海洋钻机三维设计数据库与模型规划研究

随着数字化技术和数字孪生技术的不断应用和工程全命周期管理理念的不断完善,海洋钻机的各类数据信息系统也在不断地开发。为了解除三维设计数据库和模型规对数字化成果和应用范围的限制,本文对海洋钻机三维设计数据库与模型规划开展了深入的研究,并得出相关规划研究成果。     

水平井生产数据分析模型

生产数据分析是近年来油藏工程的研究热点之一,它以不稳定渗流理论为基础,集常规油藏工程分析和现代试井分析之优势形成新的数学模型,既能合理预测油气井产量递减又能有效评价油气层物性。通过求解封闭地层水平井的三维不定常渗流问题,可得普通水平井的Agarwal-Gardner型产量递减曲线以及产量递减导数曲线理论图版。分析表明,Agarwal-Gardner型产量递减曲线可以分成2个阶段,前一段是不稳态递减段,其导数曲线不归一,而后一段为拟稳态递减段,其导数曲线归一,接近于Arps调和递减趋势;对于均质储集层,水平井的垂向位置对中长期产量递减规律影响很弱,可以忽略。矿场实例说明在已知生产数据的条件下利用该结果可直接评价储集层特性,并对水平井中长期产能进行有效预测。图4参14     

多组分烃类混合物气液两相流格子玻尔兹曼模型

针对传统格子玻尔兹曼模型无法处理真实多组分混合物气液两相流的问题,提出了一种新的基于四参数(临界温度、临界压力、偏心因子、体积修正因子)状态方程的多组分格子玻尔兹曼模型。模型首先使用烃类混合物状态方程计算混合流体间作用力,并提出一种将混合流体作用力分配给各流体组分的方法,从而计算出混合流体中各组分所受作用力,再使用精确差分方法将组分作用力引入格子玻尔兹曼模型。同时为正确反应黏度变化对多相体系流动过程的影响,引入LBC(Lorentz-Bray-Clark)黏度模型计算混合流体的黏度。利用该模型,分别模拟了甲烷、乙烷、丙烷等多组分气液两相共存问题。新模型计算结果与使用逸度平衡方法获得的理论解吻合度较高,验证了新模型的正确性。图7表1参24     

A compressional wave seismic model for the Ashrafi-1 well

Despite disappointing drilling results, the South Caspian basin has yielded scientific results of significant value to future exploration. This paper describes work that utilized data from the offshore Ashrafi-1 well, but we believe it has applications to exploration elsewhere in Azerbaijan. The North Absheron Operating Company (NAOC) drilled the Ashrafi-1 well between November 30, 1997 and February 6, 1998 to a total depth of 3668 m (sub Caspian sea level). The Balakhany and Pereryva Suite (SP) Formations were wet but the Upper Kirmaku Sandy (NKP) Formation tested oil and the Lower Kirmaku (PK) Formation tested gas, both at high flow rates. Anomalously high stack amplitude responses, generally conforming to structural closure, had been observed in the 3D seismic data at the NKP and PK Formations prior to drilling of the well. An offset synthetic modeling study was undertaken, post-drill, to determine the in-situ amplitude response (stack and amplitude variation with offset, or AVO) for both pay and wet zones and to model the changes in AVO and stacked amplitudes in response to changes in variables such as thickness, fluid fill and porosity. As well as the 3D seismic data set, the principal data sources used were a dipole sonic log for compressional wave velocity (Vp) and shear wave velocity (Vs); checkshots for time-to depth (T–D) conversion; a density log; log interpretations of porosity; fluid properties based on pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) analysis of fluids from drill stem tests (DSTs) and pressure/temperature data. In this simple case, despite the highly permeable reservoir rocks, the Gassmann assumption of immobile fluids within the pore space was used. Although the effects of partial gas saturation are known to be a problem elsewhere in this basin, density modeling derived from borehole-guided long offset AVO was not attempted. Despite this, normal incident amplitudes, derived from pre-stack data, cross-plotted against amplitude gradients suggest a methodology for distinguishing wet sandstones from gas and oil in this basin in the absence of recent leakage. Despite the difference in response for oil and gas (oil gave a stronger response than gas), a statistically meaningful number of wells is not yet available and this result may be influenced by local lithologic effects. Thus, the ability to distinguish oil from gas ahead of the drill bit — which is of vital importance in evaluating commerciality — is not proven.     

A computational fluid dynamic model for evaluating the performance of crude oil gasification

Gasification is a clean technology which converts the liquid or solid fuels into a high caloric value syngas for power generation. In this research work, we developed a computational fluid dynamic model of crude oil gasification for hydrogen production; the accuracy of the model was approved in our previous work. Effects of some important factors such as residence time, steam/fuel ratio and equivalence ratio on hydrogen yield, and char conversion were explored. Results showed that the residence time and steam/fuel ratio play a major role in the process. It was also found that the equivalence ratio has a negative effect on the hydrogen yield and a positive effect on the char conversion.     

辫状河厚砂层内部夹层表征——以大庆喇嘛甸油田为例

以大庆喇嘛甸油田葡Ⅰ组PⅠ₂³ 砂层为研究对象,在单井夹层识别基础上,将辫状河厚砂层层内夹层分为单砂体间夹层和单砂体内夹层。单砂体间夹层发育于两期河道砂体叠置区域,为泛滥平原细粒沉积,河道底部滞留泥砾隔挡层,以及废弃河道充填;而单砂体内夹层主要包括心滩坝内部落淤层、坝间泥岩和串沟充填等。在连片分布厚砂层中划分单期河道砂体,从而揭示了单砂体间夹层的展布。在前人现代沉积及露头研究指导下,多井对比预测出心滩坝内部构型界面展布,并在内部界面约束下采用随机模拟方法建立了心滩坝内部夹层三维模型,坝内夹层分布零散,连续性差。在单砂体间夹层及心滩坝内局部有一定规模夹层的分割作用下,可以形成相对剩余油富集区。     

一种定量评价储集层地质模型不确定性的方法

针对目前国内储集层地质模型不确定性评价中存在的问题，提出了以地质储量和可驱替储量为定量指标的三维储集层地质模型不确定性定量评价方法。储集层地质模型的不确定性源于建模本身和储量计算两方面，着重分析了相建模中的不确定性因素。采用实验设计抽取了一组地质概念模型描述储集层地质特征的所有可能，定量分析了不确定性因素对模拟结果的影响，掌握了主要不确定性因素的统计特征。以主要不确定性因素一储量的多项式响应曲面代替建模过程，采用蒙特卡罗法计算了储量概率分布，评价了储量风险。综合考虑储量规模、储集层连通性和发生概率，提供给油藏数值模拟一组优选的模型实现。图5表2参17     

气体钻井空井压井井筒气液两相瞬态流动数学模型

气体钻井钻遇高压、高产气层后往往要进行压井作业,空井压井期间,随着压井液的注入,井筒环空气液两相流动与地层渗流产气发生耦合作用,目前国内外对此研究都很少。为此,基于地层瞬态渗流理论和井筒气液两相流动理论,建立了气体钻井空井压井过程中地层瞬态产气与井筒气液两相瞬态耦合流动数学模型及其数值求解方法。实例模拟计算结果表明:(1)气体钻井空井压井是由气相空井筒—瞬态气液两相流动—纯压井液井筒的物理过程,同时也是一个地层瞬态渗流与井筒气液两相瞬态流动耦合的过程;(2)成功的压井作业需要井口回压、泵排量、压井液密度等关键参数的共同配合,其中控制好井口回压是保证压井作业获得成功的关键。结论认为,研究成果首次量化了气体钻井压井过程,对气体钻井空井压井施工参数的优化设计具有指导意义。     

A criterion for flow mechanisms through vertical sharp-edged orifice and model for the orifice discharge coefficient

According to the experimental data of the orifice discharge coefficient for the flow through a vertical sharp-edged orifice obtained in the previous study of this work,a theoretical criterion for flow mechanisms of small orifice(viz.thick-walled orifice and nozzle) and large orifice(viz.thin-walled orifice) was proposed based on the ratio of orifice diameter to plate thickness.It can help explain the dissipation of the mechanical energy loss in the flow process for the two flow mechanisms under different operating regimes.The main parameters such as orifice diameter,plate thickness and liquid head were correlated,and a semi-empirical model for orifice coefficient and an empirical model with high precision at the stable region were developed.     

深水钻井隔水管三维涡激振动理论模型

隔水管作为深水钻井的关键设备,国内外均对其涡激振动开展了大量的理论与实验研究,但都主要针对隔水管在横向的涡激振动,并没有考虑隔水管同时受到横向以及流向的耦合作用。为此,利用旋涡动力学理论,建立了同时考虑流向静态变形以及流向与横向耦合作用下的深水钻井隔水管三维涡激振动理论模型,采用有限单元法结合Newmark-β法对模型进行求解,并在深水试验池开展了相似实验对模型进行验证,编制了计算分析程序,模拟了不同海流流速下隔水管涡激振动模态以及三维空间形态,探索了三维空间下隔水管涡激振动响应机理。模拟结果表明:①随着表面流速的增大隔水管横向以及流向的振动模态分别增大,且流向振动模态阶次大于横向振动模态阶次,横向振动幅值远大于流向振动幅值;②隔水管流向的静态变形远大于流向涡激振动变形,流向的变形形态主要受静态变形的影响;③隔水管在横向以及流向涡激振动耦合作用下,空间形态变得扭曲,在进行隔水管组合配置设计时应该同时考虑来自横向和流向的影响。     

A New Approach for Predrilling the Unconfined Rock Compressive Strength Prediction

Abstract

A reasonable knowledge of rock's physical and mechanical properties could save the cost of drilling and production of a reservoir to a large extent by selection of proper operating parameters. In addition, a master development plan (MDP) for each oilfield may contain many enhanced oil recovery procedures that take advantage of rock mechanical data and principles. Thus, an integrated rock mechanical study can be considered an investment in field development.

The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of rocks is the important rock mechanical parameter and plays a crucial role when drilling an oil or gas well. A drilling operation is an interaction between the rock and the bit and the rock will fail when the resultant stress is greater than the rock strength. UCS is actually the stress level at which rock is broken down when it is under a uniaxial stress. It can be used for bit selection, real-time wellbore stability analysis, estimation an optimized time for pulling up the bit, design of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) procedures, and reservoir subsidence studies.

Rock strength can be estimated along a drilled wellbore using different approaches, including laboratory tests, core–log relationships, and penetration model approaches. Although this rock strength profile can be used for future investigation of formations around the wellbore, they are actually dead information. Dead rock strength data may not be useful for designing a well in a blind location (infill drilling). Rock strength should be predicted prior to drilling operations. These sort of data are helpful in proposing a drilling program for a new well.

In this research, new equations for estimation of rock strength in Ahwaz oilfield are formulated based on statistical analysis. Then, they are utilized for estimation of the rock strength profile of 36 wells in a Middle Eastern oilfield. An artificial neural network is then utilized for prediction of UCS in any predefined well trajectory. Cross-validation tests showed that the results of the network were compatible with reality. This approach has proven to be useful for estimation of any designed well trajectory prior to drilling.     

微倾管中低含液率气液分层流临界携液流速预测模型

湿天然气会在管道低洼处形成积液,不仅影响输送效率,而且有可能腐蚀甚至堵塞管道,因而准确预测气体的临界携液流速对于预防上述现象具有重要的意义。为此,针对微倾管中低含液率气液两相分层流,基于气液两相流动量平衡方程和新的气—液界面形状闭合关系式,建立了考虑液滴夹带的临界携液流速预测模型。结合实验数据,对新模型和FLAT模型、ARS模型、双圆环模型、MARS模型进行了验证和预测结果对比;并在此基础上,利用新模型分析了管道倾角、运行压力、液相密度以及天然气组分对微倾管道中天然气—水、天然气-60%甘油/水分层流临界携液流速和临界含液率的影响。研究结果表明:①随着管道倾角和液相密度的增大,临界携液流速持续增大,临界含液率逐渐减小;②随着运行压力和天然气中重组分含量的增大,临界携液流速持续减小,临界含液率逐渐增大。结论认为,新模型预测结果与实验值吻合度较高、预测精度较高,可用于预测湿天然气管道中的临界携液气体流速。     

A new rigorous two-phase kinetic model for accurate prediction of the asphaltene deposition rate during the oil flow in porous media of petroleum reservoirs

Asphaltene formation and deposition in oil reservoirs are the most important problems in petroleum industry. A new rigorous two-phase kinetic model for simulation of flow behavior considering the asphaltene deposition process is presented in this work. All governing equations considering the proposed new adsorption kinetic model are solved by finite difference method. The presented model is validated using the most accurate available data and different oil samples. The proposed approach can be used for accurate evaluation of the effect of asphaltene deposition on the oil flowing condition in porous media of petroleum reservoirs.     

致密砂岩气藏水平井多学科综合导向新技术——以鄂尔多斯盆地为例

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界致密砂岩气藏的储层主要表现为近南北方向条带状展布,河道分叉、交汇频繁,单砂体接触方式以侧向加积形成的多层式接触为主,河流交汇处砂体具有近东西向横卧分布的特征,给水平井地质导向带来了很大的难度。为了提高水平井储层钻遇率,系统分析了水平井地质导向现状和储层沉积特征,利用三维地质建模与三维地震对储层空间展布进行预测,同时结合对已钻水平井砂体空间展布的认识,不断完善和丰富水平井地质导向技术与方法,形成了"小层精细对比入靶、地质小尺度、地震大方向"的多学科思维深度融合的综合导向新技术,并进行了现场应用。研究结果表明:①沉积模型导向可在入靶过程中精确制导,提高一次入靶成功率,是斜井段入靶导向的主要方法 ;②地质建模导向可指导水平井钻进,但与地下真实地质体存在着一定的误差,可作为水平段辅助导向方法 ;③三维地震导向可区分复合河道界限和判断优势砂体空间相对位置,对水平段导向有很好的预判和指导性,是水平段导向的主要方法 ;④新方法在致密砂岩气示范区应用于水平井62口,实现平均水平段长1 430 m、平均砂岩钻遇率86.2%、平均气层钻遇率70.2%,水平井气层钻遇率提高了10%以上。     

A model for the flow of gas mixtures in adsorption dominated dual-porosity reservoirs incorporating multi-component matrix diffusion—Part II numerical algorithm and application examples

In part one of this study a matrix-fracture transfer function was presented for multi-species gas migration in dual-porosity media. This second part presents the numerical implementation of this transfer function. Since the transfer function proposed in Part I is of an integral form with history-dependency and the resultant flow equations become a set of integro-(partial) differential equations, an algorithm is developed here for these equations. The algorithm is formulated using a step-by-step finite difference procedure combined with a fully implicit quadrature scheme. The quadrature scheme is based on the modified trapezoidal method and is designed for variable time-step size. The transfer function and the algorithm developed are incorporated into the commercial gas reservoir simulator SIMED II, and three examples are illustrated here. Example 1 demonstrates the performance and feasibility of the algorithm in applications, and Example 2 discusses the effect of higher order terms as well as its influence on flow profiles. The impact of mutual-diffusivity to flow profiles and well performance is illustrated in Example 3.     

深层复杂地质构造带地震勘探关键技术——以四川盆地龙门山断褶带北段为例

四川盆地西北部地区处于龙门山断褶带北段,地表地势变化剧烈、地腹断层发育、地震资料品质差、构造落实难;主要目的层——中二叠统栖霞组埋藏深、储层薄、非均质性强、地震预测难度大。为此,通过开展地震采集、处理、解释联合攻关,形成了适合地面、地下双复杂构造的地震勘探配套技术:(1)通过表层结构调查、动态井深岩性识别、单点检波器埋置工具及工艺优化激发接收参数,采用高覆盖、宽方位、大偏移距观测系统,提高地震资料采集品质;(2)形成以微测井约束层析静校正、保真保幅高分辨率处理、全方位角度域叠前深度偏移为主的复杂构造带地震成像技术,提高地震资料深层成像质量;(3)利用高精度重磁电资料提取地质结构、断裂等信息,结合地震资料精细解释,落实构造细节和断裂特征;(4)基于模型正演和单井储层地震精细标定,优选属性预测储层分布。运用上述配套技术,新发现川西北部地区1223 km~2大型构造—岩性复合圈闭,双鱼石—江油地区整体处于构造高带,双鱼石以南地区栖霞组台缘带白云岩储层连片发育。结论认为,该配套技术较好地解决了该区复杂构造带圈闭落实和薄储层预测等难题,明确了勘探方向,为井位部署提供了技术支撑,加快了深层海相碳酸盐岩气藏勘探开发示范工程的建设步伐。     

中国南方海相复杂山地页岩气储层甜点综合评价技术——以昭通国家级页岩气示范区为例

针对中国南方海相页岩气勘探开发所面临的"强改造、过成熟、复杂山地人文"等地质与地理条件,以云南昭通国家级页岩气示范区6年来的页岩气勘探甜点评价及黄金坝产区5×10~8m~3页岩气产能建设实践为支撑,在调研总结国内外页岩气储层评价认识的基础上,明确提出南方海相山地页岩气储层甜点评价中应补充页岩气保存条件、孔隙压力条件这2项关键指标,并应强化地应力与天然微裂缝系统评价研究。以此为基础,融合页岩气多学科资料进行系统分析并开展地质工程一体化综合研究,由此建立了页岩气储层"地球物理、储层地质、裂缝系统、岩石地质力学"三维模型。应用实践结果表明:①地质工程一体化和储层三维建模是中国南方海相复杂山地页岩气储层甜点评价的有效方法;②页岩气储层甜点评价体现了多属性、多项评价参数的三维空间叠合与叠加效应;③木桶短板原理决定了页岩气储层甜点区的分布格局和评选结果。结论认为:该页岩气储层甜点综合评价方法具有创新性,可有效规避复杂的地质风险和工程风险,对高效勘探开发南方海相页岩气具有指导意义。