MAH/GMA共接枝聚乳酸对木粉/PLA复合材料性能的影响

采用熔融接枝法分别制备马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯接枝聚乳酸和马来酸酐/甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共接枝聚乳酸,并利用红外光谱对接枝共聚物进行结构表征。分别以三种接枝共聚物为相容剂,采用注塑成型制备了木粉/PLA复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对复合材料的断面形貌进行微观分析,结果表明,加入不同接枝共聚物后木粉/PLA复合材料两相看不出明显相界面,界面相容性得到改善。对不同接枝共聚物制备的复合材料的力学性能、加工流动性能和动态流变性能测定的结果显示,加入MAH/GMA共接枝聚乳酸后的木粉/PLA复合材料和未添加相容剂的复合材料相比,拉伸强度和冲击强度分别提高了9.54%和7.23%,复合体系的平衡扭矩和剪切热提高,储能模量及复数黏度均增大。     

PP-g-Si与PP-g-MAH对PP/GF的增容机理比较

制备了硅烷接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-Si),研究了PP-g-Si作为PP/GF体系的界面相容剂对界面结合的影响,并与马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MAH)的增容机理进行了比较。结果表明,PP-g-Si的增容机理为PP-g-Si的甲硅烷基氧与玻纤表面氨基硅烷的氨基相互吸附生成了氢键,而PP-g-MAH的增容机理为PP-g-MAH的酸酐基团与氨基硅烷的氨基发生了化学键合。     

ABS高胶粉接枝马来酸酐及其对ABS/PET合金性能的影响

采用溶液法制备了丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丁二烯高胶粉(ABSHR)接枝马来酸酐(MAH),使用红外光谱表征了ABSHR接枝马来酸酐(ABSHR-g-MA)的结构;探究了MAH、BPO、ABSHR的用量及反应温度和反应时间对ABSHR-g-MA接枝率的影响,以及ABSHR-g-MA作为增容剂对ABS/PET合金性能的影响。结果表明:ABSHR-g-MA接枝率随着MAH和BPO用量的增加而增加,但添加量过高时,接枝率增加缓慢或有所降低;适当升高反应温度和延长反应时间有利于接枝反应的发生;ABSHR-g-MA作为ABS/PET合金增容剂,随着ABSHR-g-MA接枝率的增加缺口冲击强度和断裂伸长率明显增加,分别提高了127%和121%,而拉伸强度和弯曲强度稍有降低;同时随ABSHR-g-MA接枝率的增加合金的耐热性能提高,熔融流动速率有所降低。     

不同主链马来酸酐接枝物对PP/OMMT纳米复合材料增容效果的对比

用熔融插层法制备了聚丙烯/有机蒙脱土(PP/OMMT)系列复合材料,比较了两种马来酸酐接枝物(PP-g-MAH,POE-g-MAH)对体系的增容效果,同时,考察了OMMT含量对材料力学性能和线膨胀性能的影响。X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)测试结果表明,增容剂的加入能够使OMMT在基体中分散尺寸变小并产生更多的插层和剥离,其中,POE-g-MAH比PP-g-MAH的增容效果好。材料的力学性能受增容剂品种和OMMT含量的影响,PP-g-MAH的加入可在不降低材料韧性的同时使其刚性也得到提高,POE-g-MAH对体系有良好的增韧效果,但却使材料的拉伸强度下降。线膨胀系数测试结果显示,OMMT的加入使聚丙烯的线膨胀系数显著下降,并且PP-g-MAH增容体系较POE-g-MAH增容体系下降更加明显。     

The impact strength of fibre composites

Two models have been developed which predict the crack initiation energy, notched impact strength and unnotched impact strength of fibre composites. One is applicable to composites containing short fibres and the other to composites containing long fibres. Data obtained with randomly oriented short fibre composites were consistent with the one model. The other model has been verified using composites containing uniaxially oriented long fibres and long fibres oriented randomly in a plane. The success of the model demonstrates that the high notched impact strength with long fibres is due to the redistribution of stress away from the stress concentrating notch, the extra stress that can be held by the fibre relative to the matrix and the work required to pull fibres out of the matrix during crack propagation. The parameters which have been shown to control the fracture energy are composite modulus, fibre length, fibre volume fraction, effective fibre diameter, fibre tensile strength and the coefficient of friction during fibre pull-out from the matrix. The matrix toughness on the other hand usually has no effect at all for composites containing fibres randomly oriented in two dimensions and only a minor effect in exceptional cases. The shear strength of the fibre-matrix bond has only an indirect effect in that it controls the number of fibres which pull out rather than fracture.     

Impact properties of glass fibre/impact modifier/polypropylene hybrid composites

The impact properties of glass-fibre/impact-modifier/polypropylene (GF/IM/PP) hybrid composites were characterized using a number of impact test methods. For the IM/PP blends, the impact fracture toughness can be measured using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach. For the GF/IM/PP hybrids, due to their non-compliance with LEFM, the essential work of fracture approach was employed. The impact properties of the IM/PP blends increased with IM concentration, while that of the GF/IM/PP hybrids did not change very much with IM content. It was concluded that cavitation of the PP matrix around the IM particles was the major toughening mechanism in the IM/PP blends. However, in the GF/IM/PP hybrids, the toughening effect due to cavitation was suppressed due to the introduction of short glass fibres (15 vol%). It is believed that the local stress in the matrix was relieved by fibre/matrix debonding of the relatively weak fibre/matrix interface. Thus, the presence of the IM particles was rendered insignificant in the GF/IM/PP hybrids.     

SG增容PA6/sPS共混体系的形态结构与力学性能

采用一系列不同甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)含量的苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯共聚物(SG)增容尼龙6(PA6)/间规聚苯乙烯(sPS)(80/20)共混物,通过扫描电镜及拉伸实验考察了SG共聚物中GMA的含量对共混物形态结构及力学性能的影响。形态观察显示,SG共聚物可以有效地降低PA6/sPS共混物中分散相的尺寸,增加两相界面间的粘接力;SG共聚物中GMA的含量对其增容效果有较大影响,质量分数为5%左右时,SG共聚物对PA6/sPS共混物的增容效果最佳。拉伸实验结果表明,PA6/sPS共混物的拉伸强度及模量随着SG共聚物的加入而增加,但其断裂伸长率在较高SG含量时则有所下降。     

Microfibril reinforced polymer–polymer composites: Application of Tsai-Hill equation to PP/PET composites

In this paper an attempt has been made to check the extent of validity of the Tsai-Hill equation applied to polymer–polymer microfibril reinforced composites (MFCs), in which the reinforcing elements represent microfibrils with diameters around 1 μm and aspect ratios of approximately 100. For this purpose compression moulded plates of polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate: 70/30 by wt%) composites have been prepared and their structures are established by wide angle X-ray scattering and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The tensile tests of cut specimens at various angles ( with respect to the uniaxially aligned microfibrils) show the degree of agreement with Tsai-Hill predictions. The measured values are slightly higher than the calculated ones and this finding is explained by the higher aspect ratios of microfibrils, their more homogenous distribution and most importantly, by the better matrix/reinforcement adhesion in the case of MFCs as compared to the common composites. The fracture mechanism as determined from the SEM observations on the fracture surfaces is also discussed and a good agreement with the mechanical behaviour is found.     

马来酸酐/丙烯酸丁酯双单体接枝聚丙烯

采用熔融法进行马来酸酐(MAH)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)双单体接枝聚丙烯(PP)的研究。结果表明,在一定工艺条件下,仅添加一单体马来酸酐时,接枝率G在其加入量为4%(质量分数)时达到最大(0.65 mmol/g PP);马来酸酐添加量保持不变,接枝率随第二单体丙烯酸丁酯添加量增加而出现一极值(1.34 mmol/g PP),比一单体接枝聚丙烯的接枝率高出一倍,并高于文献值(0.36 mmol/g PP)。经红外光谱、热失重分析和差示扫描量热分析表明,马来酸酐、丙烯酸丁酯均与聚丙烯发生接枝反应,并且以短支链的形式连接在PP的主链上。     

Mechanical performance optimization through interface strength gradation in PP/glass fibre reinforced composites

A new design for thermoplastic composites based on the gradation of the interlaminar interface strength (IGIS) has been developed with the aim of coupling high impact resistance with high static properties. IGIS laminates have been prepared by properly alternating layers of woven fabric with layers of compatibilized or not compatibilized polymeric films. To prove the new concept, polypropylene (PP) and glass fibres woven fabrics have been used to prepare composites by using the film stacking technique. Maleated PP, able to compatibilize polypropylene with glass fibres, has been used to manage the interface strength layer by layer.The flexural and low-velocity impact characterizations have shown that the presence of the coupling agent in conventional composite structures (prepared with fully compatibilized polymeric layers) improves the static flexural properties through the strengthening of the matrix/fibre interface but considerably lowers the low velocity impact resistance of the composite, in terms of maximum load before fibre breakage and recovered energy after impact. The use of the IGIS design, that grade the interface strength through the laminate thickness, allows to prepare composites with both high flexural properties and high impact resistance, without affecting the balance and type of the reinforcement configuration.     

反应增容PA6/PBT共混体系聚集态结构与力学性能

通过熔融共混制备了SMA增容的PA6/PBT共混物,研究了增容剂对PA6/PBT共混体系聚集态结构及力学性能的影响。研究表明,SMA能有效地提高PA6/PBT共混体系两相间的相容性,降低分散相尺寸,使分散相分布均匀,同时有效地提高了共混体系的力学性能。通过对试样进行热处理,探讨了不同热处理温度对PA6/PBT共混合金力学性能的影响。结果表明,热处理能提高共混物的拉伸强度,但导致共混物的缺口冲击强度下降。     

橡纤混杂型PP/PET/MFC/HET原位成纤复合材料的形态结构和力学性能

采用扫描电镜观察、透射电镜观察、偏光显微镜观察、力学性能测试等方法,研究了橡纤混杂型PP/PET/MFC/HET原位成纤复合材料的微纤结构、断面形态和力学性能.结果表明:多功能增容剂MFC对体系起着反应性增容和橡胶增韧的双重功效,加入"适量"MFC,有利于形成精细化程度更高、承载能力更强的PET微纤;MFC、HET对复合材料断面形态的影响显著,断裂机理由典型的脆性断裂转变为韧性断裂;提高基体PP的熔体流动速率,复合材料力学性能的绝对值和相对于基体提高的幅度都增大,HFPP/PET/MFC/HET的NIIS、TYS和FM分别达到原料HFPP的3.49倍、99%和1.73倍,实现了PET微纤、MFC、HET的协同增强.     

Thermal and rheological properties of highly concentrated PET composites with ferrite nanoparticles

Ferrite nanoparticles were introduced into poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in a melt state at 270 °C upto 20 wt%, and the thermal and rheological properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The introduction of ferrite nanoparticles increased a little the crystallization temperature (T_c) of PET by ca. 3 °C, while it had little effect on the melting temperature (T_m). In addition, it increased both heat of crystallization (ΔH_c) and heat of fusion (ΔH_m) with ferrite content. PET nanocomposites with ferrite 5 wt% and above exhibited an increased thermal stability and a two-stage degradation. The dynamic viscosity of PET nanocomposites was increased with ferrite content. However, ferrite loading of 5 wt% and above produced a high degree of shear thinning leading to even lower viscosity in a high frequency range than that of pure PET. The nanocomposites gave a non-zero positive value of yield stress, which was notably increased particularly from 5 wt% loading. In the Cole–Cole plot, at contents 1 wt% and above, ferrite nanoparticles caused the deviation from the master curve and a reduced slope. In addition, the relaxation time was increased with ferrite content and an increasing degree was more notable at a lower frequency.     

Matrix morphology and fibre pull-out strength of T700/PPS and T700/PET thermoplastic composites

The main objective of this fundamental study was to investigate effects of processing conditions and resulting matrix morphology on interfacial bond strength of fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites. Using a hot stage microscope, single fibre pull-out samples were produced with T700S high strength carbon fibre and two semicrystalline thermoplastic matrices, polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), respectively. Processing temperatures and cooling histories were the major variables in sample preparation. The T700S fibre had no clear effect on the surrounding PPS and PET matrix morphology, as long as direct cooling at constant rates was selected. A transcrystalline phase around the fibres could be induced in the T700S/PPS system, if isothermal crystallization was carried out at 227°C. Fibre pull-out tests were conducted at room temperature and two basic failure paths were observed, i.e. debonding at the fibre-matrix interface and cohesive failure of the matrix close to the fibre surface. The results indicate that slow cooling rate and a resulting coarse spherulitic morphology around the fibres correlate with high interfacial shear strength. In fact somewhat higher strength values were obtained for samples with transcrystalline layers around the fibres.     

有机硅/可膨胀石墨复合阻燃PP/TPU共混物的研究

为分析有机硅(Si)/可膨胀石墨(EG)对聚丙烯/热塑性聚氨酯/(PP/TPU)共混物性能的影响,通过差示扫描量热(DSC)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)、锥形量热仪(CONE)等表征方法对复合材料体系的结晶行为、热稳定性能、燃烧行为及残炭形貌特征进行了研究.结果表明:EG是一种有效的阻燃剂,能显著提高材料的阻燃性能;Si的存在对PP/TPU/EG复合材料有促进结晶作用,熔点增加,耐热性能得以提高,但Si的添加对复合材料体系的阻燃性能有一定的抑制作用,表明Si与EG复配在阻燃PP/TPU共混物时在阻燃效果上具有反协同效应.     

反应挤出法制备马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸

采用反应挤出方法制备了聚乳酸(PLA)与马来酸酐(MAH)的接枝共聚物,研究了工艺条件和配方对产物接枝率和熔体流动速率的影响。结果表明,聚乳酸的接枝反应主要依赖于大分子侧链自由基进行,过高的螺杆转速或过高的挤出反应温度会引发聚乳酸的降解反应,不利于产物接枝率的提高;在适宜的反应条件下(马来酸酐含量2%,DCP含量0.35%,温度180℃,螺杆转速100 r/min),可以方便制得马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸产物(接枝率≥0.45%);SEM观察显示,马来酸酐接枝聚乳酸有效改善了PLA/淀粉共混材料的相容性。     

Dissolution Rate of Griseofulvin from Solid Dispersions with Poly(Vinylmethylether/Maleic Anhydride)

Abstract

A solid dispersion technique with poly(vinylmethylether/ maleic anhydride) (PVM/MA) and its half esters has been used to enhance griseofulvin dissolution.

A marked increase of the dissolution rate and solubility of griseofulvin contained in these solid dispersions was observed compared with that of drug alone and that of physical mixture with the carrier.

Differences in dissolution rates resulted from the molecular weight and the chemical structure of the carrier.

X-Ray powder diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wettability tests were employed to investigate the nature of the studied forms.     

Thermal conductivity of unidirectional copper matrix carbon fibre composites

The thermal conductivity of the unidirectional copper matrix–carbon fibre composite is characterised and analysed in directions parallel and transverse to the carbon fibre orientation. Unidirectional samples with different fibre content were produced by diffusion bonding of continuous copper-coated carbon fibre tows. The thermal diffusivity was measured in two main orientations to the fibre direction by the laser-flash technique. The longitudinal and transverse thermal conductivity was then calculated and results were compared with simple analytical models. Measurements revealed decreasing thermal conductivity as the fibre volume content in the composite increased and the transverse thermal conductivity of the unidirectional samples presented much lower values in comparison to the longitudinal one.