成型生物质高温炭化及成型炭理化性能研究

分别将棉杆、木屑两种单一的生物质原料及其混合原料成型(炭化压力60 MPa)造粒,并于固定床热解炉内对成型生物质进行炭化实验,分析炭化温度(400、500和600℃)及棉杆的掺混比例对成型炭理化性能的影响。研究表明:物理特性方面,随着炭化温度的升高,生物质成型炭的表观密度和抗压强度均呈先减小后增大的趋势;相同炭化温度条件下,随着棉杆掺混比例的增加,成型炭的表观密度增大,但抗压强度呈先减小后增大的趋势;化学特性方面,随着炭化温度的升高,成型炭的热值增加,但燃烧特性变差,灰分产率增加;随着棉杆掺混比例的增加,成型炭的燃烧特性改善,但热值降低,灰分产率增加;通过先成型再炭化制得的成型炭灰分和固定碳产率均优于欧盟标准EN1860-2:2005;在炭化温度为400、500和600℃时成型生物质中至少含有20%、40%和60%的棉杆可使其燃烧特性指标优于商用烧烤炭。     

锯末水热生物炭特征研究

以锯末(sawdust,SD)生物质为原料,采用水热炭化法在温度170、200、230℃,时间15、30 min下制备水热生物炭,分析水热生物炭的产率、能量产率、热值、元素组成、表面官能团、表观形貌、平衡含水率等变化等特征。工业分析、元素分析表明,温度是影响水热炭化的重要因素。锯末水热生物炭随温度的升高、时间的延长,C含量增大,O含量降低;生物炭产率、能量产率降低,热值增加。当温度为230℃,时间为30 min时,得到生物炭产率为68.78%,能量产率为78.27%,热值为21.57 MJ/kg。范式图、红外光谱分析显示,在低温短时炭化时,转化过程以脱水、脱羰基为主。扫描电镜显示水热炭化能破坏生物质微观结构,水热生物炭表面光滑,锯末在170、200℃炭化后有缝隙结构,230℃表面出现孔洞结构。平衡含水率结果表明,水热炭化能提高锯末生物炭的疏水性质,有利于生物炭燃料的保存利用。     

生物质成型炭燃烧特性研究

使用固定床反应器对成型棉秆、成型木屑及二者混合成型生物质进行炭化实验,利用快速氧弹量热仪、热重分析仪等对生物质炭的成型质量、着火温度、燃尽温度和综合燃烧系数S进行研究。应用Coats-Redfern积分法建立其氧化反应动力学模型,分析成型炭的反应动力学参数和燃烧机理。结果表明,随着炭化温度的升高(400～600℃),成型炭的热值提高,灰分产率增加,燃烧性能变差。相同炭化温度下,棉秆成型炭的燃烧性能优于木屑成型炭,但灰分高、热值低。在木屑中掺混棉秆可有效改善成型炭的燃烧性能。燃烧动力学方面,成型生物质炭化后,其燃烧过程由内扩散阻力控制的片状燃烧反应机理变成化学反应阻力控制的球状燃烧反应机理,反应活化能增加。通过先成型再炭化制得的成型炭,其灰分产率(4.9%～9.1%,wt)和固定碳产率(67.8%～83.8%,wt)均符合欧标要求,尤其灰分产率明显低于欧标;与商用机制烧烤炭相比,该成型炭燃烧性能优,反应活化能低(18.71～41.99 kJ/mol)。     

不同预处理温度对棉秆焦炭理化及成型燃烧特性的影响

选取棉秆为原料,采用水热与烘焙2种预处理方法提高棉秆焦炭的燃料特性。经预处理后,得到不同处理温度下棉秆焦炭,并对其理化特性及其成型燃料燃烧特性进行研究;分析水热炭与烘焙炭成型过程及成型能耗、松弛密度、抗压强度和燃烧性能。结果表明:预处理后的生物质性能明显改善,C含量与高位热值(HHV)均有显著提升,但水热炭与烘焙炭成型能耗均高于原料;与原料相比,水热炭的松弛密度和抗压强度明显提高,而烘焙炭相反;在燃烧性能上,SR180综合燃烧特性指数S(29.41×10^-7min²·℃³)高于原料(26.21×10^-7min²·℃³),2种预处理方法均可提高棉秆焦炭的热稳定性,且拥有较宽的燃烧范围。     

成型工艺参数对生物质热压成型燃料理化特性的影响研究

以棉秆、木屑为研究对象,分别将2种单一生物质原料和二者质量比为1∶1的混合原料进行热压成型,利用热重分析仪考察成型燃料的燃烧性能,并通过差示扫描量热仪、电子万能试验机研究不同成型温度和成型压力条件下成型燃料物理性质的变化规律,以反映草本生物质与木本生物质的成型规律及燃料物性的差异。结果表明:棉秆成型燃料燃烧性能较好,但灰分产率较大、热值较低,将2种生物质原料混合制得的成型燃料综合燃烧性能较好。随着成型温度的升高(室温～105℃),成型燃料的表观密度和抗压强度均呈先增后减的趋势,其中棉秆成型燃料的表观密度增幅较小,而抗压强度增幅较大,且远大于木屑成型燃料,但在木屑中掺混棉秆并未使混合成型燃料的抗压强度得到有效提高。随着成型压力的增大(40～80MPa),成型燃料的表观密度和抗压强度均呈增强的趋势,其中棉秆及混合成型燃料的表观密度和抗压强度增幅均较大,而木屑成型燃料的增幅较小。     

成型炭化过程对磷酸-污泥-木屑成型炭性能的影响

以杉木屑和污泥为原料,磷酸为添加剂,探讨成型温度（70~100 ℃）、成型压力（80~110 MPa）和炭化温度（300~600 ℃）对磷酸-污泥-杉木屑成型炭物理性能和产率的影响,并对物理性能最佳的成型炭进行燃烧特性分析和重金属分析。结果表明,成型温度与成型压力对成型炭物理性能的影响相似,随着成型压力的增大和成型温度的升高成型炭物理性能均先升高后下降,炭化温度对成型炭物理性能影响较复杂。经80 ℃和100 MPa成型后再经500 ℃炭化制得的成型炭表观密度与抗压强度最大,分别为1279.0 kg/m³和18.7 MPa,均远高于商用烧烤炭。成型炭产率随炭化温度的升高而减小,由300 ℃的72.0%减至600 ℃的52.2%。较高的成型炭物理性能和产率可在一定程度上降低储存和运输成本,实现生物质废弃物的高效利用。     

毛竹水热炭燃烧特性及动力学研究

该文先对毛竹进行水热处理制备水热炭,然后对毛竹原料及其水热炭进行燃烧实验,采用的升温速率为10、20、40 K/min,基于无模式函数多重扫描速率法(FWO法、KAS法、FR法),研究毛竹及水热炭燃烧特性及动力学。结果表明:1)升温速率提高,样品挥发分燃烧和固定碳燃烧阶段均向高温区转移,着火性能下降,燃尽温度提高;水热炭较原料挥发分含量降低,固定碳含量升高;水热温度越高,热值越大,能量产率越低,水热温度为260℃时,能量产率最低,为35.97%,230℃水热炭的原子数比[O]/[C]、[H]/[C]已接近泥煤,燃料性能较优。2)采用FWO法、KAS法活化能结果相近,模型较优,以FWO法为例,原料、200、230、260℃水热炭活化能区间分别为89～126、89～216、86～118、80～90 kJ/mol。     

生物质水热过程中水热炭理化结构演变特性

为了解生物质水热炭化过程中水热焦炭的形成机制及其理化结构的演变机理,通过选择不同的原料、反应温度、时间等影响因素,利用高温高压反应釜,对生物质水热过程中水热炭的形成和理化结构演变进行系统分析,揭示水热过程中生物质的热分解机理。研究发现:原料不同其水热炭特性明显不同;木材和秸秆类生物质得到的水热炭有较高的产率和热值;虽然水生植物水葫芦所得到的水热炭产率较低,但其形貌最好,可作为一种新型的生物质炭材料,从而提高生物质资源的利用价值。反应温度和停留时间对水热转化均有明显影响,温度对焦炭的化学特性具有明显影响;而停留时间对焦炭的物理特性有明显影响。     

基于能量产率的油茶壳水热炭化工艺优化

文章以油茶壳为原料,采用水热炭化技术制备水热生物炭,并分析了水热炭化温度、保留时间、固体物含量对水热生物炭的高位热值和能量产率的影响。以此为基础,采用正交试验优化了上述3个工艺条件对油茶壳水热生物炭的影响。研究结果表明:水热炭化温度为200℃,保留时间为30 min,反应体系中固体物含量为10%时,油茶壳水热生物炭的综合评分最好;此时油茶壳水热生物炭的高位热值为22.28 MJ/kg,能量产率为75.07%。燃烧热重分析表明,油茶壳水热生物炭的燃烧过程向高温区转移。研究结果可用于指导生产高热值、高能量产率的油茶壳水热生物炭,可为油茶壳的利用提供参考。     

厨余垃圾及其水热炭燃烧特性与动力学研究

采用热重分析法研究厨余垃圾及其水热炭的燃烧特性与反应动力学。对比分析厨余垃圾及其水热炭在3种不同升温速率(10、20、40℃/min)下的燃烧特性,分别采用KAS(Kissiger-Akahira-Sunose)法和FWO(Flynn-Wall-Ozawa)法计算燃烧过程中反应动力学参数。结果表明:20℃/min升温速率下,厨余垃圾与水热炭呈现不同的燃烧特性,厨余垃圾微分热重(DTG)曲线呈明显的双峰结构,而随着炭化温度的升高,水热炭DTG曲线第1个峰逐渐变缓,最后消失。随着升温速率的增大,各样品DTG曲线整体向高温侧偏移,着火温度和燃尽温度升高,燃烧特性指数增大。KAS法和FWO法求得的各样品燃烧活化能均具有相似变化趋势,因挥发分含量减少及固定碳含量增加,厨余水热炭热值增大,燃烧过程中平均活化能高于厨余垃圾。     

Investigation on the physical properties of the charcoal briquettes prepared from wood sawdust and cotton stalk

The physical properties of the charcoal briquettes prepared from biomass waste are usually poor. In the paper, an alternative approach to the charcoal briquette preparation from the densified biomass briquette by carbonization was addressed. The carbonization process of the biomass briquettes prepared from cotton stalk (CS), wood sawdust (WS) and their blends was performed in a fixed bed at 400~600°C. The variation in the mass and volume of the biomass briquettes before and after the carbonization process and the physical properties of the resulted charcoal briquettes were investigated. The results indicate that the physical properties of the charcoal briquettes including bulk density and compression strength decreased firstly and then increased as the temperature increased. CS charcoal briquettes with better physical properties showed more volume shrinkage than WS charcoal briquettes after the carbonization process. However, the physical properties of the charcoal briquettes from the blends were poorer than expected due to the co-pyrolysis characteristics of CS and WS.     

FeCl3对稻壳水热炭基本元素及燃烧特性影响

以稻壳为原料,FeCl₃为催化剂,利用元素分析仪和热重法研究稻壳水热炭元素结构和燃烧特性,考察水热温度、催化剂浓度对于水热炭元素结构和燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：1)随着水热温度升高,水热炭固定碳含量和热值增大,O/C和H/C原子比逐渐降低。FeCl₃的加入进一步加深了水热炭的碳化程度,但对于碳化程度影响效果,水热温度大于FeCl₃浓度;2)未添加FeCl₃时,水热炭燃烧呈双峰,且挥发分燃烧段峰值明显高于固定碳燃烧段。水热温度上升,挥发分燃烧峰值下降,固定碳燃烧峰值增加。加入FeCl₃后,固定碳燃烧范围扩大,双峰逐渐融为单峰,整体向高温区转移;3)水热温度一定时,随着催化剂浓度增大,水热炭燃烧DTG曲线由双峰变为单峰,整体向低温区转移;4)升温速率加快,导致样品着火温度、燃尽温度提高,水热炭燃烧整体向高温区转移;5)水热温度一定时,FeCl₃加入后,着火温度和燃尽温度均小幅度提前,综合燃烧特性指数S_N呈先增大后减小的趋势。FeCl     

Physical properties of rice husk and bran briquettes under low pressure densification for rural applications

Agriculture generates large amount of by-products that could be used to produce energy and reduce the amount of fuelwood required to meet the daily cooking needs, especially in developing countries. Rice is a major crop grown in West Africa and rice husk is a by-product of the milling process. The goal of this study was to develop a low cost system to produce biomass briquettes from rice husks in the context of a rural village. A manual press generating a pressure of 4.2 MPa was developed and used. The influence of the briquette formulation (type of binder, binder content, water addition, and bran content) was studied. The binders investigated were cassava wastewater, rice dust, and okra stem gum. The physical properties (density, moisture content, calorific value, durability, and compressive strength) were tested to identify the briquettes with the highest quality, i.e. greatest physical integrity. The briquettes made with rice dust had the highest durability (91.9%) and compressive strength (2.54 kN), while the briquettes made with cassava starch wastewater had the greatest density (441.18 kg m⁻³). Water added to the rice husk before densification positively influenced the briquette quality while bran seemed to mostly increase the density, but not necessarily the briquette quality. The briquette formulation did not significantly influence the calorific value. With a higher heating value of 16.08 MJ kg⁻¹ dry basis, rice husk briquettes represent an interesting alternative to fuelwood.     

Production of Solid Fuel from Ipomoea carnea Wood

Abstract

Ipomoea carnea woody stems were pyrolyzed in a laboratory-scale reactor in the temperatures ranging from 350° to 600°C and at constant heating rate of 5°C/min. Yield, density, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon content and calorific value of the charcoal samples produced were evaluated. Charcoal yield ranged from 24.23% to 37.89 wt% and calorific value varied from 17.29 to 33.47 MJ/Kg. Conversion of charcoal fines to solid fuel improved combustion quality. Mass balance experiments of pyrolytic decomposition products of I. carnea yielded much higher percentages of non-condensable liquid (59.2–61.8 wt%) as compared to those of tar (4.2–4.8 wt%) and gas (7.3–8.2 wt%) fractions.     

A comparative experimental study of biomass,lignite and hard coal steam gasification

In the paper the results of experimental comparative study on steam gasification of lignite, hard coal and energy crops, such as Spartina pectinata, Helianthus tuberosus L., Sida hermaphrodita R. and Miscanthus X Giganteus in a laboratory-scale fixed bed reactor at the temperature of 700 °C were presented. The effectiveness of steam gasification in terms of gas flows, composition and carbon conversion was tested. The ability of coal and biomass to undergo thermochemical transformations was determined based on their chars reactivities. The tested biomass samples were relatively more reactive but produced less synthesis gas and of lower calorific value. Comparison of the reactivities and other physical and chemical properties of coals and biomass, selected based on the gasification process requirements, with a use of the principal component analysis showed that biomass samples differ from the remaining samples due to the highest content of volatiles, oxygen and hydrogen in a sample and the highest amount of carbon dioxide in produced synthesis gas. Hard coals were characterized by the lowest carbon conversion and reactivities R₅₀ and R_max. Moreover, the negative correlation between the reactivity and the heat of combustion, calorific value, carbon content in a sample and total gas yield produced in the process as well as a positive correlation between R₅₀ and R_max and volatiles, oxygen content in a sample and carbon dioxide concentration in produced gas were observed.     

锯末制备生物质成型燃料的试验研究

分别采用冷压成型和炭化成型工艺以锯末制备生物质成型燃料。冷压成型工艺主要考察原料水分、成型压力对燃料的成型性能影响。试验结果表明:原料水分为12%~16%,成型压力为60 MPa的条件下能够制得成型性能较好的生物质成型燃料,其密度与抗跌强度分别能够达到0.94 g/cm3和99%;炭化成型工艺主要考察混合料水分、无烟煤配比、J型粘结剂添加量、成型压力对燃料的成型性能影响。试验结果表明:无烟煤配比为50%、混合料水分为30%、J型粘结剂添加量为8%、成型压力为45 MPa的条件下能够制得成型性能较好的优质生物质成型燃料,其密度与抗跌强度分别为0.93 g/cm3和99.3%。     

稻壳水热炭化学结构和燃烧特性及动力学分析

以稻壳为原料,利用水热碳化技术结合元素分析和热重法,考察水热反应强度对水热炭化学结构和燃烧特性及动力学的影响。结果表明：1）随着反应强度参数（lg R₀）的增大,水热炭整体挥发分和氧元素质量分数呈减少趋势,而C元素质量分数则逐渐增加,当水热反应强度lg R₀为4.90~6.19时,参数变化尤为显著,lg R₀为6.19时,C元素和O元素的质量分数分别为50.5%和21.3%,O/C和H/C原子比分别为0.32和1.21;2）相对于原料,水热炭的燃烧损失集中在固定碳和挥发分燃烧阶段,着火和燃尽温度均有小幅上升;3）当lg R₀由3.25增至6.49时,挥发分燃烧损失减小,固定碳燃烧损失增大,着火与燃尽温度呈整体向高温区转移的趋势,综合燃烧特性指数（S_N）呈先增加后减小的趋势;4）固定碳燃烧段活化能低于挥发分燃烧段,本次采用的动力学模型分析水热炭燃烧动力学结果可靠,相关系数（R²）均在0.92以上。     

Pyrolysis pretreatment of biomass for entrained-flow gasification

The biomass for entrained-flow gasification needs to be pretreated to significantly increase its heating value and to make it more readily transportable. The pyrolysis pretreatment was conducted in a lab scale fixed-bed reactor; the reactor was heated to elevate the temperature at 5 °C/min before holding at the desired pyrolysis temperature for 1.5 h a fixed time. The effects of pyrolysis temperature on the yield, composition and heating value of the gaseous, liquid and solid products were determined. The pyrolysis removed most oxygenated constituents of rice straw while significantly increased its energy density. Meantime, it changes the physical properties of biomass powders. The results show that the angle of repose, the angle of internal friction of semi-char decrease obviously; the bulk density of semi-char is bigger than that of biomass. This could favor the feeding of biomass. Considering yield and heating value of the solid semi-char product and the feeding problem, the best pyrolysis temperature was 400 °C. The results of this study have confirmed the feasibility of employing pyrolyzed biomass for entrained-flow gasification; they are useful for the additional studies that will be necessary for designing an efficient biomass entrained-flow gasification system.     

下吸式生物质气化炉热力学平衡模型研究

建立下吸式生物质气化炉热力学平衡模型,该模型包括焦炭、焦油和气体,并用已公布的实验数据对模型进行验证,均方根（RMS）在1.304~3.814之间,结果表明该模型的预测值与实验数据吻合较好,可认为模型可靠。然后模拟棉秆在下吸式生物质气化炉中以空气和富氧气体2种气化氛围下,不同操作参数(当量比、预热温度和气化炉反应温度)下对棉秆气化的气体组分、热值和产率的影响。模拟结果表明：富氧气体为气化剂时,当量比从0.20增至0.35时,气体中N₂含量比空气显著下降,达10%以上,同时发现能提高气体中H₂和CO的含量和热值,热值比空气提高约20%。预热温度对气化成分变化影响有限,随预热温度从30 ℃变化到130 ℃,气体的平均热值从空气的5.2 MJ/m³提高到富氧气体的7.0 MJ/m³。随气化炉内反应温度从750 ℃升至1250 ℃,空气和富氧气体2种气化剂下的H₂和CO分别从20.94%、26.84%和21.77%、28.67%下降到4.06%、9.12%和10.49%、21.60%,导致气体的热值降低。