis in a dose-dependent manner.It is demonstrated that LLLT might treat pain by altering NO release directly and indirectly in DRG neurons.     

空间光通信的时间平滑实验研究

为了给空间光通信的瞄准捕获跟踪链路的设计提供参考,实验研究了强湍流区的大气闪烁时间平滑效应,并考虑大气闪烁和瞄准抖动误差,分析了空间光通信的跟瞄链路的强度起伏统计规律;在此基础上,分析了时间平滑对链路衰落起伏的改善作用.实验研究结果表明,随着曝光时间的增加,强湍流区的大气闪烁起伏幅度减小,当曝光时间达到几十毫秒时,强湍流区的大气闪烁起伏服从对数正态分布;在确保空间光通信系统的链路跟踪中断概率小于10-3以下,采用时间平滑可以使所需的衰落冗余减少15dB～20dB.     

各向异性粗糙海面对掠入射激光的散射特性研究

针对目前粗糙海面的激光散射场模型并不适用于激光束掠入射的情况以及忽略风速的影响,基于Cox-Munk模型及基尔霍夫近似（KA）模拟各向异性粗糙海面,建立海面对掠入射激光束的方向反射率分布模型,仿真分析了方向反射率随风速、风向、入射角、入射方位角、反射角、反射方位角的变化规律,并通过水池实验进行了验证。结果表明:粗糙海面对激光束的散射能量主要分布在以被照射海面为顶点的圆锥形角空域,此空域角方向位于镜面反射方向附近,且随着风速的增加,空域角逐渐变大,对于掠入射的激光束,由于海浪的遮蔽效应,空域角方向会偏离镜面方向。该模型可以为激光半主动制导导弹对海上小目标射击研究以及利用激光束照射粗糙海面布设激光诱饵研究提供一定理论依据。     

LED面光源均匀化方法

文章通过半导体发光二极管（Light—emittingdiode,LED）的配光曲线,构建单颗LED的理论模型,设计可实现均匀照度的LED排列方式。基于几何光学和辐射照度理论,对满足均匀照明的LED阵列进行分析,推导光源照射到观测屏上的总辐射照度的表达式,使用光学模拟软件建立LED阵列的模型,利用软件进行光线追迹。通过仿真结果分析LED之间排列间距,光源到接收面间距离等因素对于照明均匀性的影响。     

基于蒙特卡洛方法的红外光源辐照特性模拟

以红外灯阵列作为辐射热源进行温度环境试验,为通过优化灯阵提高受热平面温度分布均匀程度,需要对红外灯在受热平面上的辐射照度分布进行建模。利用蒙特卡洛方法对发光体上光线出射位置和出射方向进行了随机抽样,确定了出射光线方程。对光线追迹获得了光线在受热平面上的落点坐标。对大量出射光线进行了随机抽样和追迹,建立了受热平面上的光线落点坐标数据库。在受热平面上划分网格并统计各网格内光线落点数量,计算得出受热平面辐射照度分布情况。和实测辐射照度数据相比,本模型可在一定范围有效模拟红外灯辐射照度分布。     

A hybrid geometric optical-radiative transfer approach for modelingalbedo and directional reflectance of discontinuous canopies

A new model for the bidirectional reflectance of a vegetation cover combines principles of geometric optics and radiative transfer. It relies on gap probabilities and path length distributions to model the penetration of irradiance from a parallel source and the single and multiple scattering of that irradiance in the direction of an observer. The model applies to vegetation covers of discrete plant crowns that are randomly centered both on the plane and within a layer of variable thickness above it. Crowns assume a spheroidal shape with arbitrary height to width ratio. Geometric optics easily models the irradiance that penetrates the vegetation cover directly, is scattered by the soil, and exits without further scattering by the vegetation. Within a plant crown, the probability of scattering is a negative exponential function of path length. Within-crown scattering provides the source for singly-scattered radiation, which exits with probabilities proportional to further path-length distributions in the direction of exitance (including the hotspot effect). Single scattering provides the source for double scattering, and then higher order pairs of scattering are solved successively by a convolution function. Early validations using data from a conifer stand near Howland, Maine, show reasonable agreement between modeled and observed reflectance     

水泥路面激光散射特性研究

为了通过激光散射特性识别不同粗糙程度水泥路面,设计了路面粗糙度测量系统.使用千分表测量水泥路面高度分布,计算高度均方根与相关长度.根据以上参量采用功率谱频域滤波生成随机粗糙表面以模拟水泥路面,通过切平面近似将粗糙面离散为大量微面元,由菲涅耳公式计算本地场,利用蒙特卡罗方法获取不同偏振光入射条件下粗糙面双向与后向散射光强...     

Light extraction from OLEDs for lighting applications through light scattering

OLEDs are gaining increasing interest for lighting applications as large-area light sources. Their lifetime and overall efficiency can be increased by the optimization of light outcoupling.In this article, scattering films on the viewer’s side of the substrate to increase the outcoupling efficiency of OLEDs for lighting applications are examined. Experimental results show that the increase of outcoupling efficiency is dependent from the absolute number of scattering particles in the matrix.Theoretical considerations expect an increase of outcoupling efficiency of up to 70%. Experimental results yield an increase of outcoupling efficiency of about 22%. A software model based on raytracing to simulate light outcoupling from OLEDs through a scattering layer is introduced to gain a deeper understanding of the light extraction mechanism. We found that the scattering anisotropy factor g determined using the Henyey–Greenstein phase function and the effective absorbance of the OLED device have strong impact on outcoupling efficiency.     

A precise model of LED lighting and its application in uniform illumination system

Optical models directly effect the irradiance distribution of observed surface. Traditionally, approximate Lambertian models are widely used in designing the light-emitting diodes (LED) arrays in spite of their errors compared with the experimental data. But now a novel LED optical model for uniform illumination system has been proposed, in which the curve-fitting technique is used to reduce the inherited errors and modify those previous models. The points from the curve of the LED light intensity are adopted, and a spline curve is designed for fitting, which obtains the revised mode. To verify its feasibility, we apply the new model in a 4 × 4 array design. The results show that compared with the approximate Lambertian, the light intensity distribution produced by the fitting model is more uniform and intense, as is expected.     

单散射近似下的微光图像对比度计算模型

微光探测器接收到的信号源有两个,一个是通过景物反射再经大气衰减的信号;另一个是通过大气粒子散射到达探测器的信号,前者随距离的增加而减弱,而后者随距离的增加而增大.在单散射近似下,建立了微光图像对比度计算模型,从模型可知,大气散射对图像对比度的影响是空变的,该模型为微光图像处理提供了新的思路.     

激光信号大气散射探测分析

有些应用场合需要利用大气气溶胶对激光的散射来探测激光。在都市郊区大气模型条件下,利用米氏散射理论,对1.06μm激光在低空大气中传输时散射辐照度的分布进行了理论分析和数值计算。得到激光大气散射辐照度随离轴距离的增大近似按反比规律缓慢下降、能见度仅影响散射强度的大小而不影响散射强度的分布等特征。这些特征在激光散射实验中得到了初步的验证,可为激光信号的散射探测提供理论依据和参考。     

多谱段相机红外光学系统杂散辐射分析

杂散辐射是影响多谱段红外相机成像性能的主要因素。为了确保系统在各种工作状况下正常运行,需要分析并抑制相机光学系统中的杂散辐射。在详细分析了其红外光学系统中杂散辐射主要来源的基础上,针对系统特殊的光机结构,在杂光分析软件中建立光机系统模型;围绕遮光罩选取了8个太阳方位、16个离轴角进行光线追迹,得到太阳杂光在像面上产生的辐照度,据此来评价系统杂散辐射水平;同时分析了指向镜滚动轴和俯仰轴在两个方位内的转动以及地球大气杂散辐射对像面辐照度的影响。最后,对于影响严重的杂散辐射,进行了有效的抑制措施。结果表明,可以忽略地球大气的杂散辐射,当太阳杂光入射角大于58时,系统能满足对像面辐照度的技术要求,多谱段相机红外光学系统可在此范围内正常工作。     

Quantifying spatial localization of optical mapping using Monte Carlo simulations

Optical mapping techniques used to study spatial distributions of cardiac activity can be divided into two categories. 1) Broad-field excitation method, in which hearts stained with voltage or calcium sensitive dyes are illuminated with broad-field excitation light and fluorescence is collected by image or photodiode arrays. 2) Laser scanning method, in which illumination uses a scanning laser and fluorescence is collected with a photomultiplier tube. The spatial localization of the fluorescence signal for these two methods is unknown and may depend upon light absorption and scattering at both excitation and emission wavelengths. We measured the absorption coefficients (micro a), scattering coefficients (micro s), and scattering anisotropy coefficients (g) at representative excitation and emission wavelengths in rabbit heart tissue stained with di-4-ANEPPS or co-stained with both Rh237 and Oregon Green 488 BAPTA 1. Monte Carlo models were then used to simulate absorption and scattering of excitation light and fluorescence emission light for both broad-field and laser methods in three-dimensional tissue. Contributions of local emissions throughout the tissue to fluorescence collected from the tissue surface were determined for both methods. Our results show that spatial localization depends on the light absorption and scattering in tissue and on the optical mapping method that is used. A tissue region larger than the laser beam or collecting area of the array element contributes to the optical recordings.     

折射率和粒子尺度对大气气溶胶光散射特性的影响

采用Mie散射方法计算了小尺度范围内,0.65 m波长大气气溶胶粒子光学特性与折射率、粒子尺度参数的关系,并分析了折射率虚部对气溶胶粒子散射相函数的影响。结果表明:在小尺度范围内,气溶胶粒子散射特性受折射率、尺度参数影响较大,折射率实部和尺度参数对消光效率因子等非散射角散射参量的影响存在一定程度的对称性。同时还发现,在特殊散射角位置,无论对于单粒子还是对于多分散粒子群系统,气溶胶粒子（群）的散射相函数与折射率虚部基本无关,不同折射率虚部的散射相函数在前向散射方向存在交点,交点位置随粒子尺度参数的变化基本为高斯分布。随着粒子尺度参数的增大,交点位置向前向小角方向移动,并逐步趋于离散。这一结论对了解大气气溶胶粒子的散射效应具有一定的参考意义。     

基于双柱罐结构的三波段杂散光PST测试装置

为了评估由太阳、云层和地表等物体辐射或反射 的非成像光线对空间光学系统性能的影响,通过在地面模拟空间环境,建 立了一套1 m口径的杂光测试装置。借鉴国外先进杂光测试装置的研制经 验,该装置采用双柱罐结构,可以有效地抑制测试环境中的反射、散射和 衍射等光污染,使点源透过率(Point Source Transmission, PST)的测试 精度lg(测量值/真实值)小于±0.5。介绍了该装置的工作原理、组 成和功能,并用该装置对某空间相机在东西方向和南北方向可见光谱段 的PST曲线进行了测试。测得该相机的杂光抑制水平可到 10-6量 级,测试曲线和理论仿真曲线符合良好,表明该杂光测试装置具有较高 的精度和可靠性,能满足空间光学系统对杂光性能测试的需求。     

大气中激光散射信号的特征分析

利用米氏散射理论,对1.06μm脉冲激光在低空大气中传输时的辐照度的分布进行了理论分析和数值计算,得到了都市郊区大气模型条件下,不同离轴距离时辐照度随时间的变化曲线,并对其峰值位置随离轴距离的变化进行了数值分析。进一步的数值分析表明,脉冲激光在传输过程中出现最大辐照度的位置距出口的距离与离轴距离成反比关系。在分析散射信号时域特征的基础上,对利用该特征对激光光源的定向可行性进行了初步探讨,认为单个探测器难以实现对激光源的定向,因此提出了用多个散射探测器对激光源进行定向的方法。