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采用光照内环流反应器,研究了邻、对氯甲苯分别侧链光氯化制备对、邻氯氯苄,对、邻氯苄叉二氯,对、邻氯三氯甲苯,考察了氯气流量、温度对光氯化反应的影响,实测了各组分质量分数随时间的变化关系,得到了各组分的最高质量分数与时间的对应关系,得出了制备各产物的适宜工艺条件.通过对对、邻氯甲苯光氯化的比较,发现邻氯氯苄的最高质量分数稍高于对氯氯苄的最高质量分数,140℃时分别达72.2%和69.2%,邻氯苄叉二氯的最高质量分数显著高于对氯苄叉二氯的最高质量分数,140℃时分别达88.5%和74.2%.经过充分氯化,对、邻氯三氯甲苯质量分数均能达到99%以上. 相似文献
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本文研究了多种氯代有机物在铁、铜双金属体系中的还原脱氯处理效果,着重分析了氯代有机物在还原脱氯处理中的机理问题,探讨了还原脱氯反应的基本原理、还原脱氯反应中pH值的变化以及有机物结构性质对还原脱氯反应的影响。 相似文献
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综述了钴基费托合成催化剂的失活机理、催化剂再生工艺及如何延长催化剂寿命的研究进展,通过分析催化剂失活原因,认为中毒、Co颗粒烧结、积炭、氧化、固相反应、晶相重构、表面阻塞和催化剂磨损等因素造成催化剂不同程度失活,其中积炭和Co颗粒烧结是催化剂失活的最主要原因,延长催化剂寿命的关键是提高催化剂的抗烧结能力和抑制积炭生成。增强活性金属Co和载体间的相互作用,保持Co晶粒分布均一或采用包覆、限域等策略可提高催化剂的抗烧结能力,通过添加助剂、调整氢碳比和空速等工艺参数亦可抑制积炭的生成。采用氢处理、脱蜡-氧化-还原和脱蜡-氧化-溶液处理-还原等工艺可实现催化剂的再生,对催化剂进行再生时要结合催化剂失活的主要原因,选择合适的再生工艺来最大限度地恢复催化剂活性。今后,提高催化剂的稳定性以及开发催化剂再生工艺技术路线是提高钴基费托合成技术竞争力的关键。 相似文献
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The primary sex pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), was found to include a series of straight-chain hydrocarbon dienes, all with the double bonds in the 9 and 19 positions and all with the (Z, Z) configuration. The major components, of 29, 31, 33, 35, and 37 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In the field and the greenhouse, the synthetic dienes were far above control levels in activity but, at least during the first hours of bioassay, were somewhat less active than the female-derived materials on a weight basis. In the field, a mixture of all five synthetic dienes, in the proportions found in the females, was more attractive than any single one, on a mole basis. In addition, (Z, Z)-9,19 dienes of 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 39 carbons have been detected in females in minor amounts. The first five were bioassayed, and each was found to be similar in activity to the 35-carbon component when compared on a weight basis. The synthetic dienes, while active by themselves, were strongly synergized by two, more polar, Florisil fractions derived from females. Experimental design considerations are discussed. 相似文献
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纳米材料被誉为21世纪的新材料,广泛应用于化工、电子、国防、陶瓷等领域.传统的纳米材料制备方法面临粒径控制较困难、批次间重复性差,存在放大效应等不足.过程强化技术是化学工程学科的研究前沿和热点方向之一,旨在通过在生产过程中采用新工艺、新设备等手段,实现缩减操作单元、减小设备体积、提高生产能力及能量利用效率的目的,是实现... 相似文献
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以中低温煤焦油轻油和重油为实验原料,采用常压蒸馏获得170~200℃、200~240℃、240~270℃、270~300℃、300~320℃、320~340℃、340~360℃和360~390℃煤焦油馏分油;利用配有油品加氧制冷进样系统的ICP-OES测定了21种微量元素在馏分油中的含量,考察了不同馏分油中元素的分布情况。研究表明:在原煤焦油中,未发现Ag、Mg、Mo、Na、Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr及Ti元素,含量较高的元素有Sn、P、Al、Pb、Si,其中Sn元素在轻油和重油中的含量分别为11.78μg/g和14.04μg/g;在所有馏分油中,未发现Al、Mo、Fe、Mn、Cr及Ti元素,含量比较高的元素有Si、Sn、Na、Zn、Pb,特别是Si、Na、Sn、Zn、Ni、Pb及B元素可以有效富集于馏分油中。可能的原因是Ca、Fe、Mg、Al等金属以不同的盐类形态存在,在煤焦油脱水及<170℃蒸馏过程中,这些金属盐类会被部分带出,导致其在馏分油中的含量未富集或未检出;通过关联金属元素在馏分油中的分布与其组成的关系,馏分油中元素的分布可能与酚类化合物、杂环化合物和蒸馏温度等相关。酚类化合物及杂环化合物可能与Ag、B、Cu、Mo、Sn、Na、Zn、Ca、Pb等金属形成络合物或卟啉配合物,蒸馏温度一方面可以破坏Sn、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Ca、Pb等元素在馏分油中的结合力,另一方面也可以促进这些元素与馏分油中的含氧、含氮等化合物更好地发生化合反应,进而影响金属元素在馏分油中的含量分布。 相似文献
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Aggregation pheromone system of adult gregarious desert locust schistocerca gregaria (forskal) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Baldwyn Torto Daniel Obeng-Ofori Peter G. N. Njagi Ahmed Hassanali Habert Amiani 《Journal of chemical ecology》1994,20(7):1749-1762
Six electrophysiologically active aromatic compounds, viz., anisole, benzaldehyde, veratrole, guaiacol, phenylacetonitrile, and phenol, were identified in the volatiles of older-adult male desert locust. Young adults and females of all age groups produced none or only trace quantities of these compounds. Comparison of the aggregation responses of young and older adults to the crude, older-adult, volatile extract and different synthetic blends of the six compounds showed that the aggregation pheromone system of the adult gregarious locust consists of phenylacetonitrile, guaiacol, phenol, and benzaldehyde. Like the crude volatile extract of older males, neither the synthetic blend of the six compounds nor the adult pheromone blend evoked any significant aggregation responses from nymphs. These results confirm our previous report of sexual differentiation in the production of adult aggregation pheromone in the desert locust and of the evidence of two distinct aggregation pheromone systems in the two stages of the insect. 相似文献
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A wide variety of solid bases, including alkali-exchanged zeolites X, Y, L and β, and alkali-impregnated carbon and magnesia, were tested as catalysts for the side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol to form styrene and ethylbenzene. In addition, the effects of adding Group IIIA elements (B, Al, Ga, In) to the catalysts were examined. At 680 K and atmospheric pressure, the major reaction products were styrene, ethylbenzene, and carbon monoxide. Cesium-exchanged zeolite X was the most effective alkali-containing catalyst for the alkylation reaction. Of the Group IIIA additives that were tested, only boron promoted the alkylation reaction. The primary effect of adding boron was to reduce the decomposition of methanol to carbon monoxide. Apparently, boron selectively modifies the sites associated with methanol decomposition without inhibiting the sites active for alkylation. A borated Cs—carbon sample also catalyzed the alkylation reaction, demonstrating that a zeolite framework is not necessary to form the active site. Microporosity seems to play an important role in these catalysts since both the alkali-modified carbons and the zeolites are microporous. 相似文献
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为揭示混凝土在干湿循环作用下的劣化机理,本文对不同强度等级的混凝土进行干湿循环试验,并在试验过程中测定混凝土的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、超声波速、孔隙率等物理量,探究了干湿循环作用对混凝土物理力学性能的影响,并从微观尺度上分析了混凝土强度与孔结构的关系。结果表明:混凝土的强度随干湿循环次数的增加先升高后降低,干湿循环40次后,C20、C30、C40、C50混凝土的相对抗压强度分别下降了13.33%、12.47%、8.45%、6.58%,相对劈裂抗拉强度分别下降了25.93%、23.06%、20.59%、19.03%,相对劈裂抗拉强度较抗压强度衰减更为显著;超声波速和超声波幅表现出不同的变化规律,随着干湿循环次数的增加,超声波速先略有增加而后减小,超声波幅则不断增大;在干湿交替的环境中,混凝土试样的孔隙率、孔隙总体积、平均孔径、中值孔径、最可几孔径随着干湿循环次数的增多,先减小后增大,最终表现出孔径粗化特征,这也是混凝土强度后期损失的内在原因。 相似文献
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如何低成本绿色高效回收转炉冶炼钒渣中的钒资源是保证我国钒产业可持续发展的重要举措。本文在分析转炉钒渣成分及物相特征的基础上,系统总结了国内外主要钒制品生产企业提钒工艺研究现状,以钠化焙烧-水浸、钙化焙烧-酸浸等现行工艺和微波焙烧、超重力选择性分离、微生物冶金等新型工艺为例,阐述了不同工艺提钒过程的原理、优点及存在的问题。文章指出:随着全球碳中和目标的推进,未来转炉钒渣提钒新工艺的开发应更加注重解决现行技术存在的资源环境问题,如含盐废水产生量大、含铵芒硝难处理、提钒尾渣钠高难利用等问题;同时,提钒新技术的开发也应加大基础热力学数据库和有价金属微观迁移动力学模型的建立,充分结合微波、超重力、超声波等非常规冶金技术的优点,实现污染的源头削减,兼顾提钒废液和尾渣中其他有价金属的循环高值利用,促进转炉钒渣提钒新工艺朝着绿色化、低成本、短流程、高收率的方向发展。 相似文献