Effect of zinc addition to copper in improving its corrosion resistance in sulfide polluted synthetic seawater

In an endeavor to develop a cost effective substitute of Cu-10Ni alloy for seawater application (especially for sulfide polluted seawater) few Cu-Ni-Zn-Mn alloys were developed in our laboratory. The Cu-Ni-Zn-Mn alloy was found to have better corrosion resistance than Cu-10Ni both in clean and sulfide polluted synthetic seawater. Resistance to sulfide in Synthetic Seawater was attributed to the formation of ZnS. To ensure that the resistance to sulfide attack is due to Zn alone, a series of studies were carried out with binary alloys of Cu and Zn with increasing weight percentage of Zn (12% and 36%). Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for the purpose. Polarization studies gave the corrosion data and EIS was effective in depicting the nature of corrosion product (film). It was found that among the test alloys, Cu-36Zn is most corrosion resistant in sulfide polluted seawater due to formation of ZnS in the film. As it is a binary alloy, the corrosion resistance against sulfide is attributed to Zn alone.     

热喷涂制备非晶合金涂层性能的研究进展

首先介绍了非晶合金的理论基础,然后从耐磨性和耐蚀性两个方面入手,详细地阐述了国内外对于热喷涂非晶合金涂层性能研究进展情况,并系统地总结了非金合金涂层在耐磨性和耐蚀性上的本质联系和根本矛盾,最后指出热喷涂非晶合金涂层性能研究上的局限性,提出三点问题:对于非晶合金基础理论的研究还处在起步阶段、热喷涂制备非晶合金涂层的合金体系种类少、制备非晶合金涂层的热喷涂技术有待开发,并针对以上三点问题提出热喷涂制备非晶合金涂层性能研究的未来发展方向。      

The effect of heat treatment on the fatigue and corrosion fatigue behavior of a CuNiCr alloy

Fatigue experiments were conducted on a CuNiCr alloy (IN838) in air and in 0.5 N NaCl solutions under conditions of free corrosion and of applied anodic currents. The alloy was heat treated to produce a solutionized structure and also to produce a precipitation hardened structure. The fatigue behavior of the solutionized alloy was unaffected by free corrosion although increased corrosion rates resulted in a decrease in fatigue resistance for small applied anodic currents. The age hardened alloy showed a decrease in fatigue resistance under free corrosion conditions and a further decrease in resistance with small applied anodic currents. In both heat treatments fatigue in air resulted in mixed transgranular-intergranular crack initiation and propagation while corrosion increased the relative amount of intergranular cracking. These results can be explained by a consideration of previously developed fatigue and corrosion fatigue models of pure copper and copper aluminum alloys. H. N. Hahn, formerly with Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute     

Effects of Pb and Cu additives on microstructure and wear corrosion resistance behaviour of PM Al–Si alloys

Abstract

The wear and wear corrosion resistance of Al–20Si–XPb–YCu (X=0–10 wt-%, Y=0–3 wt-%) alloys fabricated using powder metallurgy technique and subsequent heat treatments were evaluated using a block on ring tribotest. The microstructures of all aluminium alloys were observed using an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope and an X-ray energy dispersive spectroscope. The evaluation studied the effects of applied potential and environments of dry air and 3·5 wt-%NaCl aqueous solution. The microstructural analysis showed that Pb was bimodally distributed in Pb containing alloys, and Cu particles formed the intermetallic phase CuAl₂. Additionally, the hardness of both Pb and Cu containing alloys increased significantly. The wear and corrosion results showed that the addition of both lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) increased the wear resistance and the corrosion rate, while heat treatments reduced the corrosion rate of most alloys except the Al–Si alloy. Furthermore, comparison of all alloys following heat treatment shows that the wear corrosion resistance of Al–Si alloy is inferior to that of the other alloys. Therefore, addition of Pb and Cu further improved the wear corrosion resistance. Additionally, at anodic potential, the wear corrosion rate and current density of both Al–Si and Al–Si–Cu alloys containing particle Pb were significantly lower than those of alloys containing no Pb, because the layer produced by corrosion comprised Al, O and Pb elements.     

锌元素对钎焊态3003铝合金显微组织与性能的影响

研究了Zn含量对经过模拟钎焊处理的3003铝合金显微组织、力学性能和电化学性能的影响规律.透射电镜(TEM)结果表明:Zn合金化对合金微观组织尤其是析出相的形貌影响不明显,三种合金的析出相均为较规则的近球形颗粒,Zn含量增大会使析出相的密度增大.用能谱分析仪(EDS)分析了含Zn铝合金的基体和析出相的成分,结果表明基体中含有Zn元素,而析出相中不合Zn元素,证明Zn主要是以固溶体的形式而非相的形式存在于合金中.拉伸试验结果表明:随着Zn含量的增加,合金的拉伸强度会略微提高,延伸率略微下降.用扫描电镜(SEM)对拉伸断口形貌进行了分析,结果表明合金的断裂形式为典型的韧性断裂.在0.5％NaC1溶液中的电化学实验结果表明,当合金中添加质量分数为1.5％的Zn元素,合金的腐蚀电位明显负移,这不利于合金的抗蚀性.随着Zn的质量分数从1.5％增加到1.8％,腐蚀电位变化较轻微,说明Zn含量的增加使合金的腐蚀电位向负方向移动,但是随着Zn含量的增加,这种影响越来越弱.同时,随着Zn含量的增加,腐蚀电流密度逐渐增大,说明Zn含量的增加使合金的抗腐蚀性能减弱.     

几种铜合金冷凝管新材料的研制

通过适当调整铜合金冷凝管的主要合金成分,或添加少量其它元素,以提高冷凝管的耐腐蚀性能,延长其使用寿命。结果表明,在铜锌合金中,加入少量的铝和镍,可较明显地提高原合金的综合耐腐蚀性能,能在沿海电站、或不良的淡水水质条件下使用。合金易于塑性加工成管材。     

Phenomenological observations on mechanical and corrosion properties of thixoformed 357 alloys: A comparison with permanent mold cast 357 alloys

In the present study, the mechanical and corrosion properties of thixoformed 357 alloys were examined with different reheating temperatures, and the results were compared with those of permanent mold cast (PMC) 357 alloys. It was found that the thixoforming process significantly improved the mechanical properties (i.e., tensile elongation, impact energy, and resistance to fatigue crack propagation) and the corrosion resistance of 357 alloys. A 380 pct increase in tensile elongation and a 120 pct increase in impact energy were, for example, observed with the thixoforming process of 357 alloy in the T1-tempered condition, as compared to the PMC counterparts. The impact energy was extremely sensitive to reheating temperature due to the coarsening of eutectic Si particles. The resistance to fatigue crack propagation was also much higher for the thixoforming process than the PMC process in the T1-tempered condition. The resistance to both general corrosion and stress corrosion cracking was also greatly improved with thixoforming process. The present observations strongly suggest that the enhancement with thixoforming 357 alloy is largely associated with the size and shape of eutectic Si particles.     

Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.8Zr合金的微观组织及耐NaCl溶液腐蚀性能研究

系统研究了Mg-5Gd-3Y-0.8Zr合金的微观组织和耐蚀性能,通过静态失重法测定了其在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀速率。结果表明:铸态合金主要由基体α-Mg和方块状β相(Mg_5Gd、Mg_(24)Y_5)组成,时效处理后分布在晶界处的共晶β相数量明显增加;在NaCl溶液中腐蚀12 h以后镁合金的腐蚀速率明显增加,在3.5%Na Cl(质量分数)溶液中腐蚀24 h后,镁合金已被严重腐蚀,表面布满腐蚀坑和未脱落的白色腐蚀产物;镁合金易产生沿晶腐蚀,方块状共晶β相颗粒可有效阻止表面腐蚀沿晶界向镁合金内部扩展,从而提高镁合金的耐蚀性。     

Corrosion Behavior of Nitrogen Containing Hot Rolled 304LN in Nitric Acid Medium

The corrosion behaviour of 304LN stainless steels containing three different nitrogen content (0.132, 0.193, 0.406 wt% N) was investigated by potentiodynamic anodic polarization technique, in 1, 4, 6 M nitric acid and simulated high level waste (HLW) medium. The results showed that all three alloys exhibited good corrosion resistance in nitric acid and simulated HLW and the corrosion properties were found to be similar. Owing to the spontaneous formation of the protective chromium oxide passive film in nitric acid and simulated HLW, increasing the nitrogen content of the alloy did not indicate any discernable effect on the corrosion resistance in both media. It was also found that the oxidizing ions present in simulated HLW did not deteriorate the passive film stability of the nitrogen containing alloys. In chloride medium, the highest nitrogen content 304LN stainless steel showed a profound increase in pitting corrosion resistance when compared to the lower nitrogen content alloy. Optical and scanning electron microscopy was carried out to obtain information about the microstructure. The results of the investigation are discussed in the paper.     

Effect of erbium on microstructures and properties of Mg-Al intermetallic

The effect of the rare earth element Er on the microstructures and properties of Mg-Al intermetallic were studied in this experiment. Metallographic and X-ray diffraction（XRD） results showed that the microstructures of Mg-Al-Er alloys varied with Er content. The Mg-44Al-0.5Er and Mg-43.8Al-1.0Er alloys were both composed of Mg17Al12 matrix and Al3 Er phase, whereas Mg-43Al-3.0Er and Mg-42Al-5.0Er were composed of Mg17Al12 matrix, Al3 Er phase, and Mg-Mg17Al12 eutectic. The Mg-42Al-5.0Er alloy showed the highest microhardness, and the values remained nearly stable as Er content increased from 1.0 wt.% to 5.0 wt.%. The dispersed second phase Al3 Er caused the grain refinement of the Mg-Al-Er alloy, which was the main reason for the improvement in microhardness. The corrosion resistance of the Er-containing alloys initially increased and then decreased with increasing Er content. All the Er-containing alloys had the ability to suppress hydrogen evolution, which was the main reason for the higher corrosion resistance of the modified alloys than that of the Mg-44.3Al alloy. Considering the higher hardness and dispersity of the Al3 Er phase, Mg-43.8Al-1.0Er exhibited higher wear resistance than the as-cast Mg-44.3Al alloy.     

钼对耐蚀软磁合金抗蚀性及磁性能的影响

 Fe Cr系软磁合金是一种抗蚀软磁材料。在Fe 13%Cr和Fe 17%Cr中添加不同含量的钼，对合金的抗点蚀、盐雾腐蚀、浸泡腐蚀以及大气腐蚀的能力和相应的磁性能进行了系统、全面的研究。结果表明，在这两种软磁合金中加入质量分数为20%和30%的钼，可明显提高合金的耐蚀能力；合理控制钼含量和采用相应的热处理工艺对合金磁性能的影响并不明显。     

22Cr High-Mn-N Low-Ni Economical Duplex Stainless Steels

 A new family of economical duplex stainless steels in which N or Mn was substituted for Ni with composition of 22Cr-80Mn-xNi-10Mo-07Cu-07W-03N (x=05-20) have been developed by examining the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of these alloys. The results show that these alloys have a balanced ferrite-austenite relation. In addition, the alloys are free of precipitation of sigma phase and Cr-nitride when solution-treated at 750 to 1300 ℃ for 30 min. The yield strength, tensile strength and fracture elongation values of experimental alloys solution-treated at 1050 ℃ for 30 min are about 500, 750 MPa and 400%, respectively. Low-temperature impact properties can be improved distinctly with the increase of nickel content. Among the designed DSS alloys, the alloy with Ni of 20% is found to be an optimum alloy with proper phase proportion, better low-temperature impact properties and higher pitting corrosion resistance compared with those of other alloys. The mechanical and corrosion properties and lower production cost of the designed DSSs are better than those of AISI 304.     

铜合金的腐蚀与防护研究进展

铜合金具有良好的导电性和导热性,是应用最广泛的工业材料之一。铜合金服役过程中常与酸、碱、盐等腐蚀介质接触,易引起铜合金的腐蚀,最终导致失效,对生产制造带来危害。提高铜合金的耐腐蚀性有利于进一步扩展其应用领域。本文主要归纳了Cr, Pb, Ti, Al,Mn, Ni以及稀土元素的添加对合金耐蚀性能的影响,通过合金元素的添加可以改变铜合金表面腐蚀产物膜的组成和形貌,减小相与相之间腐蚀电位差,以及减少有害杂质的存在,以此来改善铜合金的耐蚀性能。塑性变形和热处理是改善铜合金力学性能的常用手段,经塑性变形和热处理过后的铜合金,其微观组织形貌和分布发生了变化,因此对合金耐蚀性能也有一定的影响。本文主要从合金化、塑性变形及热处理3个方面对铜合金耐蚀性能影响进行综述,最后对铜合金的腐蚀防护研究进行总结和展望。     

Corrosion-Resistant Ti-<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>Nb-<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>Zr Alloys for Nitric Acid Applications in Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants

This article reports the development, microstructure, and corrosion behavior of two new alloys such as Ti-4Nb-4Zr and Ti-2Nb-2Zr in boiling nitric acid environment. The corrosion test was carried out in the liquid, vapor, and condensate phases of 11.5 M nitric acid, and the potentiodynamic anodic polarization studies were performed at room temperature for both alloys. The samples subjected to three-phase corrosion testing were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDAX). As Ti-2Nb-2Zr alloy exhibited inferior corrosion behavior in comparison to Ti-4Nb-4Zr in all three phases, weldability and heat treatment studies were carried out only on Ti-4Nb-4Zr alloy. The weldability of the new alloy was evaluated using tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding processes, and the welded specimen was thereafter tested for its corrosion behavior in all three phases. The results of the present investigation revealed that the newly developed near alpha Ti-4Nb-4Zr alloy possessed superior corrosion resistance in all three phases and excellent weldability compared to conventional alloys used for nitric acid application in spent nuclear reprocessing plants. Further, the corrosion resistance of the beta heat-treated Ti-4Nb-4Zr alloy was superior when compared to the sample heat treated in the alpha + beta phase.     

Developing an Empirical Relationship to Predict Corrosion Rate of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy under Sodium Chloride Environment

Magnesium alloys have gained considerable interest as a structural material for automotive and aerospace applications due to their low-density, high specific strength and good castability. As a consequence, these light alloys have a promising future. The limitation of low corrosion resistance restricts their practical applications. Corrosion behaviour of the AZ31B magnesium alloy was evaluated by conducting immersion corrosion test in NaCl solution at different chloride ion concentrations, pH value and immersion time. An attempt was also made to develop an empirical relationship to predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy. Three factors, five level, central composite rotatable design matrix was used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. Response surface methodology was used to develop the relationship. The developed relationship can be effectively used to predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy at 95 % confidence level.     

Corrosion Resistance of Zr-1Nb Alloy in Lithium Hydroxide Aqueous Solution

The corrosion resistance ofZr-1Nb alloy was compared with that of Zr-Sn-Nb-Fe and Zr-4 alloys, and the ef fect of hydrochemistry on the corrosion resistance of Zr-1Nb alloy was discussed. Experimental results show that niob ium oxide is partly soluble in LiOH aqueous solution. Therefore, when Zr-1Nb alloy is corroded in LiOH aqueous sol ution, a soluble niobate produced by the reaction between the corrosion products of β-Nb particles and LiOH results in the formation of pores in the zirconium oxide films and causes the degradation of the corrosion resistance ofZr- 1Nb alloy tested in LiOH aqueous solution.     

Investigation of the processes of obtaining plastic treatment and electrochemical behaviour of lead alloys in their capacity as anodes during the electroextraction of zinc I. Behaviour of Pb---Ag, Pb---Ca and PB---Ag---Ca alloys

The influence of the mode of obtaining and plastic treatment of binary Pb---Ag and Pb---Ca, and ternary Pb---Ag---Ca alloys (used as anodes in Zn electro-extraction from sulphate electrolytes) on their electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance is studied.It has been established that the rolled Pb---Ag alloys possess a higher corrosion resistance and lower anodic polarization compared to the cast lead-silver ones due to the structural fineness and homogeneity of the plastic deformed anodes. The plastic deformation of the ternary alloys with calcium content of 0.06% causes Pb₃Ca precipitation in the solid solution. The hot-rolled alloys form an solid solution of Pb₃Ca with fine-grained structure, deformed through the rolling direction. The cold-rolled alloys possess clearly expressed oriented structures also through the rolling direction.Cast and plastically deformed Pb---Ca anodes possess better electrochemical and corrosion characteristics than pure Pb but a considerably higher anodic polarization and lower corrosion resistance than Pb---Ag alloys. Both Pb---Ca systems, with a calcium content of 0.08 and 0.11 % are very appropriate for the preparation of ternary Pb---Ag---Ca alloys. These alloys (Pb---Ag 0.5 %-Ca 0.11 %) possess better electrochemical and corrosion characteristics than binary Pb---Ca ones. Only ternary rolled alloys have equal corrosion and electrochemical properties to those of the alloy Pb---Ag (0.75%–1.0%) used in practice.     

Influence of carbon content and ferrite morphology on the sensitization of duplex stainless steel

The influence of ferrite morphology and carbon content on the intergranular corrosion behavior of 308 stainless steel was investigated using four wrought alloys and six weld deposited alloys. The four wrought alloys were heat treated at four different annealing temperatures to introduce four different amounts of ferrite. The annealed samples along with the weld deposited alloys were aged at temperatures ranging from 480 to 700°C for times varying between 15 min and 1000 h and then tested for intergranular corrosion susceptibility in acidified copper-copper sulfate solution. For a given carbon content there exists a critical amount and distribution of α-γ boundary area above which the alloy is immune and below which it is susceptible to intergranular corrosion. For amounts and distributions of α-γ boundary area less than the critical value two types of sensitization behavior are possible. First, there may be a sufficient amount and distribution of α-γ boundary area to insure rapid healing of the sensitized microstructure. Second, there may be an inadequate amount or distribution of α-γ boundary area to produce either immunity or rapid healing and the alloy behaves as a fully austenitic alloy regardless of the amount of ferrite present. A model is presented which describes as a function of carbon content the critical amounts and distributions of α-γ boundary area required for rapid healing and immunity to sensitization.     

DSA处理对超高强铝合金性能的影响

研究了缓蚀和时效工艺对超高强合金强度和抗腐蚀性能的影响。ＤＳＡ处理可使超高强铝合金获得理想的性能。且抗应力腐蚀性能对峰值时效后的Ｔ６状态得到明显改善。同时讨论了ＤＳＡ处理改善合金强度和抗蚀性能的机理。     

Effect of samarium on microstructure and corrosion resistance of aged as-cast AZ92 magnesium alloy

The effects of samarium（Sm） on microstructure and corrosion resistance of AZ92 magnesium alloy were characterized and analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, mass loss test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and potentio-dynamic polarization test. The results showed that the added Sm could promote continuous precipitation of β-Mg17Al12 phase in grains, and meanwhile restrain discontinuous precipitation of the same phase along the grain boundaries. Thus, the precipitations distributed more uniformly in the aged AZ92 magnesium alloys. When the content of Sm was 0.5 wt.%, the corrosion resistance of aged AZ92 alloy tended to be the best, which was due to the β-phase distributes more homogeneous reducing the galvanic corrosion. The corrosion product film had more integrality and compactness than AZ92 alloys without Sm. However, it resulted in worse corrosion resistance of AZ92 alloy because of the formation of mass cathodic Al2 Sm phase coming from excess Sm in AZ92 alloy.