Determination of susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and electrochemical reactivation behaviour of AISI 316L type stainless steel

In this study, double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DLEPR) test was applied to determine the degree of sensitization in 316L type stainless steel, where obtained results were correlated with revealed microstructures after oxalic acid test and weight loss measurements of Streicher and Huey acid tests. Best agreement was provided with test parameters which are 1 M H₂SO₄ and 0.005 M KSCN at 0.833 mV/s scan rate at 30 °C. Specimens were classified structurally as absence of chromium carbides - step, no single grain completely surrounded by carbides - dual and one or more grain completely surrounded by carbides - ditch, in the as-etched structure, if the I_r:I_a (×100) ratios were obtained to be between 0 and 0.2, 0.2 and 5.0 and 5.0 and higher, respectively. It was also found that at high KSCN concentrations, reactivation current profile skewed to higher potentials where this was attributed the formation of metastable pits, during the anodic scan of the test procedure.     

Rainbow fringes around crevice corrosion formed on stainless steel AISI 316 after ennoblement in seawater

The crevice corrosion occurrence probability of stainless steel (SS) AISI 316 was increased under ennoblement condition due to chemically added H₂O₂ into seawater. The H₂O₂ was used to simulate the important factor causing ennoblement in natural marine biofilm. Morphology of the crevice corrosion was observed using an incident‐light source microscopy. Some interesting “rainbow” fringes were observed around micro‐crevices. The mechanism was discussed from the ions diffusion and potential distribution during the crevice formation. This result shows that under ennoblement condition the colored fringe is a distinct characteristic of the morphology of localized corrosion for stainless steel.     

316L不锈钢表面激光熔覆Stellite-F合金层的电化学腐蚀行为

采用CO₂激光器在316L不锈钢表面熔覆Stellite-F合金,通过电化学方法研究了Stellite-F熔覆合金层在5wt%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:与316L不锈钢相比,与基材呈冶金结合的Stellite-F合金层自腐蚀电位较正、自腐蚀电流密度较小,无点腐蚀现象出现,耐海水腐蚀性能较好;研究发现,熔覆合金层物相主要由γ-Co固溶体与Ni₃C、Cr₂₃C₆碳化物构成,在盐溶液中其腐蚀失效机制为选择性腐蚀,即固溶体合金相作为阳极被腐蚀浸出,碳化物相得到阴极保护暴露析出,同时固溶体相中的Co、Ni组分优先被腐蚀浸出,其余组分形成海绵状结构。     

Stress corrosion cracking for 316 stainless steel clips in a condensate stabilizer

In one of the gas processing facilities in Abu Dhabi, UAE; a case of 316L stainless steel material failure occurred in the fractionating column due to stress cracking corrosion twice in a cycle of less than 2 years. This paper studies the stress corrosion cracking behavior of the 316L stainless steel in an accelerated corrosion environment and compares it with a higher corrosion resistant nickel alloy (Inconel 625). The experimental work was designed according to ASTM G36 standard, the samples were immersed in a boiling magnesium chloride medium which provided the accelerated corrosion environment and the tested samples were shaped into U‐bend specimens as they underwent both plastic and elastic stresses. The specimens were then tested to determine the time required for cracks to initiate. The results of the experimental work showed that the main mode of failure was stress corrosion cracking initiated by the proven presence of chlorides, hydrogen sulfide, and water at elevated temperatures. Inconel 625 samples placed in the controlled environment showed better corrosion resistance as it took them an average of 56 days to initiate cracks, whereas it took an average of 24 days to initiate cracks in the stainless steel 316L samples. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the cracks in the stainless steel 316L samples were longer, wider, and deeper compared to the cracks of Inconel 625.     

固溶处理对316H不锈钢中厚板晶粒度的影响

将300 mm厚316H不锈钢电渣锭锻造坯轧制成50 mm厚钢板,选取晶粒度为5、6、7和9级的原始晶粒,进行了1000 ℃固溶60 min和120 min、1050 ℃固溶30 min和60 min、1100 ℃固溶20、40和60 min。结果表明,获得晶粒均匀的完全再结晶热轧态组织是获得晶粒均匀固溶态组织的必要条件,热轧态混晶或者有部分再结晶的组织,通过固溶处理不能获得晶粒均匀的固溶态组织。热轧态晶粒均匀的钢板,通过合理匹配固溶温度与时间,晶粒能够均匀长大,厚度为20~50 mm的316H不锈钢中厚板合理的固溶制度为1050 ℃保温30~60 min,1100 ℃保温20~40 min,可根据热轧态组织及用户需求调整固溶时间获得理想的晶粒度级别。     

Intensified plasma-assisted nitriding of AISI 316L stainless steel

In the present study, processing of AISI 316L stainless steel (316ss) has been conducted by intensified plasma-assisted processing (IPAP). The processing parameters (bias voltage, current density, chamber pressure and substrate temperature) of IPAP have been varied in an effort to determine which conditions lead to the formation of a single-phase structure, ‘m’ phase, and evaluate the properties of this phase. The structural characteristics of the nitrided layers produced by IPAP have been investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Nanoindentation experiments have been performed over cross-section to determine hardness and elastic modulus profiles. Dry sliding wear and potentiodynamic aqueous corrosion experiments have been conducted to characterize 316ss nitrided by IPAP. IPAP has been successful in producing single-phase m with high hardness and in shorter processing time compared to diode plasma nitriding. The IPAP produced single-phase nitrided layer was found to possess higher hardness (fourfold increase over the unprocessed alloy), excellent wear and corrosion resistance.     

The effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of AISI420 martensitic stainless steel

Martensitic stainless steels are widely used for their good mechanical properties and moderate corrosion resistance. However, the need for superior properties in specific applications (e.g. steam generators, mixer blades, etc.) led to wide researches on the performance improvement of these steels. Heat treatment was recommended as one of the best ways to this regard hence the effects of astenitizing temperature and time, and tempering temperature on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of AISI420 have been studied. In the current work the experimental results showed that the austeitizing temperature significantly affects mechanical properties. The increase of tempering temperature led to precipitation of M₇C₃ and secondary hardening in the range of 400-500 °C. SEM micrographs of the fracture surfaces showed a mixed fracture mechanism (brittle and ductile) at 200 °C and 700 °C and brittle mechanism at 500 °C. The Polarization curves were not significantly affected by the increment of austenitizing temperature.     

体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响

为了探究不同体能量密度对SLM成形316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性的影响,采用正交试验法制备不同激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度下的SLM 316L不锈钢成形件,利用扫描电镜和电化学试验对其微观组织和自腐蚀电位进行观察和测量。结果表明,体能量密度过大或过小时,成形件表面的气孔和孔洞等缺陷较多,自腐蚀电位减小,耐腐蚀性变差。体能量密度为44.64 J/mm^-3时,SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的自腐蚀电位最高,组织表面的气孔等缺陷相对较少,耐腐蚀性最好。激光功率、扫描间距和扫描速度对SLM 316L不锈钢成形件的耐腐蚀性影响的次序为:激光功率＞扫描间距和扫描速度,最佳的工艺参数组合为激光功率250 W,扫描间距0.14 mm,扫描速度800 mm/s。     

相对流速对316L钢焊缝在液态铅铋合金中腐蚀行为的影响

在核工业领域,316L不锈钢因其优异的性能常被作为核用钢种,液态铅铋合金常作为加速器次临界驱动系统(ADS)的冷却剂,高速流动的液态铅铋合金(LBE)会对316L不锈钢焊缝造成氧化腐蚀,同时氧化腐蚀后的产物也会对液态LBE造成污染,所以研究316L不锈钢焊缝在液态铅铋合金中的腐蚀行为具有重要意义. 文中对比研究了使用母材作为焊丝进行TIG焊的316L不锈钢焊缝在550 ℃动态(相对流速为1.70,2.31,2.98 m/s)液态LBE中的耐腐蚀性能,试验时间为1 500 h. 结果表明,三组试样都生成了双氧化层,外氧化层主要为Fe₃O₄,内氧化层主要为FeCr₂O₄,内氧化层相对于外氧化层较致密;随着流速的提高,元素的传质过程变快,氧化腐蚀加剧,内氧化层增厚.     

Ti6Al4V合金与AISI420不锈钢表面离子渗Cr及耐磨性

为了改善钛合金和不锈钢的耐磨性,对Ti6Al4V合金和AISI420马氏体不锈钢表面进行真空辉光离子渗Cr,对比研究了合金化层的组织结构和摩擦磨损性能的相关性.结果表明,两种基材的合金化改性层厚度均达60μm以上,结构致密,结合强度高.Ti6Ai4V合金改性层由Cr沉积层、富Cr2Ti层、CrTi4层和Cr-Ti固溶层组成,其中富Cr2Ti层硬度最高,是基材的2.3倍;AISI420不锈钢渗Cr层由Cr沉积层和扩散层组成,扩散层中富含Cr23C6相,二者过渡区的硬度最高,是基材的4.5倍.表面渗Cr显著提高两种材料的耐磨性,这与渗Cr层的物相结构有关.Ti6Al4V合金的Cr沉积层和富CrTi相层均具有优异的耐磨性,而固溶层的耐磨性较差;AISI420钢基材的Cr沉积层和过渡层均具有优异的耐磨性,而扩散层的耐磨性稍差.渗Cr处理使两种基材的磨损机制均由磨粒磨损为主转化为粘着磨损为主.     

Electrochemical and XPS studies of AISI 316L stainless steel after electropolishing in a magnetic field

The thermodynamic stability and corrosion resistance of surface oxide layer are the most important features of stainless steels. Electrochemical polishing (EP) is the most extensively used surface technology for austenitic stainless steels. We have modified this surface technology by introducing a magnetic field to the system. With this new process called the magnetoelectropolishing (MEP) we can improve metal surface properties by making the stainless steel more resistant to halides encountered in a variety of environments.In this paper, the corrosion research results are presented on the behaviour of the most commonly used material - medical grade AISI 316L stainless steel. The corrosion investigations have been concerned on the open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and polarisation curves studies in the Ringer’s body fluid under room temperature (25 °C). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed on 316L samples after three treatments: MP - abrasive polishing (800 grit size), EP - conventional electrolytic polishing, and MEP - magnetoelectropolishing. The comparison of the corrosion behaviour of the stainless steel’s surface after these processes was also carried out. The purpose of XPS studies was to reveal the surface film composition and the reason of this modified corrosion behaviour. It has been found that the proposed MEP process modifies considerably the composition of the surface film and improves the corrosion resistance of the same 316L SS studied.     

热处理对增材制造316L不锈钢组织各向异性的影响

以选区激光熔化(SLM)制备的316L不锈钢为研究对象。首先对打印件的孔隙率、微观组织进行了表征,然后探究了热处理对组织各向异性及硬度的影响规律。结果表明,打印件的体积孔隙率和面孔隙率均较低,均在1%以下,二者之间没有明显差别;对于垂直打印方向的XY面,主要由互成67°交叉的条状微熔池组成,条状微熔池中包含柱状和胞状两种组织,前者主要位于熔池边界,长约几十微米、宽约400 nm,后者主要位于熔池中心位置,尺寸约400 nm;对于平行于打印方向的YZ面,熔池主要呈扇状,扇状熔池内部也包含柱状和胞状两种组织,但分布更加复杂,其中柱状组织贯穿多层熔池生长,XY面与YZ面在微观组织上存在着明显的各向异性。适当的热处理工艺可有效改善组织的各向异性, XY面在800 ℃×2 h热处理后基本可以实现均匀化,而YZ面在900 ℃×2 h处理后才达到均匀化。拥有微纳尺寸结构的增材制造件拥有比传统零件更高的硬度。此外,热处理可使不同方向上的硬度下降,但垂直打印方向上的硬度下降幅度更大。     

The influence of sulphate-reducing bacteria biofilm on the corrosion of stainless steel AISI 316

This work investigates microbially-influenced corrosion (MIC) of stainless steel AISI 316 by two sulphate-reducing bacteria, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and a local marine isolate. The biofilm and pit morphology that developed with time were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results were interpreted with an equivalent circuit to model the physicoelectric characteristics of the electrode/biofilm/solution interface. D. desulfuricans formed one biofilm layer on the metal surface, while the marine isolate formed two layers: a biofilm layer and a ferrous sulfide deposit layer. AFM images corroborated results from the EIS modeling which showed biofilm attachment and subsequent detachment over time.     

离子渗氮AISI 420马氏体不锈钢耐蚀行为研究

采用不同温度对AISI 420马氏体不锈钢进行离子渗氮处理.借助光学显微镜和X射线衍射(XRD)技术分析了渗氮层的微观组织结构,利用显微硬度计测试了渗氮层的硬度分布,通过电化学极化曲线测试和盐雾腐蚀试验研究了离子渗氮AISI 420不锈钢在模拟工业环境中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:AISI 420不锈钢350℃低温离子渗氮层由ε-Fe3N和N过饱和固溶体αN相组成,其化学稳定性高,加之固溶Cr元素的联合作用,明显提高了AISI 420不锈钢基材的腐蚀抗力.AISI 420钢经450℃和550℃渗氮处理,渗氮层中的αN分解成了α相和CrN,造成基体贫Cr,降低了基材的耐蚀性能.马氏体不锈钢低温离子渗氮处理不仅可以提高表面硬度,而且可以获得良好的耐蚀性能.     

Surface modification of 316L stainless steel with high-intensity pulsed ion beams

The surface of 316L stainless steel was irradiated by high-intensity pulsed ion beams (HIPIB) at ion current density of 100, 200 and 300 A/cm² with 10 shots. The surface morphology and the phase structure in the near surface region of original and treated samples were analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was used to study the distribution of elements on the irradiated surfaces. It is found that the HIPIB irradiation can smooth the surface of the targets, and a preferred orientation presents in the surface layer of the treated samples. Otherwise, selective ablation of impurities occurs during the interaction between HIPIB and the targets. Due to the compress stress wave induced by the bombardment, the microhardness is increased significantly in a depth range of up to 200 μm, which reduces the friction coefficient of the treated surfaces and improves the wear resistance of them. Because the grain size reduces and the impurities content decreases in the irradiated surface layer, the electrochemical corrosion resistance is enhanced. In addition, HIPIB irradiation prolongates the fatigue life of 316L at room temperature due to a combination of the smooth surface and the high dislocation density in the surface layer of the treated samples.     

表面机械研磨处理对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响

对2.8mm厚的316L不锈钢板的上下表层进行机械研磨处理(SMAT),对经过不同时间的SMAT后的样品的表层组织进行金相观察,并测量SMAT不同时间的样品的硬度、抗拉强度.结果表明,经过表面机械研磨处理不同时间后,在316L不锈钢板表层获得了不同厚度的表面强化层,强化层组织为沿厚度方向由纳米晶层向微米晶层过渡的梯度组织;随着SMAT时间的增加,总的强化层厚度增加;表面组织的变化导致了表面硬度明显增加,整体材料的屈服强度增加;表面机械研磨处理时间对性能的影响并非线性增加,表面硬度和整体材料的屈服强度在处理5min时增加显著,处理时间继续增加到15、30和60min,它们的增加速度很小.拉伸断口表面形貌的扫描电镜观察表明,经过5min处理后的样品,表层的剪切唇变形区域面积增加,断口微观特征为长条状的韧窝,但是随着处理时间的增加,剪切唇区的尺寸并没有继续增加,而是开始下降,表面硬化区域的增加造成了塑性变形能力的下降.     

Influence of superficial coating of CeO2 on the oxidation behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel

The effect of a superficially-applied, cerium-oxide coating on the non-isothermal oxidation behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel in dry air has been investigated. The heating rate employed was 3 K/min up to a final temperature of 1423 K. The reactive oxide coating not only reduced the reaction rate but also facilitated scale adhesion to the alloy substrate. Post-oxidation analyses of the alloy/scale combination using optical microscopy, SEM, EDAX, and XRD provide evidence for a changeover in the mechanism of oxide growth from the scale/gas interface to the alloy/scale interface for the coated steel.