Dam and geomorphological influences on colorado river waterbird distribution,Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Impoundment effects override natural, reach-based channel geomorphology influences on seasonal waterbird distribution in Grand Canyon along the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam. Large winter waterbird populations were rare or non-existent prior to completion of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, and pre-dam summer breeding was rare. Post-dam river corridor surveys of 13 geomorphological reaches from 1973 to 1994 detected 58 species of waterfowl, waders, shorebirds and piscivorous raptors, with a grand mean of 138·2 waterbirds/reach (SE=31·0, n=727 reach surveys), and a mean area-adjusted rate of encounter (AARE) of 372·8 waterbirds km⁻¹ h⁻¹ of observation per reach (SE=69·1). The post-dam assemblage has been dominated by Anseriformes (13 diving and 12 dabbling species) and includes regionally significant populations of wintering waterfowl and bald eagle, and breeding mallard. Most wading birds and shorebirds occur primarily as migrants or summer vagrants. Total waterbird AARE was greatest in the productive clear water (CW) and variably turbid (VT) segments upstream from the Little Colorado River (LCR) (km 98), decreasing downstream on the usually turbid (UT) lower Grand Canyon segment. Mean total winter waterfowl AARE was 1076·8, and decreased by three orders of magnitude from the CW to the UT segments (p=0·0001). Mean total summer AARE was 2·7, and also decreased across the turbidity segments (p=0·066). In contrast, AARE varied little between wide and narrow geomorphological reaches. Total AARE was only 1·4 and 1·3-fold greater in wide versus narrow reaches within the VT and UT turbidity segments, respectively (p<0·0002). Winter AARE was threefold greater (p=0·0002), while summer AARE was equivalent between wide and narrow reaches. These tributary-related turbidity and geomorphological reach width factors contributed to a non-linear, circuitous shift in the waterbird assemblage over distance downstream from the dam, differentially affecting the seasonal distribution of waterbird feeding guilds. We discuss flow regulation and habitat management implications. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄱阳湖湿地适宜生态需水位研究——以星子站水位为例

根据鄱阳湖水位频变的实际情况,以星子站水位为例,利用生态水文法对鄱阳湖湿地的适宜生态需水位进行了研究.通过分析1953—1973年、1956—2000年、2006—2010年期间鄱阳湖水位和一些代表物种如白鹤和芦苇的生长、分布及变化规律,表明(1)针对鄱阳湖湿地水位剧烈变化的特征,将适宜水位分为枯水期和丰水期两个时段进行研究更为合理;(2)在丰水期以12～15 m作为适宜水位,枯水期以11～14 m作为适宜水位,作为关键时段的4月和10月适宜水位一定要得到保证;(3)水位条件变化虽然不能从根本上改变鄱阳湖湿地植物的带状分布,但水位变化直接决定各种物种的数量及生物量.     

Streamflow Trends and Climate Variability Impacts in Poyang Lake Basin, China

Under the background of global warming, does the effect of the rising global surface temperature accelerate the hydrological cycle? To address this issue, we use the hydro-climatic data from five sub-basins in Poyang Lake basin in the southeast China over the past 50 years, to investigate the annual and seasonal trends of streamflow and the correlations between streamflow and climatic variables. The Theil–Sen Approach and the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test are applied to identify the trends in the annual and seasonal streamflow, precipitation and evapotranspiration series. It was found that annual and seasonal streamflow of all the stations had increasing trends except Lijiadu station in wet season. Only 37.5% hydro-stations in annual streamflow increased significantly, while most stations increased at 95% significance level in dry season. Trends in annual and seasonal precipitation during the whole period were generally not as significant as those in evapotranspiration. The correlations between streamflow and climate variables (precipitation and evapotranspiration) were detected by the Pearson’s test. The results showed that streamflow in the Poyang Lake basin are more sensitive to changes in precipitation than potential evapotranspiration.     

长江干流九江段与鄱阳湖不同季节的同位素特征

为了分析不同时期鄱阳湖与长江及其他各条河流的关系,初步探讨三峡水库运行对鄱阳湖水量的影响,对九江段长江干流、鄱阳湖地区河水、湖水进行了采样和氘氧稳定同位素分析。结果表明:水体同位素存在明显的时间和空间变化,可用于揭示湖泊与河流之间的关系。三峡补水调度过程能有效减少鄱阳湖春季的水量流失,4月份鄱阳湖流域已进入雨季,大量内河来水导致鄱阳湖水以较大的流量向长江补给;调洪削峰调度阶段,较高的长江水位对鄱阳湖存在一定的顶托作用,导致湖水难以排泄;三峡蓄水过程引起的长江水位降低加速了枯水期鄱阳湖水的流失。三峡水库的调度需要考虑到鄱阳湖流域水情,以免加重该流域丰水期的洪涝灾害和枯水期的水资源短缺。     

三峡工程与两湖河川径流丰枯遭遇研究

基于多种常用的统计技术对三峡工程坝址控制站与两湖入湖控制站天然径流序列进行趋势诊断,识别了其变化趋势;采用多种拟合精度评价方法,从构建的多种边缘分布和Copula联合分布模型中优选出拟合精度较高的模型,计算分析三峡工程与两湖天然径流量丰枯遭遇概率及其变化规律。研究表明:三峡工程坝址控制站径流量呈现不显著下降趋势,两湖入湖控制站径流量呈现不显著增大趋势;三峡工程与鄱阳湖丰枯遭遇概率较洞庭湖略大,全年期三峡工程与洞庭湖、鄱阳湖遭遇同丰同枯概率较汛期、非汛期要大,同丰概率分别为42.10%和44.71%,同枯概率分别为11.74%和16.62%。研究成果可为三峡水库供水调度研究提供理论参考。     

鄱阳湖水利调控对湖区典型丰枯水年水动力水质影响研究

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的修建会在一定程度上阻拦长江与鄱阳湖的江湖连通性,湖区水流情势将发生改变。本研究采用有限体积法求解非结构网格下的二维浅水水动力水质模型,根据初定的枢纽工程水位调度方案,研究典型丰枯水年湖区水动力与水质条件变化。结果表明,枢纽工程建成后,丰水年星子站年平均水位抬升1.49 m,枯水年星子站年平均水位抬升1.88 m,枯水年水利枢纽工程对湖泊水位抬升变幅值、流速变幅值和工程影响的持续时间均高于丰水年。工程后丰水年枯水期水面面积增加15.3%,水量增加29.2%,枯水年枯水期水面面积增加22.8%,水量增加54.1%。选用示踪剂模型研究工程后湖区物质输运条件的改变,发现湖区物质输运过程明显减慢。典型丰水年水力滞留时间增幅为1~2 d,典型枯水年水力滞留时间增幅2~9 d;典型丰水年示踪剂传输时间增加值1~9 d,典型枯水年示踪剂传输时间增加值1~20 d。     

三峡枢纽运用后鄱阳湖的水位变化特性分析

为了探究三峡水库运用前后鄱阳湖水位的变化特性,分析了湖口、星子、都昌、棠荫和康山5个水文站1964-2016年的水文资料。研究结果表明:除湖口站的年最低水位为显著增大的变化趋势外,其余4站的年最高水位、年最低水位及年平均水位以及湖口站年最高水位和年平均水位均为下降的变化趋势;鄱阳湖枯水期10月份水位变幅最大,从10月至次年3月枯水水位变幅递减,除湖口站外,其余4站3月水位变幅最小;枯水期鄱阳湖区的水位变化幅度呈北高南低的状态,12月至次年3月,星子站的月均水位变化幅度小于都昌站的月均水位变化幅度,枯季湖口水位较建库前有所抬高;鄱阳湖枯水时间延长,平均延长了41 d,枯水出现时间呈波动提前的趋势。     

调节鄱阳湖枯水位 维护江湖健康

2003年以来,鄱阳湖枯水期水位连创新低,持续时间延长,导致水质恶化、湿地生态系统遭受破坏、候鸟栖息地受到威胁;生产生活用水、农田灌溉、航运和水产捕捞受到严重影响．为了改变鄱阳湖枯水期持续处于低水位状态,确保江湖水系健康,提出了鄱阳湖枯水调节的基本原则：改善生态环境为主要目的,调枯不调洪;从整体出发,做到江湖两利;以简单工程进行调节,趋利避害;保持工程运用的灵活性,实施适应性管理．同时,规划了鄱阳湖枯水调节工程的地点、规模和运行方式．作为一个以保护和改善生态环境为主的水利工程,其具有改善水环境、保护水生态、维护水安全,保护鄱阳湖湿地的生态环境及确保候鸟越冬条件,缓解长江下游枯水期低水位状态和促进湖区经济社会发展等方面的效益．     

水利工程群对洞庭湖城陵矶特征水位的综合影响

基于1956-2020年洞庭湖城陵矶水文站的实测水文数据,运用Mann-Kendall检验法分析水利工程群影响下洞庭湖湖口城陵矶特征水位的时序演变特征。结果表明：城陵矶年特征水位呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05)。与时段1相比,时段2、3、4的年均水位分别抬升了0.68、1.04、1.61 m,年最高水位分别抬升了0.35、1.14、1.78 m,时段5的年均水位、年最高水位分别下降至24.97、30.50 m,年最低水位逐期抬升(18.09、18.84、19.32、20.26、20.87 m);城陵矶水位存在“涨-丰-退-枯”4个水文期,涨水期最高水位抬升了2 m以上,丰水期平均水位和最高水位在前4个时段抬升后,于第5时段分别回落至28.69、30.42 m,退水期平均水位和最高水位呈波动变化,最低水位在后4个时段逐期下降,枯水期平均水位和最低水位逐期抬升,时段5的特征水位抬升了2 m以上;水利工程群对城陵矶特征水位的影响在各典型年表现出不同的特征,三峡水库蓄水后,城陵矶特征水位在丰水年丰、枯水期下降,在平水年丰水期抬升、枯水期下降,而在枯水年丰水期下降、枯水期抬升。     

鄱阳湖水文情势演变原因及对策

由于气候变化以及人类活动的影响,鄱阳湖水文情势发生了一定程度的变化,需定量评估不同驱动因子对鄱阳湖水情演变的影响。采用一系列水文指标表征鄱阳湖水文情势,构建BP神经网络模型模拟鄱阳湖水位,通过情境对比分析长江干流流量、鄱阳湖子流域入湖流量以及地形变化对各水文指标变化的贡献率。结果表明:长江干流流量是鄱阳湖7—10月份月平均水位降低的主要驱动因子,贡献率为52%～67%,对年最高极值水位的拉低效应明显,对年最低极值水位起到一定的抬高作用;地形是鄱阳湖12月—翌年3月月平均水位下降的主要驱动因子,贡献率为92%～185%,对年最低极值水位的拉低效应明显。最后对鄱阳湖水资源管理和调控提出一些建议:优化三峡水库运行调度,根据实际情况将三峡水库汛末蓄水时间适当提前;加强鄱阳湖子流域水利工程建设,在三峡蓄水期间增加五河泄流;规范采砂。