Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised scores in epilepsy surgery candidates.

Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS–R) scores were analyzed in 82 epilepsy surgery candidates. These scores were used in combination with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to classify patients with left temporal lobe (LTL; n?=?47) and right temporal lobe (RTL; n?=?35) seizure onset. Areas under the ROC curves indicated that separation of the LTL and RTL groups with most WMS–R subtest scores was minimal and close to chance level. Analyses of cutting scores revealed modest levels of classification with verbal memory measures such as the Logical Memory II subtest and with a score measuring the difference between Verbal and Visual Memory indexes. The results indicate that WMS–R scores used in isolation or in combination provide relatively poor discrimination of LTL and RTL patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Verbal and Visual Memory Index discrepancies from the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised: Cautions in interpretation.

The present study examined the clinical utility of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R; D. Wechsler, 1987) Verbal and Visual Memory Indexes to predict laterality of previous temporal lobectomy (TL) in 13 left (L; 7 men, 5 women) and 20 right (R; 11 men, 9 women) patients. Three verbal–visual index discrepancy criteria were used. Of the 16 patients with difference scores of at least 16 points (least conservative criterion), 9 had index discrepancies that incorrectly identified resection laterality (i.e., Verbal Memory Index decreased relative to Visual Memory Index in RTL patients). Five of 11 patients with index discrepancies of 21 or more points were incorrectly classified. Only 1 of 4 patients was incorrectly classified using a 29-point discrepancy criterion, although 2 RTL patients had discrepancy scores of 28 points in the incorrect direction. Consequently, users of the WMS—R are cautioned against inferring laterality of lesion on the basis of the Verbal and Visual Memory Indexes alone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

IQ-memory discrepancies in normal and clinical samples.

The potential utility of IQ—Memory Index discrepancy scores derived from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) and the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R; D. Wechsler, 1987) was examined in a clinical sample, whose scores were then compared to those of subjects from the WMS—R standardization sample. The clinical sample included patients with diagnoses associated with memory deficits. Discrepancy scores between Full-Scale IQ and the Delayed Memory Index differentiated the groups, but material-specific discrepancies between IQ scores and immediate recall memory scores did not. The largest mean discrepancy and the greatest prevalence of scores beyond a criterion score of 15 were found in patients with presumed Alzheimer's disease. Issues related to limitations in the application of such discrepancy scores are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS): Factor structure of a core battery.

Confirmatory factor analyses were completed separately with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) and the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R). Confirmatory factor analyses were also performed on a "core battery" composed of the WAIS—R, WMS—R, and the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) when administered together. Participants were from the MOANS, which include 526 healthy, community-dwelling people ages 55–97 yrs. LISREL analysis of the WAIS—R found a 3-factor model to be acceptable, supporting extension of the Verbal Comprehension (VC), Perceptual Organization (PO), and Freedom from Distractibility model of the WAIS—R to "normal" people ages 55–97 yrs. A 2-factor model of the WMS—R involving attention and general memory was supported. A 5-factor model of the core battery was supported and included VC, PO, Attention, Learning, and Retention. The Retention factor included Logical Memory, Visual Reproduction, and AVLT percent retention scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stability of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised factor scores across time.

This study was designed to assess the stability of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) factor scores across time. Information provided in the manual (D. Wechsler, 1981) on 2 subsets of the standardization data was used to estimate sample stability in Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Memory/Freedom from Distractibility scores. For both samples, and across all factors, estimated test–retest correlations were high. In addition, test–retest scores of 39 individuals with IQs     

Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised.

39 head-injured outpatients were compared with 39 age-matched Ss who were instructed to malinger head trauma symptoms on the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R). Head-injured Ss were selected who were not involved in litigation or pursuing a Worker's Compensation claim. Groups did not differ significantly on IQs or memory indexes. Discriminant function analyses based on the WMS—R subtests and indexes were able to accurately classify 91% and 83% of the cases, respectively. Decision rules were cross-validated on published data from several independent studies and statistically by means of the jackknife procedure. Head-injured Ss appear to show a pattern of WMS–R scores that can be discriminated from the profile produced by individuals who attempt to malinger head trauma symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mayo cognitive factors scales: Derivation of a short battery and norms for factor scores.

G. E. Smith et al (see PA, Vol 80:4129 and 24183) confirmed that 5 factors underlie the covariance structure of a core battery of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R), Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R), and Auditory Verbal Learning Test administered to the Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies sample and to an independent clinical sample. In the present study, full factor scores generated by this 5-factor model were used as criterion variables in the development of a short battery. It was determined that 16 of the 24 subtests were sufficient to explain substantial variance in the 5 factor scores. However, 1 additional immediate memory subtest must be administered as a prelude to a delayed recall test. Thus, a collection of 17 subtests are offered as a short battery for older persons. Norms for the calculation of Mayo Cognitive Factor Scales scores are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Parsimonious prediction of Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised memory indices.

The Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R; D. Wechsler, 1987) represents a significant improvement over the original WMS (D. Wechsler, 1945). However, its usefulness is diminished by the increased administration time, and the incremental validity of the new subtests is questionable. Using a sample of 308 patients referred for neuropsychological evaluation, two regression equations were developed to predict weighted raw score sums for General Memory (GM) and Delayed Recall (DR), using the WMS—R analogs of 5 subtests from the original WMS. Predicted scores were within +6 points of actual performance for 92% of the sample for GM and for 96% of the sample for DR. Application of these equations to the WMS—R standardization sample subtest means produced estimated GM indices ranging from 96 to 103 and estimated DR indices ranging from 98 to 101 across age groups. These regression equations may prove useful for reducing WMS—R administration time without an appreciable decline in accuracy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cautions in interpretation of comparisons between the WAIS—R and the Wechsler Memory Scale.

Investigated the relation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) to the Wechsler Memory Scale Memory Quotient (MQ) when the WAIS—R rather than the WAIS is used, noting that G. P. Prigatano (1978) found that a MQ at least 12 points below the WAIS FSIQ may be an indication of memory impairment. 120 psychiatric inpatients (mean age 39.95 yrs) completed the MQ and either the WAIS or WAIS—R. Mean WAIS—R FSIQ and MQ were not equivalent, and a 12-point discrepancy between FSIQ and MQ occurred less often with the WAIS—R than with the WAIS. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Confirmatory factor analysis of combined Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised and Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised scores in a healthy community sample.

This study examined the joint factor structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (D. Wechsler, 1981) and Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (D. Wechsler, 1987) in a sample of 399 healthy young adults (206 women and 193 men) recruited for a normative study in Sydney, Australia: the Macquarie University Neuropsychological Normative Study. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors contrasted alternative models of ability in the respective Wechsler scales, focusing in particular on hypotheses relating to memory function. The best-fitting solution comprised a model representing Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Attention-Concentration, Verbal Memory and Visual Memory. The results are discussed in terms of the incremental validity of ability assessment, potential for improvement in model-fit, and implications for professional practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Parsimonious prediction of Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised memory indices": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by J. L. Woodard and B. N. Axelrod ( Psychological Assessment, 1995, Vol 7[4], 445–449). On page 448, lines 16–28, there is an error in the computational example demonstrating the calculation of the weighted sum of raw scores for General Memory. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1996-10112-001.) The Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R; D. Wechsler, 1987) represents a significant improvement over the original WMS (D. Wechsler, 1945). However, its usefulness is diminished by the increased administration time, and the incremental validity of the new subtests is questionable. Using a sample of 308 patients referred for neuropsychological evaluation, two regression equations were developed to predict weighted raw score sums for General Memory (GM) and Delayed Recall (DR), using the WMS—R analogs of 5 subtests from the original WMS. Predicted scores were within +6 points of actual performance for 92% of the sample for GM and for 96% of the sample for DR. Application of these equations to the WMS—R standardization sample subtests means produced estimated GM indices ranging from 96 to 103 and estimated DR indices ranging from 98 to 101 across age groups.… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differential impact of brain damage and depression on memory test performance.

270 patients (mean age 46.5 yrs) with or without organic brain damage were classified as depressed or nondepressed on the basis of scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Depression scale and were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Digit Span subscale and the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised Logical Memory subtest. Performance on both tests was substantially affected by brain damage but not by depression. Implications regarding neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation are discussed. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised: Abnormality of selected index differences.

Provides a table of the abnormality of difference scores between selected indices of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R). The table answers the question of how unusual a given discrepancy is in the normative sample. All values are based on WMS—R manual data for the standardization sample. In cases where an individual age group is not represented in the table, it is recommended that the practitioner use the average abnormality of difference scores given in the last column of the table. The table is intended to augment clinical decision making with the WMS—R. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Efficacy of the Satz-Mogel short form WAIS—R for tumor patients with lateralized lesions.

The ability of the P. Satz and S. Mogel (1962) short form Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) to provide equivalent information about IQ scores and age-corrected scale scores was examined as a function of side of lesion for 34 left hemisphere damaged (LHD) and 29 right hemisphere damaged (RHD) patients having primary brain tumors. Correlations between the 2 forms were significant for all WAIS—R scores with the exception of the Object Assembly subtest for RHD patients. The short form significantly overestimated Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ, Similarities, and Picture Arrangement subtest scores. It significantly underestimated Object Assembly subtest scores. A marked percentage of patients showed 1 or more category changes for most WAIS—R scores and 2 or more category changes for some of these scores. The distribution of discrepancies between scores and the number of category changes did not differ significantly for LHD and RHD patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-validation of predicted Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised scores.

Equations for prorating the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised General Memory (GM) and Delayed Recall (DR) index scores (J. L. Woodard & B. N. Axelrod,1995) were confirmed in a new clinical sample of 258 patients. Raw score results for Logical Memory, Visual Reproduction, and Verbal Paired Associates were entered into the prediction equations. Predicted GM and DR scores fell within 6 points of obtained scores for 94% and 97% of the sample, respectively. A multiple regression analysis yielded multiple R–2 of .976 and .984 for GM and DR, respectively. In addition, the unstandardized regression weights were virtually identical to those initially presented by Woodard and Axelrod. These prediction equations for the GM and DR summary scores have validity for patient samples similar to those of the present study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor structure of the Mayo Older Americans Normative Sample (MOANS) core battery: Replication in a clinical sample.

G. E. Smith et al (1992) confirmed 5 factors to account for the covariance structure of a "core battery" of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R), Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R), and Auditory Verbal Learning Test administered to the MOANS. The authors attempted to replicate this model in a clinical sample. Data from 417 clinical cases were used in LISREL confirmatory factor analyses. Modifications of the original secondary variable assignments were necessary to obtain a 5-factor model with adequate fit. This 5-factor model was superior to alternative models. The results support the use of a 5-factor model in the development of factor-based summary indexes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Long-term stability and intercorrelations of cognitive abilities in older persons.

This project studied the intercorrelations and long-term stabilities of standard Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R), Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R), and Auditory–Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) summary indexes. It also reports similar data on the recently published Mayo Cognitive Factor Scales (MCFS), which are derivative indexes for the combined administrations of these 3 tests. These analyses challenge 2 assumptions that most psychologists make when interpreting adult cognitive tests: (a) that for cognitively normal people, performance in one cognitive domain correlates well with and predicts functioning in other cognitive domains, and (b) that in the absence of pathology, cognition is stable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gender IQ differences among psychiatric patients.

Provides evidence against the hypothesis that adult male psychiatric patients are more intelligent than their female peers. 1,187 patients were administered either the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scales, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC—R), or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. Analyses revealed no significant sex differences except on the WISC—R. Explanations that have been suggested to account for previous observations of discrepant IQ test performance are discussed, and the possibility of regional or institutional biases is noted. (French abstract) (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Item equivalence across scales: The WPPSI—R and WISC-III.

The publication of 2 Wechsler scales with multiple overlapping items, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence—Revised (WPPSI—R) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III), provided an opportunity to cross-validate items. Test–age equivalents corresponding to cumulative item raw scores were extracted from the manuals or estimated with ratio scores (and checked against regression-based values). WPPSI—R test–age equivalents correlated highly with WISC-III test–age equivalents (r?=?.88 for the 23 overlapping items), and there were few noteworthy discrepancies. These data demonstrate the validity of the WPPSI—R and WISC-III beyond the level of subtests and IQs and to the level of item makeup. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity and usefulness of WAIS—R, WISC—R, and WPPSI short forms: A critical review.

Reviews the short-form studies that have been conducted on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC—R), and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Results show that none of the abbreviated forms were considered to be valid as a short-form IQ measure but that they could be useful as screening instruments. It is concluded that when developing a screening instrument, the more items that are used and the more widely the items are distributed among the subtests, the more effective the screening instrument will generally be. (61 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)