Incentive Contracting Based Upon Consumer Indifference

In contract purchasing, price is often negotiated, given a reliability specification. Prior to procurement a sample is taken to determine if the product meets the reliability specification. This paper considers an alternative approach in which the contract price reflects actual field performance for an item subject to two types of failures. A consumer indifference curve that specifies the predicted break-even point between price and reliability is used to establish the initial purchase price. The actual purchase price is determined by estimating the break-even point based upon a sample of failures. Both the vendor and consumer agree upon the statistical methods for revising the price at purchase time. In this manner, more reliable products yield higher prices than less reliable products, thus resulting in a quantifiable incentive contract.     

Purchase Contract Management for Fashion Products

This paper develops a tow-stage purchase contract for fashion products to manage the buyer's cost. In addition to require a commitment, the purchase contract allows the buyer to adjust the commitment at a later stage. We model the buyer's problem and obtain explicit formulae to describe the buyer's optimal behavior. We analyze the effect of parameters on the buyer's cost and prove that such contract can decrease the buyer's cost numerically.     

二手设备市场悄然兴起

讨论了二手设备市场的兴起和新动向,中国是二手设备市场的最大买主,并指出购买二手设备应注意的几外问题。     

两相依风险模型下的最优再保险

在两相依风险较为一般的保费计算原理下,如何得出最优再保险的策略,使得原保险人的效用达到最大。在指数效用函数下,给出了最优再保险的充分条件,并且在方差保费计算原理下,给出了最优再保险合同的具体形式,为实际保险业务中再保险比例最优分配提供了理论依据。     

浅析UTM设备在信息系统中的应用

目前企业信息化系统建设过程中普遍会遇到多重信息安全问题,而传统防护设备种类繁多,类型复杂,同时也带来购买成本及后期维护成本较高的问题。文中介绍了UTM（统一威胁管理）设备作为一种新型信息安全防护设备的起源及发展,对其与传统防火墙设备的防护范围、防护安全威胁的种类等特点进行了对比分析,论证了UTM设备的独特优势,并进一步阐述了UTM设备在各种企业信息化系统建设过程中信息安全方面的合理部署使用,以及纠正了常见的认识误区,证明UTM设备是性价比高、可基本满足企业通常需要的一种新型信息安全防护多功能网关设备。     

VolP Market Intensified, the Government Control Still Won＇t Be Unlocked In the Near Future

The traditional telecommunications operator of China has entered into a substantive network construction stage of NGN and new VoIP service in 2006. As the increasing understanding and the consideration of cost to VoIP, VoIP has become more acceptable for CIO of large-scale enterprises. Small and medium-scale enterprises are sensitive to communication cost, but influenced by the maturity of VoIP technology and reduction of VoIP equipment price, the market is intensified. All these drive the VoIP equipment entering into the actual purchase stage and promote the stable growth of VoIP equipment scale.     

联通机卡捆绑,是否在垄断?

受黄牛党抢购倒卖iPhone 4的影响,联通作出了一个"艰难的决定":自12月1日起,联通iPhone 4将实现机卡匹配,如果发现合约计划中的手机和SIM卡未进行捆绑使用,中国联通有权对合约计划中的预存款进行冻结。     

Contract research gains adherents for its flexibility and lowoverhead

The use of independent contract research organizations by companies anxious to venture into new territory quickly without the overhead of new staff or equipment is discussed. Contract research firms can be found around the world, but most are concentrated in the United States. Many sprang up after World War II as conduits for transferring to industry the technology developed during the war. Most were founded as independent, nonprofit organizations so they would be unfettered by special interests and the need to make money. Most contract research organizations outside the United States get funding for operating and maintaining facilities, as well as a portion of their contract income, from government sources. The appeal of research firms over universities is their knack for applied as opposed to theoretical research. Advantages of outside research are examined     

Passenger rail vehicle depot-level electronic maintenance

Capital-intensive companies and organizations that purchase long-life industrial equipment, such as the transit agencies and railroad companies, often have language in their procurement specifications that define the useful life of the equipment and the necessary tools and equipment to maintain their defined life-cycle. However, if the organization is not structured around life-cycle maintenance then these long-term objectives will surely become just an unrealistic hope.     

Microwave contract of $15m

The Allied Defense Group Inc announced its California based microwave security unit, NS Microwave, has been awarded a multi-year contract of approximately $15m. The classified contract is for surveillance hardware and associated equipment from an agency of the government of the US.This is a short news story only. Visit www.three-fives.com for the latest advanced semiconductor industry news.     

Caveat emptor!

A standard contract (one printed on a standard form, with standard language) can be changed or fully rewritten to meet your company's specific needs. Buying equipment without a contract that meets your company's specific needs and that is drafted or reviewed by legal counsel (specifically a lawyer who knows your company's needs well) is the equivalent of buying a potential lawsuit. Prevention of problems with a good contract and legal help is your company's best insurance against waste and/or litigation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高温气相掺杂法制备高掺铥石英光纤

介绍了用高温气相掺杂技术制备高掺铥双包层光纤的原理及制备工艺。通过料路温度与掺杂浓度的对比实验,以及对该新制备工艺的研究完善,找到了合适的料路温度,提高了铥的掺杂浓度和掺杂浓度的均匀性,新工艺有效消除了预制棒芯部的凹陷,降低了光纤的本底损耗,最终制作出掺杂浓度高(≥0.6%)、内包层形状为D形的高性能的掺铥双包层光纤。     

影响晶圆凸起网板印刷效果的基本设计事项

业界现有数种技术可用于在晶圆的焊垫上涂敷焊料混合物,这种工艺称之为晶圆凸起。大多数此类技术需要昂贵的专门设备,不过,采用网板印刷进行晶圆凸起加工正逐渐成为一种可节省成本的大批量生产替代方案,而且广受欢迎。但随着I?O数目增加和间距不断缩小,这种使用网板在焊点上印刷焊膏的方法变得更有挑战性,而且,对于与之匹配的材料(如焊膏、网板等)和工艺设计水准的要求也大大提高。因此,研发人员继续进行研究,以便更好地了解这些细节,从而达到进一步改进网板印刷晶圆凸起工艺之目的。     

A theory of innovation processes for computer-aided manufacturingtechnology

The concept of uncertainty is used to develop a theory of the innovation process for computer-aided manufacturing. The interrelated propositions trace the process by which computerized equipment is adopted, prepared for, and implemented. This is done in terms of problems arising from uncertainty and coping strategies used to respond to them. The theory explains why it is so difficult to introduce the technology into companies. Problems arise in deciding whether or not to purchase, in preparing the organization's supporting functions, and in deciding whether or not success has been achieved. The propositions are also used to suggest coping strategies that can alleviate these problems. They include infrastructure development, participation, and installation in stages. Implications of the theory for innovation research are explored     

Collaboration and information sharing in global contractmanufacturing networks

In the semiconductor and telecommunications industry original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) outsource manufacturing to contract manufacturers who are specialist electronic manufacturing service providers. There are a large number of such specialists in existence who collaborate with the original equipment manufacturers at one end and the component suppliers at another end and provide engineering, manufacturing and distribution services. But there do not exist good theoretical developments supporting these real world operations. We consider a global manufacturing system consisting of the contract manufacturer, logistics provider, and OEM and study the influence of sharing scheduling and demand information over the Internet. More specifically, we consider an OEM operating an Internet-based private exchange as a channel master with its contract manufacturers and their suppliers participating by sharing information. We develop a linear program based optimization model for this environment. Specifically, our LP model calculates the quantity of raw materials that is to be procured in each time period from each of the suppliers in order to meet the given demand. We compare these results with traditional make-to-stock linear supply chains with sequential order flow. Our numerical experiments show that information sharing results in cost and inventory reduction     

Genetic algorithms applied to optimal tolerance levels of multiattribute inspection errors

In modern manufacturing environment, inspection equipment often can deal with more than one quality characteristic simultaneously. At the design stage of such inspection equipment, it is necessary to identify optimal combination of inspection error tolerance levels of multiattributes. We suggest a genetic algorithm by which one can determine the optimal tolerance levels of errors for multiinspection attributes at a minimum cost of ownership (COO). The COO model is formulated as a function of not only the initial purchase cost but also the inspection cost over lifetime. Our approach is expected to effectively contribute to marketing as well as manufacturing of inspection equipment.     

一种基于合同理论的可激励联邦学习模型

针对目前较少研究去中心化联邦学习中的激励机制设计,且已有联邦学习激励机制较少以全局模型效果为出发点的现状,该文为去中心化联邦学习加入了基于合同理论的联邦学习激励机制,提出一种新的可激励的联邦学习模型。使用区块链与星际文件系统(IPFS)取代传统联邦学习的中央服务器,用于模型参数存储与分发,在此基础上使用一个合同发布者来负责合同的制定和发布,各个联邦学习参与方结合本地数据质量选择签订合同。每轮本地训练结束后合同发布者将对各个本地训练模型进行评估,若满足签订合同时约定的奖励发放条件则发放相应的奖励,同时全局模型的聚合也基于奖励结果进行模型参数的聚合。通过在MNIST数据集以及行业用电量数据集上进行实验验证,相比于传统联邦学习,加入激励机制后的联邦学习训练得到的全局模型效果更优,同时去中心化的结构也提高了联邦学习的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding Counterfeit Electronic Components

In today's supply chain environment, electronic equipment manufacturers and Government users must be vigilant in order to avoid counterfeit electronic components. The vast majority of counterfeit cases reported are associated with purchases through independent distributors. The most effective approach to avoiding counterfeit electronic components is to purchase product directly from the original component manufacturer, or from a distributor, reseller or aftermarket supplier who is franchised or authorized by the original manufacturer. Because many components needed to produce and support defense electronics are no longer in current production, independent distributors are often used to fill this gap. While independent distributors provide a necessary function within the electronic component supply chain, they are not all created equal. Electronic equipment manufacturers and Government users need to understand the independent distributor's operations and business processes. When considering purchases through independent distributors, electronic equipment manufacturers and Government users should also apply mitigation methods and strategic approaches, such as those discussed in this paper, to reduce the potential for acquiring counterfeit parts     

The electronic purse [prepayment cards]

A prepayment card is usually the size and shape of a credit card and has value encoded on it, which is partially used for each purchase until none is left. The card is then normally thrown away, although a growing minority of prepayment cards are designed to be recharged and used again. Prepayment cards usually need some electronic device at the point of sale to carry out the decrementing, and a reloading facility requires other equipment that accepts banknotes, credit or debit cards to put value on the card. So far, payphones and `stored-value tickets' for trains and buses are the largest applications. The author describes the technology involved in magnetic stripe, optical and chip cards. The author discusses the security features of each type of card     

基于LabVIEW平台的电子设备测试系统的研究与开发

开发一项武器装备的自动测试系统要经过该电子装备的摸透分析、所需激励信号和测试信号的分析、市场配套硬件产品的采购和调理电路的设计,然后进入软件设计阶段,最后软硬件和设备总体联调。在此介绍了基于LabVIEW平台的电子设备自动检测系统的设计和实现,利用LabVIEW程序对测试数据进行分析处理。