电石炉烟气余热回收双回路ORC系统性能分析

有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统在回收余热方面具有较大优势.本文采用双回路有机朗肯循环(DORC)系统回收电石炉烟气余热.对比了不同工质组合、不同循环结构下,高温循环的蒸发温度与冷凝温度对系统输出功率、效率和发电成本的影响.结果表明:与基础DORC相比,回热式DORC系统性能更佳,其中以甲醇与R123工质组合的系统净功率与效率最大,水作为高温循环工质在无回热的基础DORC系统中经济性优势明显.恒定热源条件下增大高温循环蒸发温度,对所有工质组合下同性能均有明显改善,增大高温循环冷凝温度则降低系统性能.     

内燃机缸套水余热有机朗肯循环发电系统设计与优化

以某分布式能源系统内燃机缸套水为余热为低温热源,设计了适用于该热源条件的有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电系统,使用Ebsilon软件模拟并分析了提升工质过热度对ORC系统性能、组件?效率及局部?损失率的影响,系统优化后,使系统?效率从39.50%提升至41.58%,系统净电效率从9.27%提升至9.77%。     

有机朗肯循环发电技术的余热利用研究进展

目前工业产生的余热量非常庞大,余热资源的合理利用必将对我国能源结构的改革起到很好的促进作用。有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电技术可以充分利用温度较低的余热资源,将热量转化为电能,是提高能源利用效率的有效途径之一。在研究大量文献资料的基础上,就余热利用以及相关的蒸发器性能等方面进行讨论。ORC具有结构简单、适用热源温度范围广、余热回收效率高等优点,ORC发电技术在节能减排进程中具有广阔的应用前景。     

低温过热有机朗肯循环工质筛选及参数优化

以低温烟气余热驱动的内回热有机朗肯(organic Rankine cycles,ORC)系统为例,分析系统净输出功、透平膨胀比、热效率、热回收率、损失、效率以及比净功等热力性能评价指标随蒸发温度和过热度的变化规律,确定系统最佳工质及最优蒸发温度和过热度。提出用预热系数、潜热系数、过热系数与内回热系数解释系统热效率随工质临界温度变化的原因。研究结果表明:随蒸发温度升高,系统净输出功先增大后减小,热回收率和总损减小,透平膨胀比、热效率和效率增大。适当过热对于ORC系统十分重要,不仅能降低透平膨胀比,提高系统运行稳定性,还可减小系统总损,提高系统效率,增大工质比净功。经对比发现,丁烷为适合该文所选热源的最佳工质,在蒸发温度为100℃、过热度为5℃工况下能取得最佳热力性能。     

车用柴油机有机朗肯循环余热回收系统性能计算研究

以某车用柴油机排气余热为研究对象,建立有机朗肯循环(ORC)余热回收系统热力学模型,分析主要设计参数包括对ORC余热回收系统性能有影响的蒸发压力、冷凝压力、蒸发器出口工质过热度、冷凝器出口工质过冷度等,通过自编程序计算研究了工质流量、系统热效率等系统性能参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:提高系统的蒸发压力,降低冷凝压力有利于提高系统的性能;对于R123工质,过热度增加对系统的性能影响不大,而对于乙醇工质,过热度增加有利于系统效率提高;冷凝器出口工质过冷度的增加给循环性能带来不利影响。     

低品位热能超临界有机朗肯循环发电特性分析

利用超临界有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电系统回收温度低于150℃的低品位热能,对超临界工况的3个关键问题:工质选择、加热过程和系统性能进行了分析.结果表明:对于适合超临界ORC发电系统的工质,临界温度相对较高的工质的系统循环热效率较高,膨胀机入口压力和冷凝压力较低,临界温度相对较低的工质的循环热效率较低,但能量利用率较高,膨胀机入口压力和冷凝压力较高;超临界加热器中较高的换热压力和较低的膨胀机入口温度能使热源与工质有更好的热匹配;在热源进口温度和最小换热温差的限制下,存在最佳膨胀机入口温度和膨胀机入口压力,使得系统循环热效率最高.     

抽汽_乏汽联合回热对低温蒸汽ORC系统热力性能影响

为充分回收矿藏热采过程中尾端的低温蒸汽余热,根据热力学第一、第二定律,在单独抽汽回热、单独乏汽回热系统的基础上,提出一种新型抽汽-乏汽联合回热系统,并建立以低温蒸汽为热源的抽汽-乏汽联合回热理论模型。通过编制计算程序分别对带抽汽回热的ORC循环、乏汽回热ORC循环以及联合回热ORC循环的热力学性能进行了分析,并与无回热ORC循环的性能进行了比较。结果表明:3种回热循环的热效率、净输出功以及火用效率均随蒸发压力升高而升高,其中联合回热循环的热力性能最高,分别能达到11.37%、7 593 kW及51.9%,比相同工况下的无回热ORC循环分别增高百分比为19.6%、12.5%及15.1%;对于单位功耗火用损,各循环则表现为随蒸发压力的升高而逐渐递减,且有联合回热循环的单位功耗火用损抽汽回热乏汽回热无回热ORC循环,在蒸发温度为105℃时,对应单位功耗火用损分别为0.91、0.95、1.06及1.22;同时,在相同抽汽压力下,联合回热循环的抽气系数α小于单独抽汽回热循环,工质质量流量基本相同,联合回热循环具有更好的热力性能。     

钢铁企业中低温烟气发电系统的比较和优化

为高效利用钢铁厂200～450℃烟气余热,利用EES软件模拟计算了水蒸气朗肯循环(SRC)4种有机朗肯循环(ORC)和水蒸气-有机物联合双循环(S-ORC)的热效率、火用效率和单位质量工质的发电能力。通过比较各发电系统的性能,探讨了低温发电系统的优化措施。为进一步利用ORC系统透平机乏汽余热,针对300℃以上的热源设计了梯级有机朗肯循环(CORC)。综合考虑各发电系统的性能,得出:对于200～300℃的烟气,可采用以R141b为工质的ORC发电系统;对于300～450℃的烟气,可采用CORC发电系统。由于S-ORC的热效率、火用效率、发电功率比传统SRC的高,且能有效减小工质在冷凝器的负压,对于450℃以上的热源,可用S-ORC代替传统的SRC。     

低温蒸汽_太阳能双热源ORC发电系统热力性能分析

为充分回收矿藏热采过程尾端低温蒸汽余热,提出一种通过利用太阳能热量补充预热器中热源显热以缩小换热温差的新型低温蒸汽-太阳能双热源ORC发电系统。根据热力学第一、第二定律,建立其热力学模型,编制计算程序并进行了热力性能分析及比较。计算结果表明:采用热源补助可有效减小换热温差,进而显著提升系统热力性能。当采用R245fa作为循环工质时,与基本的ORC系统相比,选择冷端温差较小的预热器可使双热源系统火用效率显著增加;在预热器冷端温差为30 K、两系统分别采用5种不同循环工质时,双热源ORC系统的热力性能均高于基本ORC系统,且以R236fa为工质的双热源ORC系统热力性能最佳。     

ORC发电系统变热源温度实验研究

为研究有机朗肯循环(ORC)热源温度变化引起的循环热效率、(火用)效率、发电效率等性能的变化情况,搭建以R245fa为循环工质的ORC发电系统实验平台。实验结果表明:热源温度的提高使循环蒸发压力、冷凝压力升高,膨胀机入口温度、压力升高,膨胀比增大,等熵效率提升,膨胀做功能力增强,系统循环热效率、(火用)效率、发电效率均增大;在冷源温度为12℃,工质流量保持恒定的情况下,热源温度从87.5℃上升至108.1℃时,循环热效率由4.1%提升到7.1%,系统(火用)效率由17.2%提升到30.0%,系统发电效率由4.1%提升到7.3%。     

A study of organic working fluids on system efficiency of an ORC using low-grade energy sources

Rankine cycles using organic fluids (as categorized into three groups: wet, dry, and isentropic fluids) as working fluids in converting low-grade energy are investigated in this study. The main purpose is to identify suitable working fluids which may yield high system efficiencies in an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system. Efficiencies of ORC systems are calculated based on an assumption that the inlet condition of the working fluid entering turbine is in saturated vapor phase. Parameters under investigation are turbine inlet temperature, turbine inlet pressure, condenser exit temperature, turbine exit quality, overall irrversibility, and system efficiency. The low-grade energy source can be obtained from a solar pond or/and an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system. Results indicate that wet fluids with very steep saturated vapor curves in T-s diagram have a better overall performance in energy conversion efficiencies than that of dry fluids. It can also be shown that all the working fluids have a similar behavior of the efficiency-condenser exit temperature relationship. Furthermore, an appropriate combination of solar energy and an ORC system with a higher turbine inlet temperature and a lower condenser temperature (as operated deeply under sea level) would provide an economically feasible and environment-friendly renewable energy conversion system.     

Solar Powered Cascading Cogeneration Cycle with ORC and Adsorption Technology for Electricity and Refrigeration

As a renewable source, solar energy has received more and more attention in recent years. Solar energy can readily provide heat efficiently within the temperature range of 70–100°C. For the utilization of this energy source, a cascading cycle was designed and was discussed. An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and an adsorption refrigeration cycle were combined to provide the first- and second-stage energy conversion cycle, respectively. In the analysis, R600 was used as the working fluid for the ORC and a silica gel–water working pair was analyzed for the adsorption refrigeration cycle. The energy efficiency for electrical generation and refrigeration, as well as the exergy efficiency of the cascading cycle, was assessed. For an environmental temperature of 30°C and a refrigeration temperature of 12°C, the results showed that typically 1 kW of electricity and 6.3 kW of refrigeration could be generated from approximately 15 kW heating power. The electricity generation efficiency was between 0.1 and 0.15, while the refrigeration coefficient of performance was approximately 0.8. The exergy efficiency was found to be between 0.84 and 0.89 and between 0.32 and 0.46 for the single ORC and adsorption refrigeration cycle, respectively. The overall exergy efficiency was between 0.56 and 0.74.     

Effect of working fluids on organic Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery

This study presents an analysis of the performance of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) subjected to the influence of working fluids. The effects of various working fluids on the thermal efficiency and on the total heat-recovery efficiency have been investigated. It is found that the presence of hydrogen bond in certain molecules such as water, ammonia, and ethanol may result in wet fluid conditions due to larger vaporizing enthalpy, and is regarded as inappropriate for ORC systems. The calculated results reveal that the thermal efficiency for various working fluids is a weak function of the critical temperature. The maximum value of the total heat-recovery efficiency occurs at the appropriate evaporating temperature between the inlet temperature of waste heat and the condensing temperature. In addition, the maximum value of total heat-recovery efficiency increases with the increase of the inlet temperature of the waste heat source and decreases it by using working fluids having lower critical temperature. Analytical results using a constant waste heat temperature or based on thermal efficiency may result in considerable deviation of system design relative to the varying temperature conditions of the actual waste heat recovery and is regarded as inappropriate.     

Analysis of optimization in an OTEC plant using organic Rankine cycle

This study quantified the effects of evaporation temperature, condensation temperature, and the inlet- and outlet-temperature differences of deep cold seawater and warm seawater on the performance of an ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC), and also investigated the optimal operations required for the performance. A finite-temperature-difference heat transfer method is developed to evaluate the objective parameter, which is the ratio of net power output to the total heat transfer area of heat exchanger in the system, and R717, R600a, R245fa, R152a, and R134a were used as the working fluids. The optimal evaporation and condensation temperatures were obtained under various conditions for maximal objective parameters in an OTEC system.The results show that R717 performed optimally in objective parameter evaluation among the five working fluids, and that R600a performed better than other fluids in thermal efficiency analysis. The optimal seawater temperature differences between the inlet and outlet of the evaporator and condenser are proposed. Furthermore, the influences of inlet temperatures of warm and cold seawater in the ORC are presented for an OTEC plant. The simulation results should enable the performance of an ORC system to be compared when using various organic working fluids.     

Performance analysis of organic Rankine cycle based on location of heat transfer pinch point in evaporator

The location of heat transfer pinch point in evaporator is the base of determining operating parameters of organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The physical mathematical model seeking the location of pinch point is established, by which, the temperature variations both of heat source and working fluid with UA can be obtained. Taking heat source with inlet temperature of 160 °C as example, the matching potentials between heat source and working fluid are revealed for subcritical and supercritical cycles with the determined temperature difference of pinch point. Thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, work output per unit area and maximum work outputs are compared and analyzed based on the locations of heat transfer pinch point either. The results indicate that supercritical ORC has a better performance in thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency and work output while outlet temperature of heat source is low. Otherwise, subcritical performs better. Small heat transfer coefficient results in low value of work output per unit area for supercritical ORC. Introduction of IHX may reduce the optimal evaporating pressure, which has a great influence on heat source outlet temperature and superheat degree. The analysis may benefit the selection of operating parameters and control strategy of ORC.     

换热器压降对ORC发电系统的影响

在考虑换热器压降及散热损失的情况下建立中低温地热驱动的有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电系统模型并通过500 kW示范工程进行验证。模型选取5种有机工质,研究换热器压降在不同热源温度、蒸发温度和冷凝温度下对系统性能的影响。研究结果表明随着热源温度以及蒸发温度的升高,压降对系统净发电量以及净发电效率的影响逐渐降低,但随着冷凝温度的升高,压降对系统净发电量的影响逐渐升高。其中,采用R227ea的系统受换热器压降影响最小,采用R123的系统受影响最大。     

余热驱动的有机朗肯循环-复叠式制冷系统?分析

针对余热的有效利用,建立了有机朗肯循环-复叠式制冷系统的热力学模型,其中:有机朗肯循环系统分别采用R123、R1234ze、R245fa、R600a、RC318、R141b等六种工质;复叠式制冷系统分别采用R22/R23、R404/R23、R290/R744、R717/R744等四种工质对。选择系统?效率作为性能评价指标,运用热力学第二定律研究系统运行参数对系统?效率的影响,分析了系统各部件的?损失,并指出了能量利用的薄弱环节,提出了有效提高系统性能的建议,为系统的优化提供参考。结果表明,对系统?效率而言,R141b和R717/R744是最佳工质。系统主要部件按?损失大小依次为凝汽器、膨胀机、高温级冷凝器、发生器、高温级压缩机、低温级蒸发器、蒸发冷凝器。尽可能提高压缩机的等熵效率,优化设计换热器的结构,减小传热温差,才能减少不可逆损失,提高换热器的?效率。     

Energetic and exergetic analysis of waste heat recovery from a microturbine using organic Rankine cycles

This article examines the exhaust waste heat recovery potential of a microturbine (MT) using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Possible improvements in electric and exergy efficiencies as well as specific emissions by recovering waste heat from the MT exhaust gases are determined. Different dry organic working fluids are considered during the evaluation (R113, R123, R245fa, and R236fa). In general, it has been found that the use of an ORC to recover waste heat from MTs improves the combined electric and exergy efficiencies for all the evaluated fluids, obtaining increases of an average of 27% when the ORC was operated using R113 as the working fluid. It has also been found that higher ORC evaporator effectiveness values correspond to lower pinch point temperature differences and higher exergy efficiencies. Three different MT sizes were evaluated, and the results indicate that the energetic and exergetic performance as well as the reduction of specific emissions of a combined MT‐ORC is better for small MT power outputs than for larger MTs. This article also shows how the electric efficiency can be used to ascertain under which circumstances the use of a combined MT‐ORC will result in better cost, primary energy consumption, or emission reduction when compared with buying electricity directly from electric utilities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exergy analysis of micro-organic Rankine power cycles for a small scale solar driven reverse osmosis desalination system

Exergy analysis of micro-organic Rankine heat engines is performed to identify the most suitable engine for driving a small scale reverse osmosis desalination system. Three modified engines derived from simple Rankine engine using regeneration (incorporation of regenerator or feedliquid heaters) are analyzed through a novel approach, called exergy-topological method based on the combination of exergy flow graphs, exergy loss graphs, and thermoeconomic graphs. For the investigations, three working fluids are considered: R134a, R245fa and R600. The incorporated devices produce different results with different fluids. Exergy destruction throughout the systems operating with R134a was quantified and illustrated using exergy diagrams. The sites with greater exergy destruction include turbine, evaporator and feedliquid heaters. The most critical components include evaporator, turbine and mixing units. A regenerative heat exchanger has positive effects only when the engine operates with dry fluids; feedliquid heaters improve the degree of thermodynamic perfection of the system but lead to loss in exergetic efficiency. Although, different modifications produce better energy conversion and less exergy destroyed, the improvements are not significant enough and subsequent modifications of the simple Rankine engine cannot be considered as economically profitable for heat source temperature below 100 °C. As illustration, a regenerator increases the system’s energy efficiency by 7%, the degree of thermodynamic perfection by 3.5% while the exergetic efficiency is unchanged in comparison with the simple Rankine cycle, with R600 as working fluid. The impacts of heat source temperature and pinch point temperature difference on engine’s performance are also examined. Finally, results demonstrate that energy analysis combined with the mathematical graph theory is a powerful tool in performance assessments of Rankine based power systems and permits meaningful comparison of different regenerative effects based on their contribution to systems improvements.     

Thermal and Exergy Analysis of an Organic Rankine Cycle Power Generation System with Refrigerant R245fa

Abstract

In this paper, the performance of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power generating system operating with refrigerant R245fa was investigated when heat source temperature was below 200?°C. It was found the system thermal efficiency increased but the exergy efficiency of the evaporator decreased with the increase of the heat source temperature. It was also obtained that the exergy efficiency of the evaporator could reach70% when the heat source temperature was 80?°C, which was high enough to prove that the transformation efficiency between the waste heat and the electricity power was ideal. In the simulation model, the area of different parts of the heat exchanger were considered to be varied, flow rate of the waste heat and working medium, the system thermal and exergy efficiency of the evaporator were respectively calculated, the different parameter change regarding the performance influences of the ORC system were simulated. The results can be considered as a reference to research on the design of ORC power generating systems and heat exchangers.