低温暴露对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料拉伸力学性能的影响

针对低温暴露对碳纤维/环氧树脂(CF/EP)复合材料力学性能影响进行研究,对低温0℃、?20℃、?40℃、?60℃暴露100 h、200 h、300 h、400 h、500 h后,对CF/EP的复合材料拉伸力学性能影响展开研究,利用SEM电镜扫描分析损伤机制,根据试验结果提出了一种预测CF/EP复合材料低温暴露后剩余强度的预测公式。试验结果表明,在长时间低温暴露后,CF/EP复合材料拉伸强度随低温暴露时间的增长呈现出先增后降的趋势;低温暴露时间低于300 h时,CF/EP复合材料拉伸强度随温度下降先增后降,暴露时间高于300 h后,拉伸强度随温度下降逐渐降低;CF/EP复合材料拉伸弹性模量随低温暴露时间的增长呈现逐渐上升趋势,温度越低,上升趋势越明显。SEM结果表明,低温暴露后,纤维与环氧树脂黏结程度增强,有利于荷载传递,CF/EP复合材料拉伸强度增大,破坏形貌上表现为纤维上包裹更多树脂;长时低温暴露后,由于纤维与基体收缩系数不同导致微裂纹产生,在受到荷载时裂纹进一步扩散,不利于荷载传递,使拉伸强度下降,破坏形貌上表现为纤维成束凝集,纤维束间距增大。基于初始试验,本文提出了一种基于初始试验的CF/EP复合材料低温暴露后剩余强度预测模型,试验与预测结果吻合较好,由于考虑了同种材料在不同低温和暴露时间耦合作用下的等效作用,可减少相同材料在不同低温与暴露时间下的试验次数,因此具备一定参考价值。      

高温炭化处理对三维五向碳/酚醛编织复合材料拉伸性能的影响

对未经炭化和经不同温度炭化处理后的三维五向碳/酚醛编织复合材料进行了纵向和横向拉伸实验, 获得了拉伸应力-应变曲线, 并确定了材料的拉伸强度、 拉伸模量、 破坏应变和泊松比等主要力学性能, 分析了这类材料经不同温度炭化处理后拉伸力学性能的变化规律。对试件拉伸实验后的破坏断口进行了宏观和微观分析, 探讨了材料的变形和破坏机理。实验结果表明: 随炭化处理温度的增加, 三维五向碳/酚醛编织复合材料的纵向、 横向拉伸强度和拉伸模量均呈先降后升的趋势, 存在一个转折温度, 超过该温度, 材料的拉伸强度和拉伸模量从下降变为上升, 但拉伸模量的变化幅度较小; 但是, 随着炭化温度的升高, 材料的破坏应变是逐渐降低的。通过形貌观察和树脂热分解机理分析, 认为在不同的炭化处理温度下, 材料的细观组织结构演变存在明显的差异, 因此造成了材料力学性能的变化。      

Effect of stitch density on tensile properties and damage mechanisms of stitched carbon/epoxy composites

Experimental investigation is performed to study tensile properties, damage initiation and development in stitched carbon/epoxy composites subjected to tensile loading. T800SC-24kf dry preforms with tow orientation of [+45/90/−45/0₂/+45/90₂/−45/0]s are stitched using 200 denier Vectran® thread. Modified-lock stitch pattern is adopted, and stitch density is varied, viz. moderate density (stitched 6 × 6: stitch density = 2.8 cm⁻²) and high density (stitched 3 × 3: stitch density = 11.1 cm⁻²). The stitched preforms are then infiltrated by epoxy XNR/H6813 using resin transfer molding process. Tensile test is conducted to obtain in-plane mechanical properties (tensile strength, failure strain, tensile modulus and Poisson’s ratio). Effect of stitch density on the mechanical properties is assessed, and it is found that stitched 3 × 3 modestly improves the tensile strength by 10.4%, while stitched 6 × 6 reduces the strength by only 1.4%. In stitched 3 × 3 cases, the strength increase is mainly due to an effective impediment of edge-delamination. Tensile stiffness and Poisson’s ratio of carbon/epoxy are slightly reduced by stitching. Fiber misalignment in in-plane and out-of-plane directions is responsible for stiffness reduction, whilst reduction of Poisson’s ratio is probably caused by the orthogonal binding effect of modified-lock stitch architecture. Damage mechanisms in stitched and unstitched composites are studied using acoustic emission testing and interrupted test coupled with X-ray radiography and optical microscopy. The detailed damage observation reveals that stitch thread promotes early formation of transverse and oblique cracks. These cracks rapidly develop, and higher density of cracks ensues in stitched composites. Although this behavior triggers early formation of delamination, stitched 3 × 3 effectively impedes the growth the delamination. In contrast, stitched 6 × 6 is ineffective in suppressing the delamination yet the cracks are vast in this specimen. One of the plausible reasons of the rapid development of cracks in stitched composites is fiber compaction effect whereby fibers are compacted and the gap among fibers is reduced. The verification of compaction effect is done experimentally by performing burn-off test to measure the local fiber volume fraction. It is confirmed that fiber compaction indeed occurs as indicated by higher local fiber volume fraction between stitch lines.     

热解碳含量对碳/碳-聚酰亚胺复合材料性能的影响EI北大核心

通过化学气相渗透和浸渍-固化成型工艺制备碳/碳-聚酰亚胺复合材料。首先采用化学气相渗透法对碳毡进行热解碳的沉积,制得热解碳含量分别在7.33%(质量分数,下同),14.55%,22.00%的多孔碳/碳坯体,再经过特定的浸渍-固化工艺,依次制得碳/碳-聚酰亚胺复合材料P1,P2,P3以及未添加热解碳的对照组P0。通过SEM、线膨胀系数测试和力学性能测试,探究不同热解碳含量对碳/碳-聚酰亚胺复合材料微观形貌结构、平均线膨胀系数以及力学性能的影响。结果表明:在20~300℃的温度区间,P0,P1,P2,P3的XY向平均线膨胀系数在(0.67~0.79)×10^(-6)℃^(-1)之间,四组XY向平均线膨胀系数基本相当。P1,P2,P3的Z向平均线膨胀系数较P0依次降低41.6%,41.8%,24.1%,热解碳显著降低了材料的Z向平均线膨胀系数。P0,P1,P2,P3的XY向压缩强度依次是243.91,244.73,216.65,210.79 MPa,Z向压缩强度依次是269.22,258.80,246.68,219.20 MPa,P1压缩强度与P0相当。P0,P1,P2,P3的Z向弯曲强度依次是92.77,77.11,80.71,86.06 MPa。不同的热解碳含量对材料的力学性能影响不同,较低的热解碳含量基本保持了材料的压缩强度,而较高的热解碳含量可基本保持材料的弯曲强度。     

Effect of polymeric precursors on properties of semiconducting carbon/carbon composites

Microstructure, oxidation behaviour, and electrical and mechanical properties of quasi-carbon fibre-reinforced quasi-carbon matrix (QC/QC) composites were investigated. The composite was prepared by heat treating a QC fibre or OXPAN fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composite at a temperature of 500 °C. Different polymer precursors have resulted in the QC/QC composites with varying thermal behaviour. The phenolic matrix derived QC/QC composites followed a self-acceleration mechanism and had better oxidation resistance than the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) matrix-derived QC/QC composites. Because of fewer chemical reactions involved in the pyrolysis process, the QC/QC composites obtained from QC fibre-reinforced composite precursors exhibited higher flexural modulus and strength and were superior to those derived from oxidized PAN (OXPAN) fibre-reinforced composite precursors. Unique semiconducting and switching characteristics have been observed in the QC/QC composites, which would make them promising for electronic device applications. © 1998 Chapman & Hall     

The matrix stiffness role on tensile and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites

In this study, randomly oriented single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)/epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated by tip sonication with the aid of a solvent and subsequent casting. Two different curing cycles were used to study the role of the stiffness of the epoxy matrix on the tensile and thermal behavior of the composites. The addition of a small amount of SWCNTs (0.25 wt.%) in rubbery, i.e., soft matrices, greatly increased Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the nanocomposites. The results showed that the tensile properties of soft epoxy matrices are much more influenced by the addition of carbon nanotubes than stiffer ones. The significant improvement in tensile properties was attributed to the excellent mechanical properties and structure of SWCNTs, an adequate dispersion of SWCNTs by tip sonication, and a stronger SWCNT/matrix interfacial adhesion in softer epoxy matrices. A slight improvement in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was also observed.     

Structure and tensile properties of polypropylene/carbon nanotubes composites prepared by melt extrusion

Polypropylene/carbon nanotubes (PP/CNTs) nancomposites were prepared with a single screw extruder by adding maleic anhydride-grafted poplypropylene (PP-g-MAH) as compatibilizer to polypropylene (PP) with different amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the range of 0.1–0.7 wt.%. Structure and morphology of the prepared samples were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarizing light microscopy (PLM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that PP spherulites decreased in size when CNTs were introduced into the polymer. Mechanical properties of the samples were also studied. Tensile tests showed that with increasing amount of CNTs the strain at break decreased whereas the Young’s modulus was improved of 16.41 % to 36.05 % and tensile strength of 36.67 % to 64.70 % compared to pristine PP. The SEM microphotographs showed that majority of the CNTs were dispersed individually and oriented along the shear flow direction.     

Effect of isotropic interlayers on the mechanical and thermal properties of carbon/carbon composites

Multilayer which consists of isotropic (ISO) interlayer and rough laminar (RL) and single RL structure carbon/carbon (C/C) composites have been prepared by isothermal chemical vapor infiltration at 5 and 1 kPa. Mechanical and thermal properties of both composites have also been studied. Experimental results indicate that ISO interlayer between fiber and matrix plays an important role on fracture behavior and strength of the composites. Comparing with single RL structure composites, the strength decrease of composites with ISO interlayers is about 28-40%. ISO interlayer is the main source of fracture due to its low density and micropores between crystallites. The low thermal conductivity of ISO interlayers also results in the thermal property degradation of obtained C/C composites. By reducing infiltration pressure, the ISO interlayers are substituted by compact RL matrix which improves the general properties of C/C composites.     

纳米碳形貌对纳米碳/聚乙烯导电复合材料性能的影响

分别以纺锤形碳酸钙表面改性的二维片状石墨烯微片（CGM）和多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）作为导电剂填充改性聚乙烯（PE）制备导电复合材料。重点研究了二维或一维纳米碳/PE复合材料形成导电网络时力学与电学性能。CGM/PE或MWCNTs/PE复合材料达到抗静电要求时CGM的质量分数为8wt%,而MWCNTs的质量分数为1wt%。填充8wt% CGM的复合材料表现出优异的综合性能,而填充0.5wt% MWCNTs的复合材料综合力学性能达到最大值还未能达到抗静电要求,达到抗静电要求时MWCNTs/PE复合材料的综合力学性能出现下降趋势。通过形貌及流变学分析了复合材料不同的力学与电学性能的微观作用因素。CGM/PE复合材料流变渗流阈值与导电渗流阈值存在比较好的相关性,MWCNTs/PE复合材料达到流变渗流阈值还不能形成导电网络。结果表明,与二维CGM相比,一维MWCNTs不易均匀分散于聚合物基体中,并降低MWCNTs/PE复合材料的力学性能。     

Effect of weaving damage on the tensile properties of three-dimensional woven composites

This research paper examines the damage mechanisms and reductions to the tensile properties of E-glass yarns during weaving of three-dimensional (3D) fabrics for polymer-based composites. The paper also assesses the influence of weaving damage to load-bearing glass yarns on the tensile properties of 3D orthogonal woven composites. It is found that damage occurs to yarns at most stages of the 3D weaving process due to abrasion and breakage caused when sliding against the loom machinery. The abrasion damage causes a large reduction (30%) to the tensile strength of the dry woven yarns, although the tensile stiffness remains unaffected. The damage and reduction to the tensile properties of the dry yarns at different weaving stages are described. Tensile studies performed on single yarn/resin composites and larger coupons of 3D orthogonal woven composites reveal that weaving damage is responsible for a significant reduction to the tensile strength.     

聚醚砜对连续碳纤维/聚醚醚酮复合材料性能的影响

以聚醚砜(PES)作为第三组分及活化PES作为连续碳纤维(CCF)的表面改性剂制备CCF/聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料,重点研究CCF/PEEK复合材料的制备工艺方法对其性能的影响.结果表明:PES作为第三组分制备的CCF/PEEK复合材料,当填充16wt％的CCF时,复合材料表面电阻降低到107～109 Ω,出现导电...     

预浸料的超薄化对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料拉伸破坏行为的影响

采用自主研发的碳纤维（CF）宽展设备,将12K CF宽展预浸制备成0.02 mm和0.10 mm厚的CF/环氧树脂（EP）预浸料,利用模压工艺制成1 mm厚的单向层合板。利用万能试验机、声发射装置和高速照相机组成的集成系统测试其抗拉强度、加载过程中试样内部的损伤情况及断裂破坏时样品宏观形貌的变化。用SEM观测其拉伸断口形貌。分别用超景深显微镜、金相显微镜观测记录CF/EP复合材料预浸料和单向层合板中CF的排布状态以表征薄层化过程中CF和EP的分布状态对CF/EP复合材料拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:薄CF/EP复合材料预浸料中CF的排布更加均匀,制成的CF/EP复合材料单向层合板试样中层间树脂富集区的尺度明显小于厚CF/EP复合材料预浸料制成的试样,试样的抗拉强度提高了15%;薄CF/EP复合材料预浸料制成层合板试样的拉伸宏观断口形貌中分层劈裂现象减少,集束性增强,微观断口形貌中未发现横贯横截面的穿透裂纹。      

Greatly enhanced cryogenic mechanical properties of short carbon fiber/polyethersulfone composites by graphene oxide coating

In order to employ polyethersulfone (PES) in cryogenic engineering field, its cryogenic mechanical performance should be examined and should also be improved to meet the high requirement for cryogenic engineering application. In this work, pure PES, graphene oxide (GO)/PES, short carbon fiber (SCF)/PES, GO/SCF/PES and GO-coated SCF/PES composites are prepared using the extrusion compounding and injection molding techniques. The tensile and flexural properties of these composites are systematically investigated at a typical cryogenic temperature (77 K). It is shown that the cryogenic mechanical properties are enhanced by the addition of GO, SCFs and coated-SCFs. In particular, the GO-coated SCF/PES composites display the greatly enhanced cryogenic mechanical properties with the highest values compared to other PES composites. In addition, it is exhibited that the cryogenic mechanical properties at 77 K of PES and its composites are far higher than those at room temperature (RT).     

多壁巴基纸/环氧复合材料拉伸性能的影响因素

采用抽滤法制备了多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)纸(又称巴基纸), 研究了巴基纸增强不同环氧基体复合材料(巴基纸复合材料)的拉伸性能及其断口形貌, 分析了MWCNT含量、 树脂基体拉伸性能以及巴基纸与树脂的界面黏附作用对复合材料拉伸性能的影响。结果表明: 在MWCNT质量分数小于39.1%范围内, 增加碳纳米管含量, 可显著提高巴基纸/环氧复合材料的拉伸性能; 巴基纸/环氧复合材料的拉伸强度和模量与树脂基体的性能密切相关, 其拉伸破坏形式受基体的脆韧性影响显著; 相比较而言, 巴基纸与树脂间的黏附功对巴基纸/环氧复合材料拉伸性能的影响不明显。     

碳纳米管加载量对复合材料吸波性能的影响

将不同质量分数的碳纳米管和环氧树脂充分混合，制成复合吸波涂料并涂覆在铝板上制成吸波涂层。采用TEM对碳纳米管的形貌进行观察。使用反射率扫频测量系统HP8757E标量网络分析仪检测复合材料的吸波性能。结果表明，复合材料在2GHz～18GHz均有良好的吸波性能。碳纳米管加载质量分数为8％和10％时，复合材料吸波性能最佳。8％碳纳米管加载量，峰值最大，达到～22．55dB，波峰出现在12．32GHz，带宽分别为2．56GHz（R〈-8dB）和4．00GHz（R〈-5dB）。10％碳纳米管添加量，带宽最大，分别达到2．80GHz（R〈-8dB）和7．00GHz（R〈-5dB），波峰出现在13．67GHz，峰值为-14．59dB。     

不同氧化物对C／C复合材料SiC涂层性能的影响

分别以MgO、Al2>O3和B2O3为添加剂,利用包埋法在炭/炭(C/C)复合材料表面制取了单层SiC涂层,并在这三种SiC涂层表而采用相同包埋工艺得到SiC外涂层.研究了这三种氧化物对SiC涂层组织结构及抗氧化性能的影响.通过SEM、EDS和XRD分析表明,以MgO为添加剂得到的单层SiC涂层疏松且含有大量孔洞;以Al2O3为添加剂得到的涂层较为致密,但存在部分孔洞;以B2O3为添加剂时涂层均匀、致密.在1500℃空气介质中的氧化实验表明,以B2O3为添加剂的双层SiC涂层(～200μm)可有效保护C/C复合材料200h不被氧化.     

Matrix and fiber influences on the cryogenic microcracking of carbon fiber/epoxy composites

Cryogenic cycling effects on symmetric carbon fiber/epoxy laminates were examined using model prepreg systems. The properties of the composite materials studied were altered through the introduction of variations in their structure and composition. The curing agent used, matrix backbone flexibility, toughening agents, and longitudinal coefficient of thermal expansion of the reinforcing fibers were changed to investigate their role in cryogenic microcracking. Examination of the laminates after cycling provided insight into the mechanism and origins of thermal stress-induced microcracking. Matrix properties and fiber tensile modulus were shown to have a significant impact on the response of the composite materials to cryogenic cycling. It was found in this study that higher glass transition temperatures of the laminates and the presence of toughening agents in the matrix decreased the microcracking propensity of these laminates. Higher tensile moduli and linear coefficients of thermal expansion of the fibers were found to increase the microcrack density in the laminates studied.     

Pairing effect and tensile properties of laminated high-performance hybrid composites prepared using carbon/glass and carbon/aramid fibers

Many attempts have been made to fabricate lightweight, high-performance, and low-cost polymeric composites. To improve the mechanical performance of the same material compared to conventional composites, paired hybrid materials were manufactured with different lamination structures. Each of six types of hybrid composite was designed by lamination pairing of carbon/aramid fabric and carbon/glass fabric using VARTM. The dependence of the mechanical properties of the samples on the pairing effects of the lamination structures was investigated. All pairing materials did not lead to a large increase of tensile strength due to the domination of carbon fiber, but the mechanical properties of specific laminates were clearly changed by the particular pairing sequence used. Using the limited material, the design of an effective structure was the central laminating condition with a good tensile and bending properties. Laminating position of the carbon fiber was found to play an important role in the stacking design of hybrid composites.     

Hierarchical composites of carbon nanotubes on carbon fiber: Influence of growth condition on fiber tensile properties

Growing carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the surface of high performance carbon fibers (CF) provides a means to tailor the thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of the fiber–resin interface of a composite. However, many CNT growth processes require pretreatment of the fiber, deposition of an intermediate layer, or harsh growth conditions which can degrade tensile properties and limit the conduction between the fiber and the nanotubes. In this study, high density multi-wall carbon nanotubes were grown directly on two different polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers (T650 and IM-7) using thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). The influence of CVD growth conditions on the single-fiber tensile properties and CNT morphology was investigated. The mechanical properties of the resultant hybrid fibers were shown to depend on the carbon fiber used, the presence of a sizing (coating), the CNT growth temperature, growth time, and atmospheric conditions within the CVD chamber. The CNT density and alignment morphology was varied with growth temperature and precursor flow rate. Overall, it was concluded that a hybrid fiber with a well-adhered array of dense MWCNTs could be grown on the unsized T650 fiber with no significant degradation in tensile properties.     

超声外场对SiCp/7085复合材料界面及拉伸性能的影响

为研究超声辅助制备工艺对SiC_p/7085复合材料界面结合及拉伸性能的影响,用机械搅拌、机械搅拌+超声施振、超声施振3种工艺制备体积分数为10%的SiC_p/7085复合材料.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)研究各工艺对SiC_p/7085复合材料的界面微观组织和拉伸性能的影响.实验结果表明:机械搅拌工艺促进大颗粒(80μm)与熔体结合,但产生了粗大Al4C3界面产物包裹层,且难改善小颗粒(37μm)与熔体界面结合差的问题;超声施振能促进界面反应,生成尺寸细小、排列规整、紧密的Mg O、Mg Al2O4界面强化相覆盖层,有效改善小颗粒与熔体界面结合;相比于7085铝合金,机械搅拌不能改善SiC_p/7085复合材料拉伸性能,而超声施振的加入能显著提升材料拉伸性能.