用边界拟合坐标下的有限差分法评价城市的地下水资源

本文给出了边界拟合坐标系下的二维地下的二维地下水流的基本方程，并且用该坐标系下的有限差分法对江苏某市的承压水和潜水资源进行评价。预测了１９９１－２０００年的地下水流场，边界拟合坐标下的ＡＤＩ法的计算结果和实测水位比较一致，表明该方法在地下水资源评价中有实际应用价值，尤其在处理边界几何形状复杂的地下水流问题时更为有效。     

地下水资源可持续利用管理模型研究

本文采用响应矩阵法，以地下水水位为约束条件，以水资源最优开采量为目标函数，建立了地下水资源可持续利用管理模型，模拟计算出位于山东省泰山南侧的被研究区地下水优化开采量以及地下水资源可持续利用优化方案。结果表明：实现被研究区地下水资源的可持续利用，必须对地下水的开采量及开采布局进行调整和控制，进行地表水与地下水的合理配置，优化供水结构和工业结构，调节各行业的用水类型和用水量。     

Understanding groundwater table using a statistical model

In this study, a statistical model was established to estimate the groundwater table using precipitation, evaporation, the river stage of the Liangduo River, and the tide level of the Yellow Sea, as well as to predict the groundwater table with easily measurable climate data in a coastal plain in eastern China. To achieve these objectives, groundwater table data from twelve wells in a farmland covering an area of 50 m × 150 m were measured over a 12-month period in 2013 in Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province. Trend analysis and correlation analysis were conducted to study the patterns of changes in the groundwater table. In addition, a linear regression model was established and regression analysis was conducted to understand the relationships between precipitation, evaporation, river stage, tide level, and groundwater table. The results are as follows:(1) The groundwater table was strongly affected by climate factors(e.g., precipitation and evaporation), and river stage was also a significant factor affecting the groundwater table in the study area( p 0.01, where p is the probability value).(2) The groundwater table was especially sensitive to precipitation. The significance of the factors of the groundwater table were ranked in the following descending order:precipitation, evaporation, and river stage.(3) A triple linear regression model of the groundwater table, precipitation, evaporation, and river stage was established. The linear relationship between the groundwater table and the main factors was satisfied by the actual values versus the simulated values of the groundwater table(R~2 = 0.841, where R~2 is the coefficient of determination).     

地下水资源系统多目标模糊管理模型研究

本文着重研究地下水资源系统多目标模糊管理模型的建模和求解等问题．理论分析和实例计算表明，所研究和讨论的模糊管理模型及求解方法，对于解决实际复杂的地下水资源系统管理问题，是恰当的和完善的，计算成果是合理的和实用的．     

Assessment and Management of a Desert Basin in Kuwait

ABSTRACT

The study area, Umm Gudair, is located in the southwest corner of Kuwait. It occupies an area of ≈ 4.84 × 10⁹ ft². The brackish ground water is derived from the two main aquifers within the Cenozoic sequence. These are: the Kuwait Group aquifer (Miopleistocene) and the Dammam aquifer (Eocene). In the study area, the two aquifers are treated as a single reservoir Forty-one production wells, locally called “dual completion wells” were finished in the aquifers. This research identifies the hydrogeologic properties and the water quality of the aquifers. In addition, the article discusses the application of the surface electrical method Schlumberger configuration to correlate and delineate the areal distribution of the apparent resistivity with the aquifer salinity, and the occurrence of a water-bearing formation. The results will be use for assessment and management of the groundwater reservoir The water quality of the two aquifers is relatively poor The T.D.S. ranges between 3,130-4,740 mg/L. The hydrochemical facies are calcium-sodium cation facies and chloride-sulphate anion facies. The ground water is classified as a NaCl water type, however two genetic water types are identified: the MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ are of marine origin and are old marine formations. The aquifer is semiconfined to confined The average transmissivity, which increases toward the N and N-E, is 20,965 Igpd/ft. The geophysical studies conducted along seven profiles with 19 vertical electrical soundings reveal three distinct layers. The first layer is composed of dry gravel and has a resistivity of 80–220 m. For the second layer, the resistivity ranges between 5–9 Ωm. It is assumed to be a clayey layer saturated with brackish water; whereas the third layer corresponding to a limestone formation, has a resistivity of 25–700Ωm. The apparent resistivity decreases in the direction of the increasing salinity From the flow-net analysis, the amount of ground water entering the aquifer along the border with the Saudi Arabia is 2.3 × 10⁶ Igpd, while the average daily production from the Umm Gudair field is 13.5 × 10⁶ Igpd, It is obvious that the daily abstraction rate is higher than the daily flow toward the aquifer Therefore, in the future, if the daily abstractions continue to exceed the daily water flow through the aquifer a serious decline in the water level will result.     

Assessment of lake–groundwater interactions and anthropogenic stresses,using numerical groundwater flow model,for a Rift lake catchment in central Ethiopia

A steady-state groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) was used to study lake and groundwater interactions in a complex rift volcanic catchment. It also was used to assess the effects of water pumping from wells, and of variable recharge rates associated with climate and lake level changes, on the dynamics of the volcanic aquifers surrounding Lake Awassa. The model simulations were made after first developing a reasonable conceptual model, on the basis of conventional hydrogeological mapping, pumping test and hydrometeorological data analyses, and from ancillary information obtained from hydrochemical and isotope techniques. The model results indicated that the lakes and Rift aquifers are fed by large groundwater inputs that originate in the highlands. The lakes and rivers have important roles in recharging the aquifers in some locations. Lake Awassa receives a major groundwater inflow from its southern and eastern shorelines, while substantial water leakage from the lake occurs along the northern shoreline. The annual groundwater outflow from the catchment is estimated to 52.5 × 10⁶ m³. Scenario analyses revealed that increasing the current pumping rate from wells by fourfold will substantially reduce the groundwater level substantially, although the regional flow pattern would remain the same. There appears to be no immediate danger to the Rift aquatic environment from the current water pumping rate. Drying the small Lake Shalo and associated swamps, however, will cause a large change in the water balance of the larger Lake Awassa. Slight changes in groundwater recharge can cause large differences in groundwater levels for most of the Rift caldera floor far from the lake shores. This study provides a reasonable foundation for developing detailed transient predictive models, which can then readily be used as a decision support tool for development and implementation of sustainable water resources practices.     

地下水资源多目标管理模型的研究进展

介绍了地下水资源多目标管理模型的特点、模型建立和求解方法。指出地下水资源开发利用与管理模型是多层次多目标的，模型的建立要与可持续发展相联系，综合考虑社会、经济、生态环境等诸多因素。本文也探讨了地下水资源多目标管理数学模型的研究方向。     

北方地下水资源可持续利用模式及可持续度

通过分析我国北方城市地下水资源开发利用的实践，提出了区域地下水资源可持续开发利用模式，以区域地下水系统均衡为基础、以可开采量为指示指标的开发利用模式。针对区域地下水资源可持续利用系统的指标研究和系统发展趋势，论证了可持续发展是典型的模糊概念．并由此提出了可持续度的概念和相应的计算公式。     

页岩气开采区地下水脆弱性评价模型

为了更准确评价页岩气开采过程中水力压裂和废水回注对地下水的影响,需要采用不同指标体系的模型对地下水脆弱性进行评价。通过分析页岩气开采过程中污染物的潜在运移途径,在DRASTIC模型的基础上分别建立了开采井区地下水脆弱性评价模型DIRTEV和回注井区地下水脆弱性评价模型DIRWOCT。根据相关资料对模型中各评价因子进行了分级及评分,运用模糊综合矩阵法确定了各因子权重,并利用单参数法对评价结果进行了敏感性分析。对四川某页岩气采区的评价结果表明,所建模型能较好地应用于页岩气开采区地下水脆弱性评价。     

单一模型地下水水质评价结果的可靠性探讨

分别采用单因子评价法、综合指数法、模糊综合评判法对镇江市浅层地下水水质进行评价,并给出悲观状况和乐观状况两种情景的评价结果,与采用传统单一评价方法所得结果进行比较。结果表明:1悲观状况下,Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类监测井占评价监测井总数的5.88%,Ⅲ类监测井占39.22%,Ⅳ~Ⅴ类监测井占54.9%;乐观状况下,Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类监测井占评价监测井总数的54.9%,Ⅲ类监测井占5.88%,Ⅳ~Ⅴ类监测井占39.22%。2不同评价方法的评价结果相差较大,依赖单一评价模型的评价结果进行决策,是具有风险的。     

阜新盆地地下水资源分析

文中通过对阜新盆地地下水资源、降水量的变化规律及地下水资源形势分析,合理开发利用地下水资源,从而保证地下水资源的可持续开发利用,保护生态环境。     

三江平原井灌区地下水资源承载力物元评价模型

揭示三江平原地下水资源安全状况,以红兴隆分局为例,采用物元分析法对其下属12个农场的地下水资源承载力进行综合评价。结果显示:五九七、饶河、二九一和江川农场的地下水资源承载力等级为Ⅲ级,已接近饱和值应以控制地下水开采、合理利用地表水资源为主;宝山农场的地下水资源承载力等级为Ⅱ级,当地地下水资源开发利用已有相当规模,但仍有一定的开发潜力;友谊、八五二、八五三、双鸭山、曙光、北兴和红旗岭农场的地下水资源承载力等级为Ⅰ级,这7个农场的地下水资源承载能力较大,状况较为乐观。物元分析方法为水资源承载力评价提供了一种更为简便的方法,同时为政府科学管理三江平原地下水资源提供了决策依据。     

基于主成分分析和熵的喀斯特地区地下水资源承载力评价

以贵州省为例,选取对喀斯特地区地下水资源承载力具有代表性的7个指标,借助spss分析软件用于对影响喀斯特地区地下水资源的主成分因子提取,并以熵权法对主成分因子赋权,得出1999~2007年贵州省地下水资源承载力的综合得分。可知毕节地区地下水资源承载力最大,黔西南州次之,贵阳市为最小。人口变化与经济发展是影响地下水资源承载力主要的驱动力因子。     

深层地下水资源的分类属性与分析评价

叙述了深层地下水资源的四大组成部分（四大类水量）的固有属性,分别给以新的、含直观意义的冠名。阐明了组成部分中的弹性释放水量和黏土层压密水量是无后续性水量,不能计入资源量中;侧向补给量具有很大的不确定性,只能作为参考性的水量;浅层向深层的越流补给量,在地下水总资源量中为重复水量,利用这种水量似有”舍浅就深”之弊;储存水量虽然数量很大,但受开采和环境条件的限制,不可能大量抽取,否则会引起地质环境恶化。本文旨在提醒人们去很好认识深层地下水资源的固有属性,引起更多的关注,以有助于合理开发利用深层地下水资源。     

低渗透油藏渗流的差分法数值模拟

针对低渗透问题，给出了无量纲化的渗流控制方程、初始条件以及边界条件，并使用差分方法进行数值模拟。计算结果使用Gringarten-Bourdet图版进行井底压力分析，给出了一种计算动边界位置的方法，并详细讨论了动边界变化情况。     

Numerical simulation of shallow-water flooding using a two-dimensional finite volume model

A 2-D Finite Volume Model (FVM) is developed for shallow water flows over a complex topography with wetting and drying processes. The numerical fluxes are computed using the Harten, Lax, and van Leer (HLL) approximate Riemann solver. Second-order accuracy is achieved by employing the MUSCL reconstruction method with a slope limiter in space and an explicit two-stage Runge-Kutta method for time integration. A simple and efficient method is introduced to deal with the wetting and drying processes without any correction of the numerical flux term or the source term. In this new method, a switch of alternative schemes is used to compute the water depths at the cell interface to obtain the numerical flux. The model is verified against benchmark tests with analytical solutions and laboratory experimental data. The numerical results show that the model can simulate different types of flood waves from the ideal flood wave to cases over complex terrains. The satisfactory performance indicates an extensive application prospect of the present model in view of its simplicity and effectiveness.     

Development impacts on groundwater resources in Bahrain

The development process in Bahrain has led to a continuous depletion of its groundwater resources. The unplanned, excessive pumping of groundwater caused a sharp decrease in groundwater storage and the lowering of the aquifer's potentiometric levels by about 4 metres in the period from 1925 to 1991. As a result, more than half of the original groundwater reservoir has been completely polluted. Development activities will be hindered if the effects of these activities on the groundwater reservoir are not realized. In order to sustain the aquifer usefulness in the development process, the reservoir's natural balance must be re‐established. Therefore, the need for multi‐objective planning aiming at integrating Bahrain's limited water resources capacity and water demands is of paramount importance.     

牡丹江市区地下水资源情况分析

1气象水文　1.1气温　牡丹江市区气候受太平洋季风的变动和西伯利亚高气压的控制,冬季干燥严寒漫长,夏季短而酷热,春季风大干旱,秋季降温急剧.牡丹江市区多年平均气温为2.7℃,年极端最高气温可达37.6℃,年极端最低气温可达-45.2℃。     

明水县地下水资源量分析计算

水资源的短缺,制约着社会经济的发展。本文依据明水县实测地下水资料。细致地分析了补给量,用3种不同的地下水可开采量计算方法,对明水县地下水资源量进行了分析计算。     

河北省地下水资源超采对策研究

河北省地下水资源的超采,给全省经济社会可持续发展带来很大影响。在农业灌溉中大力推行节约用水技术是缓解全省地下水资源超采的根本措施之一。针对节水灌溉规模小、工程建设标准低、农业节水技术缺乏集成配套、管理体制及运行机制等方面的问题,提出了建立与水资源承载能力相适应的节水型种植结构体系、推广农业节水综合技术体系、完善促进农业节水发展的约束激励机制和完善农业节水灌溉技术服务体系等对策。