étude comparative de nourrissons prématurés et nés à terme et des modes de stimulations qu'ils expérimentent au cours des six premiers mois.

Compared preterm and fullterm infants' temperament and development and to evaluate the physical and social stimulations they experience at 2, 4 and 6 months (correcting for prematurity). Fifty-six mother–infant dyads, including 28 premature and 28 fullterm infants, participated in the study. The groups did not differ on temperament and developmental measures, neither on physical environment (density, toys, accessories). However, significant differences were found regarding social stimulation. Mothers of preterm infants had less optimal sensibility-contingency scores and used more distal stimulation at 2 months than mothers of fullterm infants. During the first 6 months, premature infants spent more time in activities involving the immediate family, whereas fullterm infants went more frequently on outings. At home, fullterm infants interacted more with people from their social network. These stimulations could eventually have an impact on infant development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Le r?le des interactions mère-enfant et de la dépression maternelle à l'age préscolaire dans la prédiction de l'attachement de l'enfant à l'age scolaire.

Examined the contribution of mother–child partnership and maternal depression during the preschool period to the prediction of the child's attachment classification at early school-age in 91 French-Canadian children. Mother–child interactions were observed during a collaborative task using a scale measuring synchronized and reciprocal social-affective exchanges in the mother-child partnership (age 3–5 yrs). Maternal depression was assessed during the same lab visit using the Beck Depression Inventory. At a second lab visit (age 5–7 yrs), attachment classifications were assigned on the basis of reunion behaviour. A discriminant function analysis showed that reciprocal mother–child partnerships in the absence of maternal depressive symptom predicted security of attachment two years later, whereas failed reciprocity in the presence of maternal depressive symptoms predicted both insecure disorganized and ambivalent attachment. Quality of prediction is high for secure, ambivalent and disorganized children, although ambivalent and disorganized children cannot be distinguished from each other. Results support the importance of mother–child interactions and maternal depression as preschool variables associated with security and insecurity of attachment at early school-age. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

étude de quelques déterminants de l’anxiété face au passage à la retraite.

This article presents 2 studies aimed at exploring some retirement anxiety predictors including the Big-five personality traits, anxiety, depression, sense of coherence, social support, subjective health, dyadic adjustment, specification and construction of personal goals, subjective age, masculinity, femininity, time of retirement. Participants (N = 175 and N = 134) were older workers and nearing retirement. Regression and discriminant analyses revealed that the main predictors were: age, sense of coherence, anxiety, neuroticism, conscientiousness, specification and construction of personal goals, masculinity, time of retirement, dyadic satisfaction, and dyadic consensus. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Raretés et inconsistances au TMDP (Test multidimensionnel de personnalité).

Notes that the assessment of psychopathology should address the issue of "test taking attitude". The author states that protocols made at random, faked good or bad, should be identified and no interpretation of clinical scales should be provided for invalid protocols. Three concepts were used in the assessment of scale validity. An incongruency scale for the yes-sayers was designed to evaluate the agreement between responses of a specific yes-sayer and those of yes-sayers in general. An infrequency scale was composed of items rarely endorsed by patients and normals. Finally, an inconsistency scale was derived from pairs of items highly correlated and usually answered in a similar or opposite way. Concomitant validity of the 3 scales was established by mean of correlations with similar MMPI-2 scales. By excluding yes-sayers with incongruent responses and protocols with many infrequent or inconsistent responses, it is concluded that the assessment of psychopathology can be more accurate and the clinical scales more specific. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Violence conjugale et qualité de la relation mère-enfant: Effet médiateur ou modérateur de la santé des mères ?

Mothers' health and quality of mother–child relationship are often held as factors that predict the adaptation of children exposed to domestic violence, but the connection between these factors has not been analysed yet. This study verifies if mothers' health has a mediator or a moderator effect on the connection between domestic violence and mother–child relationship. The study was conducted with 111 abused women and their children aged 6 to 12 years. An indicator of physical health and a score of psychological distress were used to measure mothers' health. The mother–child relationship was evaluated from both the mother's and the child's perspective. The results show that the 2 indicators of mother's health have no mediator effect, but have a moderator effect when the mother–child relationship was evaluated by children themselves. The discussion underlines the importance of mother's health as a protective factor for mother–child relationship and the incidence of this result for intervention. The interest of having multiple informants is also underlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Les effets de la dépression maternelle sur la relation mère-enfant au cours des trois premières années de vie: état de la recherche actuelle et analyse critique.

Notes that many mothers with young children experience depression. The goal of this paper is to describe and analyze the empirical evidence emerging from studies that have examined the impact of maternal depression on mother–infant relationship during the first 3 year period following birth. These empirical studies have reviewed a wide range of variables related to the relational dynamic between the depressed mother and her infant, including mother's and infant's factors (behaviors, affects, mood, perceptions, physiological and biochemical measures), and components of the quality of the relationship (behavior–state matching, synchrony, mother–infant attachment). These studies lead to different, and often contradictory, conclusions. The potential causes of this disparity are examined in the context of the diversity of theoretical conceptions and methodologies as well as limitations that were inherent in the studies. It is argued that an integrated model of the various factors reviewed in this paper is needed to help understand the impact of maternal depression on mother–infant relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Impact psychologique de l'horaire de travail et de la participation aux taches familiales chez des couples à double carrière.

The present research examined the joint impact of characteristics of the work schedule and the participation in household work on psychological distress and parental role strain as well as stress crossover. A total of 93 dual-earner couples with at least one child living at home participated. Multiple regression analyses revealed that predictive variables of the psychological distress or the parental role strain differed for men and women and that the parental role strain was related to the psychological distress for both men and women. Results partially support the hypothesis of stress crossover since no characteristics of work schedule of the husband's and wife's were related to parental role strain of the spouses, but women's participation in the children's care was associated with men's higher parental role strain. These results underline the importance of studying strains associated with specific social roles of women and men with respect to effects of both work schedule and family strains related to psychological distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Les conversations mère-enfant et l'attachement des enfants à la période préscolaire.

This study examines whether mother-child conversation patterns are associated with child attachment classifications at preschool age (N=80). Results revealed that a child's discourse style is similar to that of her or his mother. In comparison with mothers of insecure ambivalent or disorganized children, mothers of secure children made more frequent verbal statements that elaborated emotional content. Mothers of avoidant children were more inclined to minimize emotional content than mothers of secure children. In comparison with other mothers, those with a disorganized child were sharing more frightening and hostile content, or made more verbal statements accompanied by aggressive behaviors. Secure children made more frequent verbal statements that elaborated emotional content than avoidant and disorganized children. Disorganized children made more controlling verbal statements as well as statements accompanied by aggressive or flight behaviors. Finally, our results showed that child capacity to elaborate emotional experiences partially mediated the link between maternal capacity to elaborate emotional content and child security of attachment. Our results emphasize the importance of mother-child conversational exchanges for the development of attachment in preschool children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Facteurs associés aux problèmes de comportement intériorisés et extériorisés chez des adolescentes agressées sexuellement.

The present study investigated the associated factors of internalising and externalising behaviour problems among sexually abused adolescents. One hundred fifty-eight female adolescent victims of sexual abuse, aged between 13 and 17 years, were recruited. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires measuring cognitive distortions, coping strategies, empowerment, behaviour problems, perception of their relationship with their mother and father, maternal support, characteristics of the sexual abuse as well as other forms of violence experienced. Results show that interpersonal distrust and general self-attributions of blame are two factors associated with both internalising and externalising behaviour problems. In addition, the mother/daughter relationship is associated with externalising behaviour problems. These results partially support Spaccarelli's model. They also highlight the important role of cognitive distortions, particularly general self-attributions of blame and interpersonal distrust, which may be targeted in treatments that are aimed at reducing behavioural problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Application du chauffage par concentration de rayonnement (four à image) à la diffraction des rayons X à très haute température (3200°C)

Abstract

The use of an image furnace made possible the construction of an X ray device capable of studying samples up to 3,200°C in air or controlled atmosphere. The apparatus is a high temperature diffractometer of the Bragg-Brentano type. The goniometer has an horizontal axis; X ray tube and counter are symetrical1y rotated about the sample.

Résumé

Un ensemble permettant d'effectuer des expériences de diffraction des rayons X jusqu'à 3 200°C, a l'air ou sous atmosphère contrôlée a été construit. un comprend un four à image auquel est associê un diffractomètre de type Bragg – Brentano dont le goniomètre est à axe horizontal Le tube de rayons X et le compteur se dépiacent symétriquement aut our de l'echantilon.     

Contexte de production et de justification écrite d'un point de vue par des enfants agés de 10 à 13 ans.

Investigated qualitative and quantitative production of sentences produced by 113 writers aged 10–13 yrs for justifying points of views. Eight different production contexts were constructed from the modalities of 3 factors (familiarity with the topic, acceptance of the to be defended thesis and consensual opinion), such as they appear for example in sentences like eating candies is good because … or going on a trip is not good, because …. Results show that from 10 yrs of age children were able to justify whichever point of view and its opposite by referring to specific information which are largely shared. However, the number and the nature of the arguments varied as a function of contexts. Children write more arguments when they have to defend a view which conforms a consensual opinion, and they diversify their arguments by supporting points of views which do not conform a consensual perspective. The lack of practice with the activity constitutes in both cases a favorable condition. Within the framework of developing aids for school training and argumentative writing, findings show that it is possible to use with non-expert writers either contexts which favor quantitative production or contexts which bring to a qualitative diversification of arguments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Les représentations mentales des pratiques de socialisation des mères et la qualité de l'attachement des enfants en début de scolarisation.

Explored the relationship between the perceptions of mothers' socialization practices and quality of attachment for preschoolers and students entering primary school. The perceptions of socialization practices were assessed using 2 measurement instruments. The first test involved the assessment of perceptions associated with educational practices and attitudes. The second instrument corresponded with perceptions associated with the establishment of a mother-child partnership, defined as the affective climate and sharing of responsibilities between mother and child during a cooperative task. The child's quality of attachment was assessed using the J. Cassidy and R. S. Marvin classification system (1992). Ninety-two children were divided into 2 groups according to quality of attachment (56 secure and 36 insecure). Social and demographic variables, such as the mother's education, family income, family structure, the child's age, and verbal skills, were statistically controlled. Logistic regression analysis revealed a link between the perceptions associated with educational practices and attitudes and the security of attachment. The discussion highlights the contribution of theory to the study of post-infancy attachment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Profils de buts d’apprentissage et caractéristiques personnelles des élèves au début du secondaire.

The present study pursued two goals. The first goal was to explore the presence of students’ learning goals profiles during the beginning of middle school, using cluster analyses procedure. The second goal was to examine whether these profiles are related to academic (motivation, feeling of competence, and achievement) and emotional (anxiety and depression) characteristics. Three hundred ten adolescents participated in this study. Results of cluster analyses showed the presence of different learning goals profiles (high mastery, mixed, mastery-avoidance, and low engaged). Furthermore, results indicated that students in high mastery and mixed profiles are better adapted than students in mastery-avoidance and low engaged profiles, particularly in regard of academic characteristics. On the whole, these findings suggest that considering heterogeneous profiles of learning goals at the beginning of middle school appears quite useful to better understanding students’ academic and emotional characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Étude de la valorisation de la magnétite titanifère de la région de Magpie,Québec: Partie II — Composition et structure de la fonte et de la scorie obtenues par fusion réductrice d'un concentré magnétique

Abstract

A magnetic concentrate from Magpie titaniferous iron ore has been smelted in a pilot scale arc furnace. A pig iron containing most of the chromium and vanadium of the ore has been obtained, while the titanium remained in the slag. The main phases occurring in this slag are a pseudobrookite-type solid solution, a spinel and several silicates. The composition of pseudobrookite depends on the reducing conditions and can reach 90% TiO₂. The spinel composition is on the MgAl₂O₄ side of the MgAl₂O₄-Mg₂TiO₄ solid solution.

Résumé

Des essais de fusion réductrice au four électrique en présence de carbone, ont été réalisés sur un concentré magnétique du minerai de Magpie. Ce traitement permet d'obtenir une fonte contenant la plus grande partie du chrome et du vanadium, et une scorie titanifere. Cette dernière est constituée d'une pseudobrookite, d'un spinelle et de silicates. La pseudobrookite est une solution solide de composition variable suivant le degré de réduction et titrant plus de 90% en TiO₂. Le spinelle est de composition voisine de MgAl₂O₄.     

Caractéristiques associées à la coocurrence du trouble des conduites et de problèmes de consommation de psychotropes chez les gar?ons et les filles.

Although intervention for adolescents with concomitant conduct disorders and substance abuse must be adapted to the individual, familial and social characteristics of the adolescent, few studies have examined the characteristics specific to the concomitance of these problems. The objective of this study was to examine the differences between adolescents who present with one or both of these problems. The study sampled 486 teenagers (146 girls and 340 boys) divided into one of 4 groups on the basis of the presence or absence of conduct disorder and substance abuse. Results showed that girls with conduct disorder alone present problems as severe as those with concomitant conduct disorder and substance abuse but less severe than those with only substance abuse. For boys, those with the concomitant disorders appeared to have problems more servere than those with conduct disorders alone and less severe than those with substance abuse alone. These findings are discussed in terms of the need to tailor intervention to gender and presenting problem(s). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

La perception de la relation père-enfant et l'adaptation des enfants suite au dévoilement d'une agression sexuelle.

The present study explores the link between the father–child relationship and outcomes following child sexual abuse disclosure cases. Seventy-nine children completed measures evaluating perceived attachment security to mother and father (Kerns Security Scale; Kerns, Klepac, & Cole, 1996), as well as the child's internalised and externalised behaviour problems (Dominic Interactif; Valla, Bergeron, St-Georges, & Berthiaume, 2000), and self-esteem (Self-Perception Profile for Children; Harter, 1985) after the disclosure of the sexual abuse. Results indicated that perceived attachment security to the father figure is not correlated with perceived attachment security to the mother. A series of hierarchical multiple regression revealed that perception of paternal attachment security added to the prediction of internalised and externalised (marginal) behaviours over and above perceived attachment security to the mother. Results are discussed in terms of implications for intervention with sexually abused children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Recherche sur la reconnaissance visuelle de mots: De l’apprentissage verbal au traitement parallèle réparti.

Over the past 30 yrs, research on visual word recognition has contributed greatly to the understanding of how information is processed, represented, and accessed in the cognitive system. Today, word recognition continues to serve as a rich domain for modelling and investigating core issues in cognition. In addition, research on word recognition has been used to improve assessment and instruction of reading for children and adults. This article provides a brief overview of some trends and developments in word recognition research over the past few decades. This overview is not meant to be exhaustive (or unbiased); it is intended to give readers from outside the area a feel for why word recognition is such an important domain for cognitive research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comment écrire l'histoir de la psychologie? Réflexions à propos du débat idéologique sur les "enfants abormaux" en France.

In France, the story of so-called abnormal children has drifted into an endless ideological debate on heredity and the impact of the environment on the development of intelligence. The resulting historical debate shows that psychological historians must draw their fundamental inspiration from ideologies that have called on psychology and on the practitioners responsible for applying its techniques when founding the human resource management and population control policies proposed by the classes in power, at the dawn of modern capitalism. They should then ask themselves why specific psychological knowledge of humans has developed separately and independently from other human-related knowledge that has a great deal to say about individual and collective psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)