The influences of trace TiB and TiC on microstructure refinement and mechanical properties of in situ synthesized Ti matrix composite

Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Fe–1Cr Ti alloy and Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Fe–1Cr Ti matrix composites containing different weight fractions of trace TiB and TiC are fabricated via in situ synthesis method. The as-cast ingots are subjected to thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatment. The Widmannstatten structure is obtained after the heat treatment. The microstructure length scales of the materials are identified. The identification indicates that 0.4 wt.% TiB and 0.1 wt.% TiC can reduce the average size of the β grains by more than 50%. Whereas the extent of the microstructure refinement gradually decreases while increasing the weight fraction of the trace reinforcements. The influences of weight fraction and morphology of the trace TiB and TiC on microstructure refinement are researched in this work. Moreover, the tensile properties of the heat-treated materials are examined. It is revealed that Hall–Petch mechanism plays an identically important role in improving the mechanical properties of the composites comparing with the load bearing and dispersion strengthening of the trace reinforcements.     

The microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC and TiB2-reinforced cast metal matrix composites

TiC and TiB₂ particles have been spontaneously incorporated into commercial purity aluminum melts through the use of a K-Al-F-based liquid flux that removes the oxide layer from the surface of the melt. The combination of spontaneous particle entry and close crystal structure matching in the Al-TiB₂ and Al-TiC systems, results in low particle-solid interfacial energies and the generation of good spatial distributions of the reinforcing phase in the solidified composite castings. The reinforcement distribution is largely insensitive to the cooling rate of the melt and the majority of the particles are located within the grains. Modulus increases after TiC and TiB₂ particle additions are greater than those for Al₂O₃ and SiC. It is thought that interfacial bonding is enhanced in the TiC and TiB₂ systems due to wetting of the reinforcement by the liquid and particle engulfment into the solid phase. TiC-reinforced composites exhibit higher stiffnesses and ductilities than TiB₂-reinforced composites. This has been attributed to stronger interfacial bonding in the Al-TiC system, due to the increased tendency for nucleation of solid on the particle surfaces.     

原位TiB晶须和TiC颗粒复合增强Ti复合材料的压缩性能及微观结构

采用反应热压方法制备了原位TiB晶须和TiC颗粒复合增强钛复合材料，对复合材料进行了高温压缩试验，对变形前后的微观结构进行了分析。在350-650℃温度范围内，复合材料的强度均明显高于钛基体。原位增强相与钛基体具有良好的界面结合，压缩变形后在钛基体中产生大量的形变孪晶。     

Effects of Sr on the microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ TiB2 reinforced A356 composite

In situ A356–3 wt.% TiB₂ composites were fabricated via a remelting and diluting (RD) approach, to investigate the effect of Sr on the modification of in situ A356–TiB₂ composites with respect to the composite prepared by the conventional flux assisted synthesis (FAS) approach. The tensile properties of the composites were tested to evaluate the modification efficiency of Sr in different approaches. The results demonstrated that the RD composite can achieve fully modified eutectic structures than the FAS one owing to avoidance of the Sr–B interaction, which is commonly encountered in the FAS composites. The addition of Sr greatly improves the mechanical properties (especially the elongation) of thus prepared composites, only when the composites are in a fully modified state. Optimum modification of in situ A356–3 wt.% TiB₂ composite was obtained with Sr addition in the range around 0.03 wt.%. The elongation of the 0.03 wt.% Sr modified RD A356–3 wt.% TiB₂ composite are 6.6% and 5.6%, in as-cast and T6 states, respectively. The improvements in strength and ductility are attributed to the morphology change of Si as well as the improved melt cleanliness.     

Hot deformation behavior of in situ synthesized Ti composite reinforced with 5 vol.% (TiB + TiC) particles

In this paper, 5 vol.% (TiB + TiC)/Ti-1100 composite was fabricated using in situ techniques. Hot-deformation behavior of the composite was studied by hot compression tests in the temperature range 1,000–1,150 °C under different strain rates. It was found that solid solute C element in Ti matrix has obvious effect on the hot-deformation behavior of the composite by increasing the (α + β)/β transus temperature. Variation in the volume ratio of α/β phase and the effect of reinforcements result in a change in hot-deformation behavior of the composite. The effect of reinforcements on hot deformation behavior of the composite is more obvious in the (α + β) phase field than in the β phase field.     

激光熔化沉积(TiB+TiC)/TA15原位钛基复合材料的显微组织与力学性能

利用激光熔化沉积工艺制备了TiB+TiC增强相体积分数分别为9%、11%、22%及57%的4种(TiB+TiC)/TA15原位钛基复合材料。随增强相含量提高,TiB形态由片层状向棱柱状转化,TiC形态由不规则颗粒状向枝晶状转化,钛基复合材料硬度及弹性模量均显著提高而塑性明显下降。增强相体积分数约为9%的复合材料表现出较好的综合力学性能,增强相体积分数大于11%后复合材料的抗拉强度急剧降低。与激光熔化沉积态TA15钛合金相比,TiB+TiC增强相体积分数约为9%的复合材料抗拉强度（1040 MPa）及屈服强度（935 MPa）均提高约12%。      

电子束重熔对机械合金化法制备TiC/Ti复合涂层组织及摩擦性能的影响

对机械合金化（MA）法制备的TiC/Ti复合涂层进行电子束重熔处理,分析了经过不同电子束扫描速度的重熔工艺后TiC/Ti复合涂层组织和耐磨性能的变化规律。结果表明,当扫描速度为5~15 mm/s时,重熔处理消除了MA法制备的TiC/Ti复合涂层中的孔隙和裂纹,使其硬度与耐磨性能显著提高;但扫描速度过快（20 mm/s）时,TiC/Ti复合涂层内部出现重熔导致的孔洞缺陷。随着扫描速度由5 mm/s增加至15 mm/s,重熔后TiC/Ti复合涂层中的TiC相由粗大树枝状晶体逐渐转变为弥散分布的短棒和颗粒状晶体,弥散强化作用和固溶强化作用逐渐增强,TiC/Ti复合涂层的硬度由重熔前HV 554逐渐提高至HV 783,磨损速率由5.93×10-4 mm3（N·m）-1逐渐下降至1.75×10-4 mm3（N·m）-1,扫描速度为15 mm/s重熔后TiC/Ti复合涂层的性能最佳。      

Dry sliding wear behavior of extruded titanium matrix composite reinforced by in situ TiB whisker and TiC particle

The dry sliding wear behavior of titanium matrix composite (TMC) reinforced by in situ TiB whisker and TiC particle was investigated. Compared to the unreinforced pure Ti matrix, the TMC exhibited a markedly improved wear resistance due to the existence of the ceramic reinforcements. The TMC showed lower friction coefficient than the pure Ti. The mean values of steady-state friction coefficient of the TMC and pure Ti against a tool steel were about 0.270–0.330 and 0.385–0.395, respectively, under the loads of 40–100 N. Meanwhile, the TMC showed lower weight loss and its surface wearing was less severe compared to that of the pure Ti. The worn surface of the TMC was covered with mild grooves and some fine wear debris, which exhibited the characteristic of both adhesive and abrasive. TiO₂ was found on the worn surface due to the oxidation behavior of the Ti matrix, which may reduce the wear tendency of the TMC. The results show that the in situ ceramic reinforcements could greatly increase the wear resistance of pure Ti.     

Ceramic composite Ti3SiC2–TiB2—Microstructure and mechanical properties

The structure and properties of Ti₃SiC₂–TiB₂ ceramic composites were investigated. A computer-aided image analysis, tests of mechanical properties as well as observation of the crack propagation mechanism were carried out for the Ti₃SiC₂–TiB₂ composite at a TiB₂ dispersed phase content varying from 5% to 50% by volume. The resulting data obtained made it possible to determine a relation between the TiB₂ content and the mechanical properties of the composite; moreover, they revealed the way in which the presence of TiB₂ particles in the composite matrix affected the course of cracks in the composite.     

Synthesis,microstructure and mechanical properties of ZrB2 nano and microparticle reinforced copper matrix composite by in situ processings

Copper matrix composite reinforced with ZrB₂ particles was prepared by in situ reaction in two different ways: by mechanical alloying and subsequent hot pressing, i.e. mechanical alloying and followed by laser melting process. Microstructural changes during mechanical alloying, hot pressing and laser melting of Cu, Zr and B powder mixtures were studied using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. In particular, changes in the Cu particle size, structural parameters of the powder mixtures and formation of new ZrB₂ and CuZr phases during hot pressing, i.e. laser melting were investigated. The mechanisms of in situ formation of reinforcement particles and hardening effects in the copper composite were also studied. Large supersaturation which is possible with laser melting process results in homogeneous nucleation of CuZr precipitates and the presence of finer CuZr precipitates and ZrB₂ reinforcements in the Cu matrix. This affected on significantly higher degree of Cu matrix hardening compared to composites obtained by mechanical alloying and hot pressing.     

烧结温度对(Ti5Si3+TiC+TiB)/Ti复合材料组织和力学性能的影响

为了获得性能优异的钛基复合材料和解决单一增强相对性能提升有限等问题,以Ti粉、SiC粉、TiB₂粉、C粉为原料,采用粉末冶金法,在不同烧结温度下原位自生制备了(Ti₅Si₃+TiC+TiB)/Ti复合材料。通过XRD、SEM、万能试验机等设备表征了复合材料的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明:随烧结温度的升高,复合材料的致密度提高,平均晶粒尺寸逐渐增大;烧结温度的升高使增强相数量增加的同时减少了较低烧结温度下的团聚现象。复合材料的洛氏硬度、屈服强度、抗拉强度随烧结温度的升高先增大后减小,断裂应变下降不显著。在1 300 ℃下,(Ti₅Si₃+TiC+TiB)/Ti具有最佳的综合力学性能,烧结态试样的抗压强度达到最高2 435 MPa,屈服强度1 649 MPa,洛氏硬度49.1HRC,断裂应变28.7%。分析可知,微米尺寸的TiC、TiB和亚微米尺寸的Ti₅Si₃增强相的协同作用在显著提高复合材料强度的同时也保持了一定的塑性。(Ti₅Si₃+TiC+TiB)/Ti复合材料的增强方式以细晶强化、弥散强化和载荷传递强化为主。     

Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties of nickel particles embedded aluminium matrix composite

Nickel particles were embedded into an Al matrix by friction stir processing (FSP) to produce metal particle reinforced composite. FSP resulted in uniform dispersion of nickel particles with excellent interfacial bonding with the Al matrix and also lead to significant grain refinement of the matrix. The novelty of the process is that the composite was processed in one step without any pretreatment being given to the constituents and no harmful intermetallic formed. The novel feature of the composite is that it shows a three fold increase in the yield strength while appreciable amount of ductility is retained. The hardness also improved significantly. The fracture surface showed a ductile failure mode and also revealed the superior bonding between the particles and the matrix. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a dynamically recrystallized equiaxed microstructure. A gradual increase in misorientation from sub-grain to high-angle boundaries is observed from EBSD analysis pointing towards a continuous type dynamic recrystallization mechanism.     

脉冲磁场下原位合成TiB2/7O55铝基复合材料的组织和力学性能

脉冲磁场下,采用7055-(Al-3％B)-Ti剂体系熔体原位反应法成功制备TiB2/7055铝基复合材料.利用XRD、OM和SEM等测试技术研究了复合材料的相组成和微观组织,同时在电子拉伸试验机上测试了复合材料的拉伸性能.结果表明,磁场作用下,原位反应更快更充分,颗粒分布更均匀,生成的TiB2颗粒呈六边形或多边状,平均尺寸约为600nm,α-Al晶粒细化到约10～20μm,第二相由连续网格状分布转变为非连续性分布.复合材料的抗拉强度从310MPa提高到333MPa,延伸率从7.5％提高到了8.0％.     

Preparation of in situ TiCP/LY12 composite and its microstructure and mechanical properties

Mechanical properties of TiC_P/LY12 Al-based composites prepared by an in situ synthesis method were studied. The micro-structure, morphology, and distribution of TiC_p particles in the LY12 Al alloy matrix were also investigated by XRD, SEM, and HRTEM. The phase composition of the TiC_P/LY12 composites, interfacial structure of TiC particle-to-particle and TiC particle-to-Al matrix, and structure of triple phase among TiC particle, Al₂Cu phase, and Al matrix were also studied. There are no detectable Al₃Ti phases in TiC_P/LY12 composites, and a strong cohesive interface between TiC particles and Al-based alloy matrix was observed in the in situ synthesized TiC_P/LY12 composites. After heat treatment using T6 procedure, it was found that ultimate strength (σ_b), yield strength (σ_s), and Young's modulus (E) of TiC_P/LY12 composites increased but the elongation ratio decreased with increasing of the mass fraction of TiC particles.     

Ti_2AlC-TiB_2对TiAl基复合材料组织及力学性能的影响

以Ti、Al和B4C为原料,采用真空电弧熔炼的方法制备了含Ti_2AlC-TiB_2增强相的TiAl基复合材料;分析了添加不同含量的Ti_2AlC-TiB_2对复合材料的物相组成、组织结构及力学性能的影响,并探讨了微观组织结构的形成机制。结果表明:Ti_2AlC-TiB_2/TiAl复合材料主要由TiAl、Ti3Al、TiB_2和Ti_2AlC等物相组成,TiB_2和Ti_2AlC分布在层片状的TiAl+Ti3Al基体中;随着原料中B4C含量的增多,复合材料组织中Ti_2AlC-TiB_2含量增多,且TiAl基体的晶粒被明显细化,TiB_2和Ti_2AlC分布于基体晶界或晶内。Ti_2AlC主要为层片状和板条状,尺寸5~15μm,而TiB_2颗粒形态与其含量有关,当Ti_2AlC-TiB_2含量小于20wt%时,TiB_2颗粒呈针棒状,尺寸为0.5~5μm,当Ti_2AlC-TiB_2含量增加到30wt%时,TiB_2颗粒主要呈块状,尺寸为5~20μm。Ti_2AlC由TiC与Ti-Al熔体发生包晶反应生成,Ti_2AlC和TiB_2的形成提高了Ti_2AlC-TiB_2/TiAl复合材料的硬度、塑性和抗压强度。当4Ti+Al+B4C的加入量为10wt%时,复合材料的变形量比纯TiAl提高14%,而抗压强度达到最高值1 591 MPa。Ti_2AlC和TiB_2通过裂纹偏转、颗粒钉扎、拔出等机制对Ti_2AlC-TiB_2/TiAl复合材料起到增强增塑的作用。     

微合金化对TiB2颗粒增强铝基复合材料微观组织和力学性能影响的研究进展

微量添加合金元素是改善铝基复合材料综合性能的有效方法,是基于电磁搅拌、超声振动等物理工艺,双峰结构、仿生层状材料等制备技术之外改善增强相/基体界面结构、调控强度-韧性力学性能的一种行之有效的低成本技术.近年来,合金元素在TiB2颗粒增强铝基复合材料中的研究备受关注,取得了一定的成果,对其作用机理的理解也向纳米层级甚至原子层级迈进.本文归纳了国内外微量添加合金元素对TiB2/Al复合材料中TiB2颗粒形貌、微观组织、力学性能的一系列最新进展,阐述了微合金化机制,并展望了其在调控复合材料裂纹萌生与扩展、发挥微纳尺度本征力学性能、协调材料强度和韧性矛盾中的潜在价值,以期为制备高性能铝基复合材料提供借鉴和参考.     

铝基材料TIG焊填充材料对接头组织性能的影响

采用TIG焊方法焊接铝基复合材料,讨论了填充材料钛对焊缝综合性能的影响及填充材料的厚度与焊缝中生成物之间的关系.研究表明:填充材料的加入,提高了熔池的流动性,使得焊缝中的孔洞、未熔合明显减少;在高温下钛优先与增强颗粒SiC发生原位反应,从而抑制了有害相Al4C3,的生成,而且生成的TiC颗粒在焊缝中起增强作用;接头的机械性能与填充材料的厚度有着密切关系,填充材料的厚度过小,抑制有害反应的作用减弱,填充材料的厚度过大,则焊缝的脆性增大,本实验条件下填充材料厚度为0.45mm时获得最佳接头.     

Effects of volume ratio on the microstructure and mechanical properties of particle reinforced magnesium matrix composite

In the present study, the AZ91 alloy reinforced by (submicron + micron) SiCp with four kind volume ratio was fabricated by the semisolid stirring casting technology. The influence of volume ratio between submicron and micron SiCp on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg matrix was investigated. Results show that the submicron SiCp is more conducive to grain refinement as compared with micron SiCp. With the increase of volume ratio, the submicron particle dense regions increase and the average grain size decreases. The yield strength of bimodal size SiCp/AZ91 composite is higher than monolithic micron SiCp/AZ91composite. Both Δσ_Hall–Petch and Δσ_CTE increase as the volume ratio changes from 0:10, 0.5:9.5, 1:9 to 1.5:8.5. Among the composite with different volume ratio, the S-1.5 + 10-8.5 composite has the best mechanical properties. The interface debonding is found at the interface of micron SiCp-Mg. As the increase of volume ratio, the phenomenon of interface debonding weakens and the amount of dimples increases.     

Wear behaviour of aluminium matrix TiB2 composite prepared by in situ processing

Abstract

The wear behaviour and microstructure of aluminium and Al-12Si alloy (A413) matrix composites containing 1 and 5 vol.-%TiB₂ particles have been investigated. The composites were prepared by an in situ reactive slag technique. The wear surfaces and wear products were studied after reciprocating and rolling - sliding tests. Wear resistance increased with increasing particle content, and the Al-12Si composites were more wear resistant than those with Al matrixes. The wear mechanisms are briefly discussed.