Cemented carbide reinforced nickel-based alloy coating by laser cladding and the wear characteristics

Composite coatings composed of metal matrix and ceramic particles have received particular attention in surface engineering. In this paper nickel base alloy powder and WC-Co cemented carbide particles have been chosen to manufacture composite coatings by use of kW CO₂ laser. Laser processing parameters including output power and scanning speed have been optimized. X-ray diffractor, optical and electron microscopes and energy dispersion spectra have been applied to investigate the phase constituents and microstructures of the coating. Block-on-ring dry sliding wear test and rubber wheel slurry erosive abrasion wear test have been conducted to study the wear properties of the composite coating as well as the reinforcing effect of WC-Co particles. A 50–100 mm wide ring appeared along the particle side of the particle-matrix boundary, showing superior wear and corrosion resistance, higher than even the original central part of the WC-Co particle. The mechanism of its formation has been probed.     

激光熔覆WC/H13-Inconel625复合材料的冲击韧性与磨损性能

针对传统颗粒增强复合材料韧性较差的问题,以WC/H13为增强区材料,Inconel625为韧化区材料,采用激光熔覆的方法制备空间夹层分布的结构韧化复合材料。借助光学显微镜、超景深三维显微镜、扫描电子显微镜分析复合材料及其冲击断口的微观结构与组织,利用夏比冲击试验机、摩擦磨损试验机研究复合材料的冲击韧性与磨损性能。结果表明:增强区为20%(体积分数,下同)WC/H13复合材料,以WC颗粒和反应生成的碳化物M_6C为主要增强相;韧化区为Inconel625合金,主要组织为柱状晶、树枝晶和沉淀相。Inconel625平均硬度为230.5HV,WC/H13硬度由强韧界面向中心区域逐渐升高到402HV。结构韧化复合材料的平均冲击功为13.8J/cm^2,是传统10%WC/H13复合材料的5.5倍。在室温干滑动磨损条件下,结构韧化复合材料的耐磨性达到传统10%WC/H13复合材料相同水平,是淬火态H13钢的5倍,结构韧化复合材料的平均摩擦因数为传统10%WC/H13复合材料的81%,淬火态H13钢的80%,具有良好的减摩效果与耐磨性。结构韧化可以在保证优异耐磨性的同时,大幅度提高颗粒增强复合材料的冲击韧性。     

Ti2SnC纳米片增强PTFE基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

为探讨Ti2SnC纳米片含量对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)基复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响.采用超声剥离Ti2SnC块体材料的方法获得了Ti2SnC纳米片,并以此为原料通过冷压烧结的方法制备了Ti2SnC纳米片/PTFE复合材料.研究了Ti2SnC纳米片含量对复合材料硬度和相同载荷下摩擦磨损性能的影响,以及不同载荷对纯PTFE和...     

Microstructure and wear properties of Fe–TiC surface composite coating by laser cladding

AISI 1045 steel surface was alloyed with pre-placed ferrotitanium and graphite powders by using a 5-kW CO₂ laser. In situ TiC particles reinforced Fe-based surface composite coating was fabricated. The microstructure and wear properties were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, as well as dry sliding wear test. The results showed that TiC carbides with cubic or flower-like dendritic form were synthesized via in situ reaction between ferrotitanium and graphite in the molten pool during laser cladding process. The TiC carbides were distributed uniformly in the composite coating. The TiC/matrix interface was found to be free from cracks and deleterious phase. The coatings reinforced by TiC particles revealed higher wear resistance than that of the substrate.     

Microstructures and properties of laser cladding NiTi alloy with W for biomedical applications

The feasibility of improving the radiopacity of NiTi by means of Nd:YAG laser cladding is investigated in the present study. Fine elementary tungsten powder was pasted on NiTi sheets and then melted using laser. The resulting microstructure was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. The results show that the solubility of tungsten in the NiTi-matrix is low and the excessive tungsten forms fine precipitates and W-rich compounds, which result in the average W content in the fusion zone up to 8 at.%. The laser-clad sample failed near the end of the plateau with a tensile strength of about 410 MPa.     

Friction and wear properties of UHMWPE composites reinforced with carbon fiber

The artificial joint acetabular material ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was reinforced with carbon fibers (CF) in different contents. The effects of CF content on hardness and tribological properties of the materials were studied. The morphologies of wear surfaces were examined with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results show that the hardness and wear resistance of CF-reinforced UHMWPE composites increased with CF content; the friction coefficients under distilled water lubrication were decreased greatly by the addition of CF; that adherence, plowing, plastic deformation and fatigue wear are dominant for the UHMWPE under dry sliding, and that abrasive wear and drawing out of CF from the wear surface of the composites are dominant for the CF-UHMWPE composites under both dry and distilled water lubrication conditions.     

Microstructures and wear properties of in situ formed composite coatings produced by laser alloying technique

Laser-surface alloying of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V with C and Si mixed powders has been carried out. The composite coatings, thickness of about 0.7 mm, mainly consisting of titanium carbides and silicides, have a hardness of about 1500 HV_0.1, and the wear resistance is 4 times more than that of the as-received.     

Functionally gradient titanium-aluminide composites produced by laser cladding

The laser surface cladding of Ti-Al/TiB₂ composites was investigated as a means of producing a functionally gradient material on a commercially pure Ti substrate. Single and double layers were produced. The processing parameters were: 1.7 kW laser power, 3 mm beam diameter, 3–22 mms^–1 traverse speeds, 2.2–6.2 g min^–1 powder flow rates. The results showed that functionally gradient Ti-Al/TiB₂ systems 2 mm thick, with a progressive increase in the Al content from 0 to 35 wt% Al (50 at % Al) could be produced by vertically overlapping two clad layers using powder mixtures of selected compositions. Microstructural and compositional characterization were performed on single-layer and two-layer clads. Preliminary wear testing carried out on a laser surface Ti-Al/TiB₂ single-clad layer and on commercial-purity titanium demonstrated the beneficial effect of laser cladding on the wear resistance.     

The friction and wear properties of carbon nanotubes/graphite/carbon fabric reinforced phenolic polymer composites

In this paper, either graphite (Gr) or carbon nanotubes (CNTs), or both of them were incorporated into carbon fabric reinforced phenolic (CFRP) composites, preparing by a dip-coating and heat molding process, the tribological properties of the resulting composites were investigated using a block-on-ring arrangement. The worn surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscope to understand the mechanism. Experimental results showed that the optimal Gr was more beneficial than CNTs in improving the tribological properties of the CFRP composites when they were singly incorporated. It is well worth noting that the friction and wear behavior of the CNTs-filled CFRP composites were improved further when Gr was added, indicating that there is a synergistic effect between them. Tribological tests under different sliding conditions revealed that the Gr and CNTs-filled CFRP composites seemed to be the most suitable for tribological applications under higher sliding speed and load, and oil lubrication.     

TA15钛合金表面原位合成TiC增强钛基激光熔覆层的组织与耐磨性EI北大核心CSCD

采用激光熔覆技术在TA15钛合金表面原位合成TiC增强钛基涂层。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、能谱分析仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等研究涂层的成形质量、微观组织、物相组成、硬度和摩擦学性能。结果表明:涂层主要由β-Ti,Co_(3)Ti,CrTi_(4)和TiC等物相组成,涂层与基体形成了良好的冶金结合。涂层结合区组织是平面晶和柱状晶,中部组织是树枝晶,顶部组织是等轴晶。涂层各微区的碳化钛形貌有显著差别,其中顶部和中部区域碳化钛为粗大的树枝状和花瓣状,而结合区为针状和近球状。涂层显微硬度最大值为715HV,约是TA15显微硬度(330HV)的2.1倍;同等条件下涂层磨损量为30.14 mg,约为TA15磨损量98.11 mg的30.7%。涂层与基体的磨损机制均为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损的复合磨损模式,但涂层的磨损程度较轻。     

Improvement of wear resistance behaviour of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/Mo composites

Titanium and its alloys are materials found to exhibit wonderful properties such as its lightweight and, excellent mechanical properties – tensile strength and toughness even at elevated temperatures, extraordinary corrosion resistance behaviour and ability to withstand high temperatures. These unique properties have made Ti6Al4V attractive for a range of industrial applications. Some of the successful applications include medical implants and prosthesis, connecting rods for automotive, aerospace, oil and gas, sports equipment, gas turbine engines and space crafts. However, the high cost and poor wear resistance of Ti6Al4V limits its use for specific applications. This study investigates the wear resistance of the laser deposited Ti6Al4V composite and its enhancement with molybdenum. In this study, the Ti6Al4V/Mo composites were produced, the effect of influencing process parameter was investigated, and the produced Ti6Al4V‐Mo composites were further examined through various tests. The results revealed that the Ti6Al4V/Mo composite produced at varying laser powers had improved wear resistant when compared to the Ti6Al4V substrate. A direct correlation between the wear resistance and hardness was also observed.     

三维网络Al2O3增强球墨铸铁基复合材料摩擦磨损性能

采用SRV摩擦磨损试验机研究了球墨铸铁及三维网络Al₂O₃增强球墨铸铁基复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能, 测量了球墨铸铁和复合材料在不同摩擦频率及载荷下的摩擦系数和磨损率; 用扫描电镜观察磨损表面形貌, 并分析了三维网络Al₂O₃对复合材料磨损机制的影响。结果表明: 陶瓷与金属基体之间具有良好界面结合的三维网络Al₂O₃/球墨鋳铁复合材料, 其摩擦系数随载荷和摩擦频率的变化保持稳定; 复合材料的耐磨性能远优于球墨铸铁, 而且随着摩擦频率和载荷的增加, 复合材料的抗磨损性能明显提高。这是由于复合材料中陶瓷与金属相之间三维空间结构和良好的界面结合有利于摩擦载荷的传递; 金属基体中的石墨减摩作用保持摩擦系数的稳定; 三维陶瓷骨架在磨损表面形成硬的微突体并起承载作用, 制约了基体的塑性变形和高温软化, 有利于磨损表面氧化膜的留存。     

Friction and wear of friction composites reinforced by natural fibres

In the present work, friction material composites were proposed to be used as automotive friction materials. The composites were reinforced by agricultural fibres of corn, palm, and sugar bars. The conventional friction materials based on asbestos cause serious lung diseases and being cancerous potential. The aim of the present work is to replace them by the proposed composites because they are environmentally friendly friction material for brake lining and clutch facings. Agricultural wastes of sugar bars, corn and palms fibres were prepared to obtain fibres of length less than 5 mm. The fibre materials were mixed by carbon, barium sulfate, silica, metallic powders and phenol formaldehyde. The proposed composites were pressed in the die at 105°C temperature. The produced specimens were subjected to machining processes to obtain the cylindrical form of 8 mm diameter. Experiments were carried out using test rig designed and manufactured to measure both friction and wear. It consists of a rotating hollow flat disc made of carbon steel, with an outside diameter of 250 mm and 16 mm thickness. The experiments investigated the effect of agriculture fibre wastes (corn, sugar bars, and palms fibres) on friction coefficient and wear. Wear mechanisms of the proposed composites were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy. The tribological properties of the proposed composites materials were compared to three commercial brake linings. Based on the experimental results it was found that, addition of agriculture fibre wastes (corn, sugar bars, and palms fibres) to composites materials increased friction coefficient and decreased wear. Friction coefficient slightly increased, while wear drastically decreased with increasing fibres content. The maximum friction value (0.58) was obtained by composites containing 30 wt.% iron and 25 wt.% sugar bar fibres. The corn fibres were more compatible with aluminum powder where it gave the highest friction coefficient and relatively lower wear compared to other composites. Wear resistance of the tested composites containing bunches and aluminum represented the lowest values among composites containing corn and bunches fibres. The lowest wear values were observed for composites containing 25 wt.% corn fibres and 30 wt.% aluminum and composites containing 20–25 wt.% sugar bar fibres.     

三维网络Al2O3增强球墨铸铁基复合材料摩擦磨损性能

采用SRV摩擦磨损试验机研究了球墨铸铁及三维网络Al2O3增强球墨铸铁基复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能,测量了球墨铸铁和复合材料在不同摩擦频率及载荷下的摩擦系数和磨损率;用扫描电镜观察磨损表面形貌,并分析了三维网络Al2O3对复合材料磨损机制的影响.结果表明:陶瓷与金属基体之间具有良好界面结合的三维网络Al2O3/球墨铸铁复合材料,其摩擦系数随载荷和摩擦频率的变化保持稳定;复合材料的耐磨性能远优于球墨铸铁,而且随着摩擦频率和载荷的增加,复合材料的抗磨损性能明显提高.这是由于复合材料中陶瓷与金属相之间三维空间结构和良好的界面结合有利于摩擦载荷的传递;金属基体中的石墨减摩作用保持摩擦系数的稳定;三维陶瓷骨架在磨损表面形成硬的微突体并起承载作用,制约了基体的塑性变形和高温软化,有利于磨损表面氧化膜的留存.     

激光熔覆涂层中TiC_p界面结构与涂层冲击磨损性能

研究了外加ＴｉＣｐ／Ｎｉ 合金激光熔覆涂层中ＴｉＣｐ 的界面结构以及涂层的冲击磨损性能,并与原位ＴｉＣｐ／Ｎｉ 涂层进行了对比．结果表明,外加ＴｉＣｐ 界面存在外延生长、界面反应物及析出物．原位及外加ＴｉＣｐ 涂层在低冲击载荷下均可提高冲击磨损性能,前者提高幅度较大;在高冲击载荷下外加ＴｉＣｐ 涂层降低磨损性能,而原位ＴｉＣｐ 涂层仍显著提高磨损性能．ＴｉＣｐ 界面结构特征是影响磨损性能的主要原因．     

Dry sliding wear of TiB2 particle reinforced aluminium alloy composites

Abstract

Al–4 wt-%Cu alloy and composites reinforced with 10 and 20 vol.-% of TiB₂ particles were prepared by powder metallurgy followed by hot isostatic pressing. The dry sliding wear behaviour of specimens of these materials was investigated. Pin-on-disc measurements showed that the wear resistance of Al–4Cu alloy can be improved dramatically by the addition of 20 vol.-%TiB₂ particles. This was due to the high hardness of the TiB₂ particles, and to strong particle–matrix bonding. The wear data were found to correlate with SEM observations.     

Microstructural characterization of Co-based coating deposited by low power pulse laser cladding

A detailed microstructural study of Stellite 6 coating deposited on a low carbon ferritic steel substrate using preplaced powder method and low power Nd:YAG pulse laser is performed. The grain structure and solidification texture of the coating are investigated by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the effect of consecutive pulses on the microstructure of the coating is examined. The orientation relationship (OR) at coating/substrate interface and the solid state phase transformation in heat-affected zone are studied as well as the Vickers microhardness profile measurement in order to support the microstructural observations. An important conclusion is reached that the shape of solidification front during pulsed laser cladding is similar to the shape of solidification front during continuous cladding with a doubled laser beam scanning speed. Further, OIM reveals the Greninger–Troiano OR between the face centered cubic coating and bcc substrate grains. It is concluded that at the moment of solidification epitaxial growth of the grains in the coating occur on the austenitic grains of the substrate and that an austenite–ferrite transformation occurs in the heat-affected zone upon subsequent cooling.     

Room-temperature sliding wear properties of laser melt deposited Cr13Ni5Si2/γ alloy

A wear-resistant alloy consisting of Cr₁₃Ni₅Si₂ ternary silicide dendrites and the interdendritic nickel-base solid solution (γ) was designed and fabricated by the laser melting/continuous deposition (LMCD) process. The wear resistance of Cr₁₃Ni₅Si₂/γ alloy was evaluated on an MM-200 block-on-wheel dry sliding wear tester at room temperature. Results indicate that the Cr₁₃Ni₅Si₂/γ alloy has excellent wear resistance and extremely low load-sensitivity of wear under dry sliding wear test conditions due to the high toughness and the high strength, as well as the transferred cover-layer on the worn surface of the alloy. Translated from Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2006, 42(2): 181–185 [译自: 金属学报]     

三维网络结构Al2O3陶瓷/高铬铸铁复合材料干摩擦磨损性能

采用往复式滑动摩擦磨损（SRV）试验机研究了高铬铸铁及三维网络结构Al₂O₃陶瓷增强高铬铸铁复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能,测量了高铬铸铁和Al₂O₃陶瓷/高铬铸铁复合材料在不同摩擦频率及载荷下的摩擦系数和磨损率;用扫描电镜观察磨损表面形貌,并分析了三维网络Al₂O₃陶瓷对复合材料磨损机制的影响。结果表明：陶瓷Al₂O₃与高铬铸铁基体之间具有良好的界面结合,复合材料的摩擦系数随摩擦频率和载荷的变化保持稳定,耐磨性远优于高铬铸铁,而且随着摩擦频率和载荷的增加,Al₂O₃陶瓷/高铬铸铁复合材料的抗磨损性能明显提高,这是由于复合材料中Al₂O₃与高铬铸铁相之间三维空间结构和良好的界面结合有利于摩擦载荷的传递;三维Al₂O₃陶瓷骨架在磨损表面形成硬的网络突体并起承载作用,能有效保护金属基体;磨损机制为氧化磨损及磨粒磨损共同作用。     

Investigation of erosive wear behavior and physical properties of SGF and/or calcite reinforced ABS/PA6 composites

The aim of this study was to investigate the erosive wear behavior of glass fiber, CaCO₃ particle and glass fiber/CaCO₃ hybrid reinforced ABS/PA6 blend based composites. The samples were prepared by using melt mixing and injection molding techniques. The mechanical, thermal, morphological properties and erosive wear behavior were investigated in terms of reinforcing agent type and composition. It was observed that the tensile strength and modulus values of hybrid composites gave a value between tensile strength and modulus values of only fiber reinforced composites and only particle reinforced composites. From DSC analysis it was revealed that T_g and T_m of composites were not significantly affected by reinforcement; however, degree of crystallinity was found to be sensitive to reinforcement type and composition. The impingement angle was found to have a significant effect on the erosive wear behavior. The results indicated that composite materials exhibited maximum erosion rate at impact angle of 30° conforming their ductile erosion behavior. In order to investigate wear mechanisms, eroded surface analysis was done by scanning electron microscopy. Surface analysis showed that repeated impact of hard silica sand particles caused a local removal of the matrix from the fiber surface and led to form craters on the surface of the composite material.