Ni基高温合金共格强化相平衡形状的能量分析

采用三维有限元方法计算了不同形状因子的γ’强化相在基体为γ相的Ni基高温合金中引起的弹性应变能密度,进而建立了以形状因子为变量的弹性应变能密度表达式。通过最小化γ’强化相引起的弹性应变能和界面能之和,得到了γ’强化相的平衡形状与其特征半径之间的函数关系。本文的分析很好地解释了文献报道的Ni基高温合金中γ’强化相形状演变的实验规律,结果表明:通过三维有限元法结合强化相粒子形状近似法计算模型,可以给出复杂情况下强化相粒子引起的弹性应变能密度的表达式,并有效地应用于材料共格相变的热力学研究。     

A model for evolution of shape changing precipitates in multicomponent systems

Recently the authors introduced a concept of shape factors to extend an already established model for the growth and coarsening kinetics of spherical precipitates in multicomponent multiphase environments to needle- and disc-shaped geometries. The geometry of the precipitates is kept in the original version of the concept to be self-similar with a given fixed aspect ratio. In the present treatment, the aspect ratios of individual precipitates are treated as independent evolving parameters. The evolution equations of each precipitate, described by its effective radius, mean chemical composition and the aspect ratio, are derived by application of the thermodynamic extremal principle. The driving force for the evolution of the aspect ratio of the precipitate stems from the anisotropic misfit strain of the precipitate and from the orientation dependence of the interface energy. The model is used for the simulation of the precipitation of Ti₃AlN and Ti₂AlN in Ti–Al–0.5 at.% N matrix.     

Dendrite coherency point of A357 alloys

The dendrite coherency point was determined for A357 alloys using double-thermocouples technique. The effects of the cooling rate and different treatments such as grain refinement, modification, and superheat on the dendrite coherency point were investigated. The results show that the increase of the cooling rate and refinement significantly postpones the coherency point of A357 alloys. The morphology of silicon phase is modified, which slightly leads to lower solid fraction （fs） at the coherency point. But the fs^coh value decreases after superheat treatment at 850 ℃ for 30 min. The grain size plays a decisive role in the fs^coh value ofA357 alloys. The smaller the grain size is, the more the fs^coh value increases, which is beneficial to improving the final property of this alloy, while the secondary dendrite arm spacing and modification have almost no influence on fs^coh.     

Effects of anisotropy on the equilibrium shape of nanoscale pores at grain boundaries

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to study the interaction between a faceted pore and an anisotropic grain boundary (GB). Nickel was chosen as a convenient model system. In order to establish the equilibrium crystal shape (ECS) of the pore, studies were also conducted on isolated pores. Isolated pores were found to be subject to the nucleation inhibition of equilibration that has been predicted by Rohrer et al. (J Am Ceram Soc 2000;83:214, 2001;84: 2099). This work shows that configurations close to the ECS can be obtained if supersaturation within a pore is artificially increased by adding mobile adatoms to the internal surfaces of the pores. In the case of pores located at GBs, the nucleation energy barriers to facet displacement are not present for facets in contact with the GB at the triple line, but may still persist for facets that have no contact with the GB. This problem can be overcome by approaching the equilibrium shape from different initial configurations. The configuration of the GB in the vicinity of the pore has been found to be essentially planar, indicating that GB puckering in the vicinity of anisotropic pores is not generally necessary. The present calculations show that incompatibilities between misoriented pore facets that meet at the triple line with the GB are easily accommodated by local atomic rearrangements at the disordered region of intersection with the GB.     

Simulation study on function mechanism of some precipitates in localized corrosion of Al alloys

The function mechanism of different types of aging precipitates in localized corrosion of Al alloys was studied. The function mechanism of the precipitates of θ (Al₂Cu) and η (MgZn₂) is validated. The precipitate of θ containing noble element Cu is cathodic to the alloy base, resulting in the anodic dissolution and corrosion of the alloy base at its adjacent periphery. The precipitate of η containing active element Mg is anodic to the alloy base, anodic dissolution and corrosion occur on its surface. Meanwhile, a localized corrosion mechanism conversion associated with the precipitate of T1 (Al₂CuLi) is advanced, which contains noble element Cu and active element Li simultaneously. The precipitate of T1 is anodic to the alloy base and corrosion occurs on its surface at the beginning. However, during its corrosion process, the preferential dissolution of Li and the enrichment of noble element Cu make its potential move to a positive direction. As a result, the corroded T1 precipitate becomes cathodic to the alloy base at a later stage, leading to the anodic dissolution and corrosion of the alloy base at its adjacent periphery.     

Mechanical alloying of the Fe-Pb system immiscible in the equilibrium state

X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to study the mechanical alloying of the Fe-Pb system, which is immiscible under equilibrium conditions, in a planetary ball mill by the example of an Fe(95)Pb(5) composition. The formation of a supersaturated bcc solid solution of Pb in α-Fe with a limiting concentration of 1.7 at. % Pb has been established. The most fraction of Pb in the mechanically alloyed samples was present as segregates at the boundaries of the nanocrystalline bcc phase. No dissolution of iron in lead has been observed. The mechanism of formation of the supersaturated solid solution includes sequential stages of the formation of a nanostructure in α-Fe, penetration of Pb along α-Fe grain boundaries and its segregation at the boundaries, and the saturation of α-Fe with lead.     

Predicting phase equilibrium,phase transformation,and microstructure evolution in titanium alloys

Phase transformation and microstructural evolution in commercial titanium alloys are extremely complex. Traditional models that characterize microstructural features by average values without capturing the anisotropy and spatially varying aspects may not be sufficient to quantitatively define the microstructure and hence to allow for establishing a robust microstructure-property relationship. This article discusses recent efforts in integrating thermodynamic modeling and phase-field simulation to develop computational tools for quantitative prediction of phase equilibrium and spatiotemporal evolution of microstructures during thermal processing that account explicitly for precipitate morphology, spatial arrangement, and anisotropy. The rendering of the predictive capabilities of the phase-field models as fast-acting design tools through the development of constitutive equations is also demonstrated. For more information, contact Y.-Z. Wang, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43221, USA; (614) 292-0682; fax (614) 292-1537; e-mail wang.363@osu.edu.     

Coherency and loss of coherency in lamellar Ti---Al

A grain of fully lamellar Ti---Al is modeled as a periodic multilayer which may contain any number of layers, each with different lattice parameters, different (isotropic) elastic constants and different thicknesses. Formulae are given for the coherence (plane) stress and strain tensors in any layer. The γ layers all have inplane shears and a biaxial tension whereas the ₂ layers have principally a biaxial compression. The coherence stresses expected in various forms of fully coherent Ti---Al are tabulated. Estimates are made of the lamellar thicknesses at which the material becomes semi- or partially- coherent and of the residual coherence stresses in these materials.     

Deforming nanoporous metal: Role of lattice coherency

Nanoporous metals prepared by alloy corrosion may assume the form of monolithic, millimeter-sized bodies containing around 10¹⁵ nanoscale ligaments per cubic millimeter. Here, we report on the fabrication and mechanical behavior of macroscopic, crack-free nanoporous gold samples which exhibit excellent ductility in compression tests. Their yield stress is significantly lower than that expected based on scaling laws or on previous nanoindentation experiments. Electron backscatter diffraction imaging reveals a polycrystalline microstructure with grains larger than 10 μm which acquire a subdomain structure during plastic flow, but remain otherwise intact. We highlight the action of lattice dislocations which can travel over distances much larger than the ligament size. This results in a collective deformation of the many ligaments in each grain. Remarkably, the dislocation cores are partly located in the pore channels. The results suggest a critical view of the conversion between indentation hardness and yield stress in previous work.     

Change of the equilibrium state of ferromagnetic MnBi by high magnetic fields

Differential thermal analysis was carried out for ferromagnetic material MnBi in the temperature range 300-773 K in magnetic fields up to 45 T to investigate the effect of high magnetic fields on its decomposition process and corresponding phase diagram. The decomposition temperature T_t (MnBi → Mn_1.08Bi + liquid Bi) increases from 632 K (at a zero field) to 714 K by applying a magnetic field of 45 T. Furthermore, the magnetocaloric effect of MnBi is observed in 11.5-45 T in the vicinity of 689 K, showing that a field-induced composition process occurs. The obtained results show that the equilibrium state of MnBi can be controlled by a high magnetic field.     

效应函数在冷轧机板形控制中的应用

板形控制中引入效应函数有助于更充分地发挥轧机的板形控制能力, 改善带钢的板形质量。本文建立了基于效应函数的冷轧机板形控制模型, 并根据应用场合的不同, 着重探讨了其实现具体应用的可能方式。     

筒形件多功能水平切边模

针对目前对无凸缘筒形件在车床上车削进行水平切边的高成本、低生产率的状况,设计了对不同尺寸的旋转体、非旋转体筒形件水平切边模。介绍了模具的结构、特点及工作过程。模具采用了凸轮槽导板、双弹顶装置,经生产实践证实,模具结构合理、通用性好、切边质量稳定、生产效率高、成本低,有很好的技术经济效益。     

Predicting steady state dilution in multipass hardfacing overlays - geometric approach

Abstract

A geometric model of steady state dilution in multipass hardfacing overlays deposited via self shielded flux cored arc welding is presented. In this model the steady state bead profile in cross-section and the shape of the fusion line are represented by parabolic functions. Without requiring empirical corrections, the model accurately predicts the steady state dilutions of eight high chromium white iron overlays that were each deposited on steel substrates under different welding conditions. Estimates for the surface smoothness of the overlay, or the peak to valley ripple, are also obtained from the model. Thus, the model provides the necessary information to predict the steady state composition and geometry of a multipass hardfacing overlay. Reference can then be made to studies relating composition and geometry to abrasive wear resistance in order to complete the link between the welding parameters used to deposit the overlay and its subsequent wear performance.     

Crystal structure of ultrathin lamellar precipitates

The crystal structure of lamellar precipitates formed in alloys 1213 (Al-Cu-Ag), V-1461 (Al-Cu-Li) and V-1469 (Al-Cu-Li-Ag) has been studied during age hardening. The experimental studies have been performed using transmission electron microscopy. The precipitates have {111} habits and thicknesses of several atomic planes. In diffraction patterns, these plates give a system of diffuse streaks. These ultrathin plates scatter electrons similar to two-dimensional crystal lattices. It is shown that thin plates of precipitates in alloys 1213, V-1461, and V-1469 give identical systems of diffuse streaks. The two-dimensional crystal lattices that give the system of these streaks have a hexagonal symmetry with the following orientation relationship: {ie481-1} and the lattice parameter a _f = 0.495 nm (there is no lattice parameter c _f for two-dimensional lattices). A sequence of the steps of reconstruction of the spatial structure of plane precipitates is proposed in terms of their thickness, structures of two-dimensional lattices, and type of precipitates (extrinsic or intrinsic). The influence of Ag on the structure of lamellar precipitates in the V-1469 alloy is discussed.     

Erbium and ytterbium solubilities and diffusivities in aluminum as determined by nanoscale characterization of precipitates

Binary aluminum alloys with 0.03–0.06 at.% RE (RE = Yb or Er) were aged to produce coherent, nanosize Al₃RE precipitates in an α-Al matrix. The temporal evolution of precipitate radii and matrix concentrations at 300 °C were measured by transmission electron microscopy and local-electrode atom-probe tomography, respectively. The temporal dependence of the matrix concentration of each RE was utilized to determine its solubility in Al. The solubility and the coarsening rate constants were used to determine the diffusivity of each RE in α-Al and the α-Al/Al₃RE interfacial free energies at 300 °C. When compared to Sc, both Yb and Er exhibited smaller solubilities but larger diffusivities in α-Al and larger α-Al/Al₃RE interfacial energies.     

熔体处理对A357合金枝晶搭接点的影响

采用双热电偶法分别测得不同熔体处理A357合金的枝晶搭接点，进而通过热分析法分别计算出枝晶搭接点的固相体积分数fs^coh。结果表明，冷却速率和晶粒细化处理对fs^coh的增大有较大影响；而变质剂（Sr）对fs^coh值的影响不明显。分析表明，冷却速率的提高以及晶粒细化剂的加入细化了晶粒和延缓枝晶的生长，从而提高fs^coh，而Sr的加入只改变Si的形态，对fs^coh的影响不大。     

合成超细CaCO_3的非稳态碳化反应特征和颗粒形态

在合成超微细CaCO3 的非稳态体系中 ,跟踪测定了Ca(OH) 2 悬浮液在有添加剂Na5P3 O10 存在时的碳化过程。研究表明 ,在Ca(OH) 2 悬浮液中加入 (0 .380 4～ 1.5 2 2 )× 10 -4 mol/LNa5P3 O10 就足以抑制Ca(OH) 2 碳化反应的进行。随着溶液中Na5P3 O10 浓度的增加 ,碳化反应速度减小。Ca(OH) 2 的碳化过程可分为两个阶段 ,即反应初期的恒速反应阶段和反应末期的变速反应阶段。     

Cu-Ni-Si合金析出物对再结晶的影响

通过分析时效期间Cu-Ni-Si合金显微硬度、导电率以及微观组织的变化,研究了析出相和再结晶行为的相互作用.结果表明,时效初期析出相对随后的再结晶过程具有强烈阻碍作用.在450、550℃较低温度时效时,合金发生原位再结晶,析出相在其体积分数略微升高或不变的情况下发生粗化;导电率上升趋势为先快后慢并趋于稳定,因而其变化曲线上无峰值出现;显微硬度则由于时效后期析出颗粒粗化,析出强化效果降低而出现峰值.在750℃高温时效时,合金发生不连续再结晶,析出相则在体积分数略有降低的情况下发生粗化;导电率先快速上升后缓慢下降因而出现峰值;而显微硬度由于析出物迅速粗化而一开始就表现为持续下降.

Abstract：

By analyzing the change of microhardness, electric conductivity and microstructure of Cu-Ni-Si ahoy during aging, the interaction between precipitated phase and recrystallization was studied. Results show that precipitates phase in early aging stage can strongly prevent recrystallization. When aging at 450℃ and 550℃, recrystallization in site occurred,and precipitates phase grew with no significant change of its volume fraction. Electric conductivity monotonously increased and microhardness increased first to a maximum value and then decreased for the alloy with increasing aging time. When aging at 750 ℃, discontinuous recrystallization occurred,and precipitates phase with slightly decreasing of its volume fraction as aging time increased. However, a peak in curve of electric conductivity vs. aging time is observed and microhardness decreased continuously for the alloy with increase of aging time.