Preparation and adsorption performance of multi-morphology H1.6Mn1.6O4 for lithium extraction

In this paper, a lithium-ion sieve(LIS) with different morphologies, such as rod-like(LIS-R), spherical(LIS-S),flower-like(LIS-F), and three-dimensional macroporous-mesoporous(LIS-3D), was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, solid reaction, and hard-template synthesis. The results showed that the LIS with different morphologies presented great differences in specific surface area, pore volume, adsorption selectivity, and structure stability. LIS-3D with highest specific surface area and pore volume displayed the maximum adsorption capacity and adsorption rate, but the stability of LIS-3D was poor because of the manganese dissolution. By comparison, LIS-S has the best structural stability while maintaining a satisfactory adsorption capacity(35.02 mg·g~(-1)) and adsorption rate. The LIS-S remained about 90% of the original adsorption capacity after five cycles of adsorption–desorption process. In addition, in the simulated brine system(the magnesium to lithium ratio of 400), the LIS-S exhibited the highest selectivity(α_(Mg)~(Li)) of 425.14. In sum, the LIS-S with good morphology is a potential adsorbent for lithium extraction from brine.     

氨改性的介孔二氧化硅的直接合成和CO2吸附

Amine-functionalized mesoporous silica was prepared by using lauric acid and N-stearoyl-l-glutamic acid as structure directing agents via the SN+-I mechanism and applied to CO2 adsorption at room temperature. With γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as co-structure directing agent and due to the direct electrostatic interaction with anionic surfactant, most of the amino groups were uniformly distributed at the inner surface of pores and the performance was stable. The amine-functionalized mesoporous silica was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption and thermogravimetric analysis. The CO2 adsorption capacity was measured by digital recording balance. At the room temperature and under the atmospheric pres-sure, the adsorption capacity of LAA-AMS-0.2 for CO2 and N2 is 1.40 mmol•g1 and 0.03 mmol•g1, respectively, indicating high separation coefficient of CO2/N2.     

Adsorption Refrigeration Performance of Shaped MIL-101-Water Working Pair

A new metal-organic framework of MIL-101 was synthesized by hydrothermal method and the powder prepared was pressed into a desired shape. The effects of molding on specific surface area and pore structure were investigated using a nitrogen adsorption method. The water adsorption isotherms were obtained by high vacuum gravimetric method, the desorption temperature of water on shaped MIL-101 was measured by thermo gravimetric analyzer, and the adsorption refrigeration performance of shaped MIL-101-water working pair was studied on the simulation device of adsorption refrigeration cycle system. The results indicate that an apparent hysteresis loop ap-pears in the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms when the forming pressure is 10 MPa. The equilibrium ad-sorption capacity of water is up to 0.95 kg·kg^-1 at the forming pressure of 3 MPa （MIL-101-3）. The desorption peak temperature of water on MIL-101-3 is 82℃, which is 7 ℃ lower than that of silica gel, and the desorption temperature is no more than 100 ℃. At the evaporation temperature of 10 ℃, the refrigeration capacity of MIL-101-3-water is 1059 kJ·kg^-1, which is 2.24 times higher than that of silica gel-water working pair. Thus MIL-101-water working pair presents an excellent adsorption refrigeration performance.     

活性白土对模拟油脂中β-胡萝卜素和叶绿素的吸附动力学研究

The textural properties of acid-activated bentonite (AAB), which were prepared using four different concentrations of sulfuric acid, were analyzed by adsorption-desorption isotherm of nitrogen using an automated specific surface area and porosity analyzer. The total pore volume, specific surface area and average pore diameter of these four kinds of AAB show a regular changing trend, increasing first and then decreasing, the optimum of which can be achieved at a sulfuric acid concentration of 25% (sample A25). The kinetic analysis of the adsorption ofβ-carotene and chlorophyll in model oil solutions, namely, xylene and edible oil solution, has been investigated by using AAB. Experimental results indicated that the adsorption data fit the pseudo-second-order model well. The whole adsorption process of the two pigments on AAB was divided basically into two parts the initial adsorption of pigments was rapid in the first 10 min, followed by a slower adsorption process till equilibrium was attained at 60 min. In addition, the amount and rate of adsorption on A25 increase synchronously with the initial pigment concen-tration and temperature. The results showed that the adsorption kinetics behavior of AAB with respect to the pig- ments is not influence by the xylene and edible oil solution.     

生物活性泡沫乳液反应器处理被苯、甲苯、二甲苯污染的空气

A novel bioactive foam emulsion bioreactor for benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) contaminated air streams treatment has been developed. The gas-liquid interfacial area by biocompatible foam and driving force for mass transfer by a water immiscible organic phase were increased in this reactor. The effect of several parameters such as gas residence time, oxygen content, and organic phase concentration on bioreactor performance was studied. Experimental results showed an average elimination capacity (EC) of 220 g&;#8226;m－3&;#8226;h－1 with removal efficiency (RE) of 89.59% for BTX inlet concentration of 1 g&;#8226;m－3 at 15 s gas residence time in the bioreactor. The statistical developed model predicted that the maximum elimination capacity of the reactor for BTX could be reached to 423.45 g&;#8226;m－3&;#8226;h－1. Continues operation of the bioreactor with high EC and RE was demonstrated by optimizing the operational parameters of the bioreactor. Overall the results suggest that the bioreactor developed can be very effective systems to treat BTX vapors.     

硝酸浓度对橄榄石基活性炭特性的影响(英文)

In this work we investigated the effect of nitric acid concentration on the pore structure, surface chemistry and liquid phase adsorption of olive stone based activated carbon prepared by mixing process using phosphoric acid and steam as activating agents. Chemicals and textural characterization show that the increase of HNO3 concentration increases considerably the total acidic groups but decreases specific surface area and pore volume. The study of adsorption in aqueous solutions of two organics, phenol and methylene blue, on raw and oxidized activated carbon indicates that the treatment of mixed activated carbon with different concentrations of nitric acid improves the adsorbent capacity for methylene blue at HNO3 concentrations less or equal to 2 mol·L 1, while it has a negative effect on phenol adsorption.     

Adsorption removal of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol from wastewater by metal–organic framework Cr-BDC

In the present paper, a metal–organic framework Cr-BDC was prepared and used as adsorbent for adsorption of o-nitrophenol(ONP) and p-nitrophenol(PNP) from aqueous solutions. Cr-BDC was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and BET methods. The results indicate that Cr-BDC gets a very large specific surface area of 4128 m~2·g~(-1)and pore sizes are concentrated in 1 nm, which is a benefit for using for wastewater treatment. The influences of the adsorption conditions, such as temperature,solution concentration, adsorption time and reusability on adsorption performance were investigated. Cr-BDC exhibited an encouraging uptake capacity of 310.0 mg·g~(-1)for ONP, and adsorption capacity of Cr-BDC for ONP is significantly higher than that for PNP under suitable adsorption conditions. The characterizations of adsorption process were examined with the Lagergren pseudo-first-order, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the intra-particular diffusion model. Kinetics experiments indicated that the pseudo-second-order model displayed the best correlation with adsorption kinetics data. Furthermore, our adsorption equilibrium data could be better described by the Freundlich equation. The results indicate that the as-prepared Cr-BDC is promising for use as an effective and economical adsorbent for ONP removal.     

Superior adsorption performance of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets for both cationic and anionic heavy metals from wastewater

Water pollution caused by highly toxic Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cr(VI) is a serious problem. In the present work,a green and low-cost adsorbent of g-C_3N_4 nanosheets was developed with superior capacity for both cationic and anionic heavy metals. The adsorbent was easily fabricated through one-step calcination of guanidine hydrochloride with thickness less than 1.6 nm and specific surface area of 111.2 m~2·g~(-1). Kinetic and isotherm studies suggest that the adsorption is an endothermic chemisorption process, occurring on the energetically heterogeneous surface based on a hybrid mechanism of multilayer and monolayer adsorption. The tri-s-triazine units and surface N-containing groups of g-C_3N_4 nanosheets are proposed to be responsible for the adsorption process.Further study on pH demonstrates that electrostatic interaction plays an important role. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Cr(VI) on g-C_3N_4 nanosheets is 123.205 mg·g~(-1), 136.571 mg·g~(-1),and 684.451 mg·g~(-1), respectively. The better adsorption performance of the adsorbent than that of the recently reported nanomaterials and low-cost adsorbents proves its great application potential in the removal of heavy metal contaminants from wastewater. The present paper developed a promising adsorbent which will certainly find applications in wastewater treatment and also provides guiding significance in designing adsorption processes.     

MCM-36 zeolites tailored with acidic ionic liquid to regulate adsorption properties of isobutane and 1-butene☆

Adsorption properties of an adsorbent or a catalyst towards adsorbates are crucial in the process of adsorption separation or catalytic reaction. Surface morphology and structure of adsorbents have a significant impact on the adsorption properties. In this study, a novel acidic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-(triethoxysilylpropyl)imidazolium hydrogen sulfate(i.e., [BTPIm][HSO_4]), was synthesized and subsequently grafted onto the MCM-36 zeolite for the regulation of its adsorption properties towards isobutane and 1-butene. The resultant [BTPIm][HSO_4]-immobilized MCM-36(i.e., MCM-36-IL) was characterized by FT-IR, XPS, XRD, SEM, TG/DTG and N_2 adsorption–desorption measurement. It was found that the specific surface area, micropore volume and mesopore volume of the MCM-36 support underwent a reduction upon the immobilization of ionic liquid,while the surface density of acid increased from 0.0014 to 0.0035 mmol·m~(-2). The adsorption capacity of isobutane and 1-butene on the MCM-36-IL was determined by a static volumetric method. Results demonstrated that the interaction between isobutane and MCM-36-IL was enhanced and the interaction between 1-butene and MCM-36-IL was reduced. As a result, a tunable adsorption ratio of isobutane/1-butene on MCM-36 was achieved.With the increase in surface density of acid and the tunable adsorption ratio of isobutane and 1-butene on the functionalized MCM-36, the acidic ionic liquid-immobilized zeolites are beneficial to obtain an improved reaction yield and a prolonged catalyst life in the reactions catalyzed by solid acid.     

硫酸铁改性颗粒活性氧化铝除氟的等温线研究

The adsorption equilibrium of a fluoride solution on 1-2 mm granular activated alumina modified by Fe2(SO4)3 solution was investigated. The experiments were conducted using a wide range of initial fluoride concentrations (0.5 to 180 mg•L1 at pH ~7.0) and an adsorbent dose of 1.0 g•L1. The application of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models (linear and nonlinear forms) generally showed that a single Langmuir or Freundlich equation cannot fit the entire concentration gap. Experimental data on low equilibrium concentrations (0.1 to 5.0 mg•L1) was in line with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, whereas that of high equilibrium concentrations (5.0 to 150 mg•L1) was more in line with the Freundlich isotherm model. A new Langmuir- Freundlich function was used for the entire concentration gap, as well as for low and high concentrations.     

Zn-Al类水滑石磷吸附剂的制备及其吸附性能

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列Zn-Al类水滑石吸附剂,并考察了制备条件对其磷酸盐吸附性能的影响。结果表明,在制备温度为70℃、共沉淀剂为NaOH、陈化时间为6 h及焙烧温度为300℃时得到的Zn-Al类水滑石对城市污水处理厂污泥脱水液中磷酸盐的吸附效果最好,其饱和吸附容量达72.46 mg P·(g吸附剂)^-1。该吸附剂吸附水中磷的动力学拟合效果表现为假二级动力学方程>Elovich方程>假一级动力学方程。吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型。     

锌铝水滑石微米球的合成及吸附性能研究

采用多步法合成锌铝复合氧化物（LDO）与锌铝水滑石（LDHs）,通过XRD、SEM、TEM、N2吸附等对合成的试样进行了表征;研究了甲基橙（MO）在LDO及LDHs上的吸附性能,考察了pH值和温度对吸附性能的影响,并结合红外光谱和XRD对吸附机理进行探讨.结果表明：所制备的LDO和LDHs呈空心球状,直径为3～5 μm,分散性较好,LDO比表面积高达210.2 m2/g;LDO对甲基橙具有优异的吸附性能,在25℃,初始pH=3的条件下,0.2 g/L LDO对100 mg/L甲基橙的吸附容量和去除率分别达497 mg/g和99.4％,其吸附等温线和吸附动力学分别符合Langmuir方程和准二级速率方程.     

ZnAlLa类水滑石对污泥脱水液中磷酸根的吸附

通过共沉淀法合成了ZnAlLa三元类水滑石,并考察了其结构特征和对磷酸根的吸附性能。结果表明,在保持类水滑石层状结构的条件下,La的适量掺杂可增强吸附剂对磷酸根的吸附。当Zn∶Al∶La摩尔比为2.00∶0.90∶0.10时,ZnAlLa类水滑石在24h内对污泥脱水液中磷酸根的吸附量为35.15mgP.g-1,比无La时的吸附量提高了41.9%。300℃焙烧处理后,ZnAlLa样品转化为亚稳态的复合金属氧化物,同时比表面积明显增加,其磷酸根吸附量约为焙烧前的1.48倍。ZnAlLa对磷酸根的吸附在pH变化及竞争离子存在时表现出较强的稳定性。该吸附剂对污泥脱水液中磷酸根的吸附符合假二级吸附动力学;吸附等温线表现为Langmuir型。     

锌铝水滑石的控制合成及吸附性能研究

采用简单的水热法和均匀共沉淀法合成了不同形貌的锌铝水滑石（Zn Al-LDHs）,通过XRD、SEM、N2吸附等对合成的试样进行了表征;研究了甲基橙在Zn Al-LDHs上的吸附性能,考察了酸碱度和温度等对其吸附性能的影响。结果表明：采用水热法,添加乙二醇可合成出海胆状Zn Al-LDHs,添加乙醇可合成出花状Zn Al-LDHs;采用均匀共沉淀法可合成出片状Zn Al-LDHs。其中海胆状Zn Al-LDHs的比表面积最高,达147.3 m2/g,对甲基橙具有优异的吸附性能。在25℃,初始p H=3的条件下,0.2 g/L海胆状Zn Al-LDHs对100 mg/L甲基橙的吸附容量和去除率分别达368 mg/g和73.65%,其吸附动力学和吸附等温线分别符合准二级速率方程和Langmuir方程。     

去除水中腐殖酸的磁性焙烧态类水滑石制备与表征

采用共沉淀法一步合成系列类水滑石负载磁性粒子的颗粒,经煅烧得到磁性焙烧产物.利用焙烧产物吸附水中腐殖酸,得到磁性焙烧态锌铝类水滑石去除腐殖酸效果较好.考察了磁性焙烧态锌铝类水滑石制备条件对腐殖酸去除效果的影响,通过正交试验优化了制备条件.静态吸附实验表明:吸附剂投加量0.2 g/L, 30 min内20 mg/L腐殖酸去除率为97.96%.X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重-差热(TG-DSC)和比表面积(SSA)表征结果表明:一定量的磁性基质掺入并没有破坏锌铝类水滑石典型的层状结构;焙烧态产物为氧化物,磁性保持良好;比表面积达80.00 m2/g.磁性焙烧态锌铝类水滑石在水中因"记忆效应"而结构重建通过表面吸附和腐殖酸结构中小尺寸的官能团插层快速去除腐殖酸.     

热改性层状双氢氧化物吸附除Cr(Ⅵ)性能

通过共沉淀法制备得到镁铝层状双氢氧化物(LDHs), 并在450℃高温下进行热改性处理(即C-LDHs)。系统性比较了上述两种材料除Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学及等温线模型, 并考察温度、pH、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度等重要因素对吸附效果的影响。使用XRD、SEM、FT-IR和TG-DTG等对两种吸附材料进行了表面特性表征。结果表明, 热改性后C-LDHs的表面性质发生了巨大变化。但其吸附过程仍符合Langmuir吸附等温式。C-LDHs对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量为105.26 mg·g^-1, 远大于LDHs的吸附量(20.66 mg·g^-1)。本文结果表明, 对层状双氢氧化物进行经济方便的热改性可大幅度增强其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能, 对层状双氢氧化物的工业化应用具有重要的参考价值。     

Comparison of different synthesis routes for Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (LDH): Characterization of the structural phases and anion exchange properties

Nitrate forms of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized based on the co-precipitation method under different synthesis conditions (aqueous ammonia solution or potassium hydroxide to control the pH of the solution; magnesium to aluminium ratios of 2:1 and 5:1). In a second step the lab procedure was up-scaled to pilot plant scale. The effects of the synthesis conditions on the structural and textural properties as well as on the anion exchange of the LDH products were investigated using different methods to evaluate the suitability as a soil conditioner. Using a Mg:Al ratio of 2:1 resulted in higher basal spacings compared to a Mg:Al ratio of 5:1, while the type of pH-controlling solution had no effect. Based on nitrogen adsorption isotherms the specific surface area of pores was calculated. The highest values for specific surface areas were found for LDHs synthesized using KOH at a Mg:Al ratio of 5:1. These products had a lower total nitrate adsorption capacity compared to LDHs synthesized at a lower Mg:Al ratio. However, nitrate exchangeability by counter anions for LDHs synthesized using KOH at a Mg:Al ratio 5:1 differed significantly (HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻) indicating that these LDHs are preferable under a multi-anionic environment like the soil solution.     

羧酸改性HKUST-1提高甲烷吸附容量

为提高吸附材料对甲烷的吸附容量,采用溶剂热法合成了金属有机骨架材料HKUST-1,并进行了改性研究。HKUST-1的优化合成工艺条件为：原料摩尔比n（Cu（NO₃）₂·3H₂O）：n（H₃BTC）：n（DMF）：n（C₂H₅OH）：n（H₂O）=1.7：1：46：60：100,晶化温度为80℃,晶化时间24 h。合成HKUST-1在25℃、3.5 MPa下的甲烷吸附容量为11.9 mmol/g。乙酸改性HKUST-1可以提高甲烷吸附容量,当反应母液中V_HAc/V_solvent=5.8%时,合成HAc-HK-1（5.8%）的甲烷吸附容量达到12.6 mmol/g。分子模拟结果表明,加入乙酸可以调控HKUST-1晶体孔道结构,增大比表面积和孔容,提高甲烷吸附容量。     

组合处理工艺下硅藻土微观组织演变及孔隙结构变化

将硅藻土制成硅藻土/分子筛复合材料,其比表面积和吸附能力将显著提高。本文利用水洗-烧结-酸性水热系列组合处理工艺制备硅藻土/磷酸铝分子筛复合材料,同时验证外加铝源形成磷酸铝分子筛的可行性,探讨高品质硅藻土形成时的微观组织演变行为及孔隙结构变化规律。结果表明:硅藻土的孔隙结构包括大孔、介孔和少量的微孔结构,水洗处理仅有物理提纯作用;500 ℃烧结可以疏通硅藻土壳体的孔洞,但烧结温度过高会导致管状结构的坍塌;酸性水热处理能够合成具有介孔结构的磷酸铝分子筛,而且随着外加铝源的加入,硅藻土/分子筛复合材料中磷酸铝分子筛含量增加,当外加铝源为硅藻土中铝含量的1.5倍时,其比表面积和吸附性能达到最大。     

氯霉素在活性炭上的吸附平衡与动力学

为去除水体中残留的氯霉素,采用生物相容性佳的活性炭作吸附剂,测定了25,30,35℃下氯霉素在自制活性炭上的吸附平衡与动力学,并与商用竹炭作对比。结果表明高比表面积活性炭是去除水体中残留氯霉素的高效吸附剂,活性炭的吸附容量随着吸附剂比表面积和孔容的增大而增大,但随温度从25,30到35℃升高而减小,自制高比表面积活性炭的吸附容量达到3种市售活性炭样品吸附容量的10倍以上;Freundlich吸附等温线方程可较好地描述氯霉素在活性炭上的吸附平衡,准二级方程是用来描述氯霉素在活性炭上吸附的合适动力学模型,并通过拟合得到了其动力学参数。随着温度的升高吸附容量逐渐减小。本研究为活性炭对水体中残留氯霉素的吸附处理提供了科学依据。