干法工艺制备钠化土的实验研究

采用干法工艺,即利用高速粉碎混合机对原土进行高混,常温自然放置进行充分钠化的方法,对甘肃平凉膨润土进行了钠化改性,就不同钠化剂(碳酸钠、氯化钠、氢氧化钠)的选择和配比、钠化高混时间、自然放置时间时钠化土性能的影响进行了研究.将干法制备的钠化土与涅法工艺进行了对比,在制备出性能较好的钠化土的同时,干法工艺具有流程简单、生产效率高等优点,能有效减少能耗、降低成本.用傅立叶红外变换光谱(FTIR)和X-射线衍射(XRD)对钠化土进行分析,发现钠化土在不改变原土结构的同时发生了阳离子交换,有效增大了原土的层问距.     

明胶改性聚酰胺酸薄膜的化学亚胺化

采用化学脱水剂对明胶改性聚酰胺酸薄膜进行不同时间的化学亚胺化.通过红外光谱、示差扫描量热、热重分析等手段对化学亚胺化过程中薄膜的业胺化程度、热性能和力学性能进行了测定.结果表明,在化学亚胺化初期,薄膜的亚胺化程度、玻璃化温度和拉伸强度随着化学亚胺化时间的延长而增加.当化学亚胺化时间超过12 h后,继续延长化学亚胺化时间,薄膜的亚胺化程度、玻璃化温度和拉伸强度基本不变,薄膜的化学亚胺化基本完成.这时可得到玻璃化温度为205 ℃左右、耐520 ℃高温、拉伸强度较高的薄膜.     

污泥干化技术的应用现状

污泥干化是利用热物理的原理对污泥中的水分进行排除,从而达到干燥污泥、缩小污泥体积、提高污泥热值的目的。应用自然热源的干化过程称为自然干化,主要包括污泥干化场、太阳能干化床、生物干化和芦苇干化床。使用人工热源的干化过程为人工干化。本文对各种干化技术的应用现状进行了详细的介绍,以期为污泥干化技术的比较与选择提供指导。     

烯烃的1,2-双官能团化反应研究进展

烯烃的1,2-双官能团化反应是一种将烯烃转化为具有生物活性分子的有效方法,分别对烯烃的氧化、胺化、磷化、硫化、卤/杂化、催化加氢及硼化进行了综述。     

石墨化阴极节能特性和发展趋势

对企业自主研发的石墨化阴极技术指标和石墨化阴极在国内外铝电解槽上应用情况进行统计分析,得出结论:石墨化阴极具有良好的导电性、导热性、抗热震性和抗钠侵蚀性,可降低电解铝吨铝电耗,提高电解槽电流强度和电流效率,延长电解槽使用寿命,减少废阴极对环境的污染.同时对石墨化阴极在国内应用存在的问题进行了分析,对石墨化阴极的经济效益和发展前景进行了科学预测.     

阜新某膨润土钠化试验研究

采用单因素试验,研究了阜新膨润土的钠化工艺条件;利用XRD、SEM等分析方法,对钠化前后膨润土的基本性能、结构和形貌特征等进行了对比,钠化效果较明显,钠化后的膨润土具备钠基土的特性.试验结果分析表明膨润土在弱碱性的条件下进行的钠化效果较好,而且Na2CO3的用量应适中,并对试验结果进行了作用机理研究.     

双官能化溶聚丁苯橡胶结构与性能评价

对实验室合成的双端官能化改性溶聚丁苯橡胶(SSBR)与未官能化SSBR进行了结构和性能的分析测试,并与国外同类橡胶进行了对比。结果表明,双官能化SSBR、未官能化SSBR和国外官能化试样中的结合苯乙烯和乙烯基含量以及生胶门尼黏度均基本相当;与未官能化橡胶相比,官能化橡胶的加工性能更好,具有更高的抗湿滑性、低滚动阻力及更好的弹性和耐磨性,Payne效应较低,炭黑的分散性更好。     

环保型水基化铣可剥胶与溶剂型产品在航天铝合金材料化铣加工中的性能对比研究

对YXR—H01型无毒胶乳化铣可剥胶与4种溶剂型产品,在化铣深度超过15mm的航天用铝合金材料上的使用性能进行了试验。主要对5种化铣可剥胶在化铣加工中的耐碱性、刻型性、腐蚀比等进行了对比测试。试验证明：YXR—H01型无毒胶乳化铣可剥胶在20h煮碱、800min化铣加工中,无漏蚀、透蚀、掀胶现象,腐蚀比为0．98,化铣性能优于溶剂型产品,并具有无毒环保特点。     

从香兰素合成3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲醛

以香兰素为原料,经溴化、甲氧基化、甲基化３步反应合成药物中间体３,４,５－三甲氧基苯甲醛（ＴＭＢ）,总收率达７５．７％。溴化采用氢溴酸与过氧化氢作为溴化试剂,甲氧基化以氯化亚铜、二氧化碳协同催化,丁香醛酚钠盐不需酸化直接进行甲基化反应     

POSS/聚合物有机-无机杂化材料的研究进展

介绍了笼型倍半硅氧烷(POSS)的特点。综述了POSS/聚合物杂化材料近年来的研究进展(包括POSS/环氧树脂杂化材料、POSS/聚酰亚胺杂化材料、POSS/有机硅杂化材料、POSS/聚乙烯杂化材料、POSS/聚丙烯杂化材料和其他类型含POSS的杂化材料等),并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

双组分聚氨酯涂料用改性醇酸树脂的研究

采用不同改性的短油度醇酸树脂作甲组分,异氰酸酯预聚物作乙组分,配制双组分聚氨酯涂料,探讨甲组分对双组分聚氨酯涂料性能的影响。结果表明,椰子油改性短油度醇酸树脂,颜色水白、耐黄变性能和丰满度好,可以作为高档的亮光清面漆、耐黄变的面漆用树脂;蓖麻油改性短油度醇酸树脂,颜色较深、丰满度较好、干燥速度慢及柔韧性好,可以作为普通的亮光面漆用树脂;豆油改性短油度醇酸树脂,干燥速度较快,应用于底漆和哑光面漆;合成脂肪酸改性短油度醇酸树脂,颜色水白、流平好、干燥速度慢、丰满度高及硬度高,可以作为高档的亮光面漆用树脂。     

分子蒸馏条件控制对废润滑油再生馏分色度的影响

通过调节刮膜式分子蒸馏操作参数,考察了不同类型废油再生产品的透光率。结果表明,温度升高,一级再生油的透光率下降,二级再生基础油的透光率上升,废内燃机油的操作温度应控制在225℃左右,废液压油应控制在210℃左右,废混合油应控制在215℃左右为最佳;真空度升高,一级再生油的透光率上升,二级再生油的透光率下降,废内燃机油的真空度应控制在12 Pa左右,废液压油应控制在18 Pa左右,废混合油应控制在16 Pa左右为最佳;进料流量增加,一级、二级再生油的透光率均缓慢下降,因此应尽量维持较低流量。     

天然气涡旋压缩机增压装置供油流量的控制模型

对卧式天然气涡旋压缩机增压装置中的供油回路进行了全面分析,根据机械密封的热负荷需油量和压缩机高效运行时压缩腔中气体润滑油的最佳含量建立了该装置总需油量的数学模型,由模型可以看出只要装置中各结构参数和气体、润滑油的特性参数确定下来,其各部分的需油量就可以确定。装置在运行时可根据计算出的最佳油量,通过传感器控制各个部分的供油量,实现供油系统的油量自动控制。     

大庆油页岩及干馏产物的利用途径分析

大庆油页岩的舍油率大部分都在10%以上,具有很好的经济开发价值.对大庆油页岩及其干馏产物性质的实验研究表明,油页岩的机械强度较低,应选择粉末、颗粒干馏炉进行加工处理;页岩油主要由柴油馏分和重油馏分组成,分别可加工成成品油和直接用作燃料油;热解干馏气热值约为17MJ/m3,可以在除作自身干馏所需的热量燃料外,用作城市煤气或工业锅炉的燃料;半焦着火点低,热值约为23 MJ/kg,可作为清洁燃料用于发电或民用;页岩灰的主要组分是氧化钙争氧化硅,可用于生产建筑材料.     

聚硅氧烷消泡剂的失活和再生机理

介绍了聚硅氧烷消泡剂失活和再生的现象,分析了失活过程中消泡剂分散体粒径大小和分布,泡沫体系的表面张力、接触角、硅油铺展层的厚度以及泡沫膜的结构和状态,结果表明：硅油组成的改变、硅油和疏水二氧化硅微粒的分离、消泡剂分散体粒径的变小、铺展油层的消失和白色絮凝物的出现导致消泡剂失活,其中二氧化硅硅粒-硅油的分离和泡沫膜上硅油铺展油层的消失是主要因素。失活的消泡剂中加入硅油,消泡活性可再次恢复,这主要是由于消泡剂分散体粒子中的硅油-二氧化硅硅粒比例达到最佳的状态并在泡沫膜上又形成了新的具有消泡活性的硅油铺展油层。     

油标对红外光度法测定水中油的影响

油标准物质的选择是红外分光光度法测定水中油的重要环节,选择了两种不同的油标,采用红外分光光度法对水中油进行了分析,结果表明,油标不同,测量结果不同。理想的油标是从待测水样中提取,这样的油标的组成才能与被测水样中油的组分相同,红外光谱图基本相同,测定结果才准确可靠。     

Detection of adulteration in camellia seed oil and sesame oil using an electronic nose

An electronic nose was used for the detection of maize oil adulteration in camellia seed oil and sesame oil. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the sensor signals of different kinds of oil are significantly different from each other. Principal component analysis (PCA) cannot be used to discriminate the adulteration of camellia seed oil, but can be used in the discrimination of adulteration in sesame oil. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is more effective than PCA and can be used in adulteration discrimination for both camellia seed oil and sesame oil. In order to check the discriminative power of LDA, canonical discriminant analysis was performed as well. Acceptable results were also obtained: The accuracy of prediction was 83.6% for camellia seed oil and 94.5% for sesame oil. The artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to detect the percentage of adulteration in camellia seed oil and sesame oil. The results showed that, based on ANN as its pattern recognition technique, the electronic nose cannot predict the percentage of adulteration in camellia seed oil, but can be used in the quantitative determination of adulteration in sesame oil.     

Liquefaction of cellulosic wastes: III. Production,characterization and evaluation of pyrolytic oils

Liquefaction of municipal solid wastes has been achieved in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas and in the presence of boric acid which catalyzes the pyrolysis reaction. Two petroleum distillates, namely gas oil and residual fuel oil, were used as carrier media of solid refuse. The yield of pyrolytic oil was studied as a function of different operational conditions (temperature, pressure of hydrogen, carrier oil medium and concentration of boric acid). Hydrocarbon constituents of the oil mixtures, produced by liquefaction of cellulosic wastes slurried in fuel oil, were investigated by means of gas chromatography. It was found that the oil mixture, obtained at optimum reaction conditions, showed pronounced occurrence of low hydrocarbons in the range C₃-C₁₅ as compared with the original fuel oil and the oil resulting from the pyrolysis of carrier oil without solid refuse. The residual pyrolytic char exhibited catalytic activity towards hydrocracking. It was suggested that the activity of char is due to the presence of transition metals as evidenced by an electron dispersion system (EDS). The hydrocracking activity of char seemed to be dependent on the operational conditions of the liquefaction. Multiple analytical parameters including API gravity, calorific value, total acid number and wt% of residue over 450°C were used to evaluate the oil mixtures produced as a petroleum crude oil. Carrier oils, particularly fuel oil, seemed to be highly modified in the course of the pyrolysis process. Also, the oil mixtures produced were distinguished from the original carrier oils by a considerably higher acidity due to association with oxygenated compounds which could be derived from cellulose macromolecules.     

乳化炸药用油相材料的研究

对一种炼油副产品作为乳化炸药油相材料的可行性进行了研究。该炼油副产品价格低廉,可降低乳化炸药的生产成本。通过对乳化效果、乳化基质稳定性以及敏化效果进行实验发现,此种炼油副产品能取代目前的油相材料制备乳化炸药。将炼油副产品和机械油、微晶蜡复配具有较强的乳化效果,所制备的乳化基质稳定性较好。此外,采用炼油副产品制备的乳化基质可按目前的敏化配方和工艺进行敏化。     

The role of safflower oil in edible oil applications

Safflower oil has been used as an edible oil in numerous countries for many years. In the US, commercial use of safflower oil as an edible product was noted in the 1950's and the use continues at progressively higher levels each year. One use of safflower oil in “dressing” type products is related to the natural cold resistance of the oil. Other applications include oil, margarine and some imitation dairy products. Additional development work has been done on other food products so that the scope of usage could be broadened if there should be increased demands for safflower oil. The susceptibility of safflower oil to oxidation has been minimized by improved processing and packaging. Further use of safflower oil appears to be dependent upon availability, pricing, good cold resistance and the role of polyunsaturates in the diet.