核桃凝集素的提取及其性质

以核桃仁为材料,对核桃凝集素的分离条件及其部分性质进行研究。结果表明：凝集活性值能准确反映凝集素的血凝效果;核仁经PBS缓冲液（pH 7.4）浸提24 h及质量分数70%硫酸铵分级沉淀,得到的核桃凝集素粗品能凝集人A、B、O、AB型血红细胞,且无血型专一性,其凝集活性不能被常见的单糖和寡糖抑制,但可被糖的衍生物所抑制;凝集活性在30～50 ℃基本不变,有较广泛的pH值作用范围（5.0～8.0）;供试的5 个核桃品种中,薄壳香粗提液的凝集活性最强,凝集活性值达到0.478。     

Response of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to ethanol shock

In this study, the growth and survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the presence of 0.0-8.0% ethanol was first examined. V. parahaemolyticus was then exposed to a sub-lethal dose of 5.0% ethanol for 30 and 60 min (ethanol shock). Morphological changes and alterations in cell leakage, thermal tolerance at 47 degrees C, and susceptibility to 8% ethanol and low temperature (4 and -18 degrees C) of V. parahaemolyticus caused by ethanol shock were investigated. In addition, recoveries of the ethanol-shocked cells of V. parahaemolyticus on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) and TSA-3.0% NaCl were also compared. The findings revealed that the presence of ethanol in TSB-3.0% NaCl at 6.0-8.0% and 5.0% or less, exerted bactericidal and partial growth inhibition effect, respectively, on V. parahaemolyticus. Recovery of ethanol-shocked cells of V. parahaemolyticus was significantly (P<0.05) less on TCBS than on TSA-3.0% NaCl. A significantly (P<0.05) marked increase of protein and nucleic acid material in the supernatant of cell suspension was found after cells of V. parahaemolyticus were exposed to ethanol shock. Extensive cell disruption, wrinkling and cell-wall pitting, indicative of cell-surface damage were also noted on the ethanol-shocked cells. Ethanol-shocked cells of V. parahaemolyticus exhibited a similar yet higher susceptibility at 4 and -18 degrees C compared with the control cells. Moreover, there was a marked increase in the thermal tolerance and resistance to 8.0% ethanol with cells of V. parahaemolyticus after ethanol shock. Finally, the duration of ethanol shock testing did not affect the extent of increased thermal tolerance. While cells of V. parahaemolyticus subjected to ethanol shock for 60 min showed an increase in their resistance to 8.0% ethanol, they also showed an increase in susceptibility at -18 degrees C, than those ethanol shocked for 30 min.     

Influence of growth conditions on pressure resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters and the optimization of postpressure treatment recovery conditions

Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 43996 was grown at 15°C for 53 h, 20°C for 24 h, 25°C for 12 h, 30°C for 9 h, 35°C for 9 h, or 40°C for 6 h to early stationary phase. Oyster meats were blended, autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min, inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus, and pressure treated at 250 MPa for 2 and 3 min and at 300 MPa for 1 and 2 min at 21°C. Overall, growth temperatures of 20 and 40°C yielded the greatest pressure resistance in V. parahaemolyticus. The effects of salt concentration and H(2)O(2)-degrading compounds on the recovery of V. parahaemolyticus also were investigated. Sterile oyster meats were inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus and treated at 250 MPa for 1, 2, or 3 min at 21°C. These meats were then blended with 0.1% peptone water supplemented with 0.5 to 1.5% NaCl and plated on tryptic soy agar (TSA) supplemented with 0 to 3.5% NaCl. For recovery of pressure-injured cells, peptone water with 1% NaCl and TSA with 0.5% NaCl were the best diluent and plating medium, respectively. Addition of sodium pyruvate (0.05 to 0.2%) or catalase (8 to 32 U/ml) did not increase the recovery of V. parahaemolyticus after pressure treatment. The effect of incubation temperature and gas atmosphere on the recovery of V. parahaemolyticus after pressure treatment also was determined. Aerobic incubation at 30°C resulted in the highest recovery of V. parahaemolyticus in sterile oyster meats. The 30°C incubation temperature was also the optimum temperature for recovery of V. parahaemolyticus in pressure-treated live oysters. The results of this study indicate that the growth conditions for V. parahaemolyticus before and after high hydrostatic pressure treatment should be taken into consideration when assessing the efficacy of pressure inactivation.     

Bactericidal effects of wine on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters

The bactericidal effects of wines on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters were studied to evaluate potential inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus in contaminated oysters by wine consumption. Shucked whole oyster and oyster meat homogenate were inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus and mixed with red or white wine. Survivals of V. parahaemolyticus in inoculated oysters were determined at 7 and 25 degrees C. Populations of V. parahaemolyticus in inoculated whole oysters (5.52 log most probable number [MPN] per g) decreased slightly to 4.90 log MPN/g (a 0.62-log reduction) after 24 h at 7 degrees C but increased to 7.37 log MPN/g over the same period at 25 degrees C. However, the populations in wine-treated whole oysters decreased by >1.7 and >1.9 log MPN/g after 24 h at 7 and 25 degrees C, respectively. Both red and white wines were more effective in inactivating V. parahaemolyticus in oyster meat homogenate than in whole oyster. Populations of V. parahaemolyticus in oyster meat homogenate (7.8 x 10(3) MPN/g) decreased rapidly to nondetectable levels (< 3 MPN/g) after 30 min of mixing with wine at 25 degrees C (a 3.89-log MPN/g reduction). These results suggest that chewing oysters before swallowing when eating raw oysters may result in greater inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus if wine is consumed. More studies are needed to determine the bactericidal effects of wine on V. parahaemolyticus in the complicated stomach environment.     

番红花红O修饰铅笔芯电极测定水果酸度

在含番红花红O的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(phosphate buffered salines,PBS)中,采用循环伏安法在预处理过的铅笔芯电极表面生成聚番红花红O薄膜,考察溶液的pH值、扫描电位范围对修饰过程的影响。在－1.0～0.0V(vs SCE)的扫描电位范围和酸性介质中形成的薄膜,在空白PBS中具有较高电活性和稳定性,并且在pH1.5～7.5之间,阳极伏安峰电位与pH值有良好的线性关系。利用这种关系测定橙子和西红柿活体及果汁的酸度取得满意结果。     

蛹虫草固体培养残基中SOD的提取研究

以酶总活力为指标对蛹虫草培养残基中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)提取条件进行研究,通过对培养残基与磷酸缓冲液的用量比即料液比、磷酸缓冲液pH值、提取温度、固体(NH4)2SO4饱和度这4个因素进行单因素试验与L9(34)多因素正交试验,发现料液比对SOD的提取效果影响最明显,其次为固体(NH4)2SO4饱和度和提取温度,而缓冲液pH值的影响相对较小.确定蛹虫草培养残基中SOD的最佳提取条件:料液比为1:20,提取温度为50℃,缓冲液pH值为7.6,固体(NH4)2SO4饱和度为40%,在这样的提取条件下测出的酶总活力最高,提取效果最好.     

乙醇促进副溶血性弧菌直接耐热溶血素的基因表达

研究乙醇对副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)直接耐热溶血素(thermostable direct hemolysin,TDH)产生和它的编码基因tdh表达的影响。以0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%、8.0%乙醇处理2株带有tdh副溶血性弧菌ATCC33847和SZ32,研究对副溶血性弧菌有氧或者无氧生长的影响。选取1.0%乙醇处理来研究TDH产量和tdh表达变化。使用TDH抗血清试剂盒测定副溶血性弧菌培养液上清中TDH水平;使用荧光定量PCR方法分析tdh基因表达状况。低浓度(0.5%、1.0%、2.0%)乙醇存在时,副溶血弧菌菌株的生长未受到显著影响,乙醇浓度4.0%时副溶血性弧菌生长受到明显抑制,8%时未见有细菌生长。1.0%乙醇处理副溶血性弧菌培养液上清中TDH水平较未处理显著上升。胞内tdh表达水平升高,ATCC33847在有氧和无氧时分别升高到6.6倍和5.7倍,SZ32在有氧和无氧时分别升高到5.9倍和8.6倍。乙醇能够促进tdh基因表达从而使得TDH蛋白产量升高。本研究还比较了甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇对tdh表达的影响,发现它们对tdh表达均具有促进作用但相互之间没有明显差异。     

枯草芽孢杆菌05表达β-甘露聚糖酶酶学性质的初步研究

从池塘淤泥中分离筛选出1株高产β-甘露聚糖酶的菌株(B. subtilis05),并对其酶学性质进行了初步研究。结果表明:酶最适温度为50℃;在4-45℃活性较稳定;β-甘露聚糖酶最适反应的酸碱度为pH8.0;Na+,K+显著地促进酶活性,NH4-抑制酶活性,Mg2+、Cu2+、Fe2+显著抑制酶活,Fe3+抑制最显著;培养10.5h后,发酵培养基的黏度为2.78Pa.s,12h后的黏度为1.55Pa.s。     

双水相萃取和壳聚糖沉淀相结合分离猪胃蛋白酶

探索双水相萃取和壳聚糖沉淀相结合分离猪胃蛋白酶,考察PEG分子质量、相质量分数、壳聚糖添加量、复合pH对分离效果的影响,结果表明:双水相萃取法中PEG分子质量为1000、其质量分数为20%、(NH4)2SO4的质量分数为15%,壳聚糖沉淀法中壳聚糖添加量为2.5mg/mL上相溶液、复合时pH为5.9时猪胃蛋白酶的纯化倍数最大,最大值为7.83。     

不同盐碱胁迫对红地球/贝达嫁接苗生长及光合作用的影响

采用中性盐及碱性盐对沙培红地球/贝达嫁接苗进行浇灌处理,测定在不同离子组分胁迫下葡萄新梢生长及光合作用、根系活力的变化。结果表明:碱性盐严重抑制了新梢的生长,相对生长量仅为46.0%,中性盐处理相对生长量下降较小;盐、碱胁迫降低了葡萄根系活力,碱性盐NaHCO3胁迫下根系活力显著低于对照;随着胁迫时间延长,Na2SO4和(NH4)2SO4处理叶绿素含量呈现先升高后下降的趋势,其他盐碱处理及对照均为下降趋势,且NaCl、NaHCO3处理下降幅度显著高于对照;中性盐NaCl胁迫下净光合速率Pn、性能指数PIABS随胁迫时间延长均为先升高后下降,同时期始终低于对照,而碱性盐NaHCO3胁迫一直为下降趋势。综合各项指标表明,NaHCO3胁迫对葡萄植株造成的危害更大,葡萄耐受NaCl胁迫能力强于NaHCO3胁迫,Na2SO4对葡萄造成的伤害较小。     

戊糖乳杆菌DF9对副溶血弧菌群体感应的淬灭作用

以副溶血弧菌的群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)为靶标,研究戊糖乳杆菌DF9的乙酸乙酯提取物作为群体感应抑制剂(QS inhibitor,QSI)对其的淬灭效果.在确定DF9-QSI对副溶血弧菌和哈维氏弧菌BB170生长影响的基础上,探讨亚抑菌浓度的DF9-QSI对副溶血弧菌QS信号分子AI-2的活性、动力...     

原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌的抑菌和减毒作用

该研究旨在探讨原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌的抑菌活性和减毒作用,揭示原儿茶酸抑菌的作用机制。通过测定最小抑菌浓度（Minimal Inhibitory Concentration,MIC）、生长曲线、核酸与蛋白质泄漏量、丙二醛（MDA）含量,利用扫描电镜观察副溶血弧菌形态的变化,来评估原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌的抑菌活性及其对细胞膜完整性和通透性的影响。同时,通过检测亚抑菌浓度（Sub-inhibitory Concentrations,SICs）下原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌毒力因子合成的影响,研究原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌的毒力衰减作用。实验结果表明,原儿茶酸的MIC为2 mg/mL,经MIC浓度原儿茶酸处理后,副溶血弧菌发生严重内陷和破裂,上清液中核酸、蛋白质、MDA含量分别是对照组的2.65倍、1.94倍和10.05倍。此外,原儿茶酸在浓度为1/4 MIC时对胞外多糖、胞外蛋白酶、生物被膜的抑制率分别为40.57%、19.79%和26.04%,在浓度为1/2 MIC时的抑制率分别为52.85%、28.38%和34.69%。原儿茶酸主要作用于细胞膜,通过影响细胞膜的完整性和通透性抑制副溶血弧菌的生长,在亚抑菌浓度下便可有效减弱副溶血弧菌毒力。     

Isolation and some properties of extracellular heat-stable lipases from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AFT 36

Aeration increased the growth and lipase production in milk by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AFT 36, isolated from refrigerated bulk milk. A heat-stable lipase was isolated from a shaken milk culture of this microorganism by DEAE-chromatography and gel filtration in Sepharose 6B. The lipase-rich fraction from DEAE cellulose contained 3 lipases that were separated by gel filtration; only the principal lipase, which represented approximately 71% of total lipolytic activity, was characterized. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity on tributyrin at pH 8.0 and 35 degrees C; it had a Km on tributyrin of 3.65 mM and was inhibited by concentrations of substrate greater than approximately 17 mM. The enzyme was very stable over the pH range 6-9; it was relatively heat-labile in phosphate buffer in the temperature range 60-80 degrees C, where it was stabilized significantly by Ca2+. It was, however, very stable at 100-150 degrees C: the D values at 150 degrees C were approximately 22 s and 28 s in phosphate buffer and synthetic milk serum respectively; the corresponding Z values in the temperature range 100-150 degrees C were approximately 40 and approximately 42 degrees C and the Ea for inactivation were 7.65 X 10(4) J mol-1 and 6.97 X 10(4) J mol-1 respectively.     

双水相法萃取生姜蛋白酶体系的建立

以生姜为原料,研究了采用双水相萃取技术分离提取生姜中生姜蛋白酶的提取条件,利用单因素试验与正交试验进行优化,优化得到的萃取方案为:PEG分子质量为4 000 u,PEG浓度为30%,选择盐种类为(NH4)2SO4,浓度为10%,体系pH为8.0。此双水相体系的生姜蛋白酶上相酶活力回收和纯化倍数都最高,分别可达393.77%和1.85。     

聚乙二醇/硫酸铵双水相体系萃取大豆脂肪氧合酶的研究

采用聚乙二醇(PEG)/硫酸铵[(NH4)2SO4]双水相体系对大豆中脂肪氧合酶进行分离萃取研究;通过综合考察酶分配系数、相比和回收率,探讨了(NH4)2SO4、PEG2000、Na Cl浓度以及p H对脂肪氧合酶萃取的影响,并通过正交实验进一步优化实验条件,结果表明在单一因素下的最佳工艺条件为:(NH4)2SO415%(wt%)、PEG2000 13%(wt%)、Na Cl 1%(wt%)、p H5.8;正交实验优选出的最佳工艺条件为:(NH4)2SO417%(wt%)、PEG2000 13%(wt%)、p H5.2,可获得酶的分配系数最高可达9.710,萃取率为87.6%。      

Effects of acid stress on Vibrio parahaemolyticus survival and cytotoxicity

For several foodborne bacterial pathogens, an acid tolerance response appears to be an important strategy for counteracting acid stress imposed either during food processing or by the human host. The acid tolerance response enhances bacterial survival of lethal acid challenge following prior exposure to sublethal acidic conditions. Previous studies have revealed relationships between a foodborne pathogen's ability to survive acid challenge and its infectious dose. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is capable of causing gastroenteritis when sufficient cells of pathogenic strains are consumed. This study was designed to characterize acid sensitivities and to compare the effects of sublethal acid exposure (adaptation) on survival capabilities and cytotoxicities of different V. parahaemolyticus strains. Survival of acid challenge by stationary-phase cells differed by up to 3 log CFU/ml among the 25 isolates tested. No differences in acid resistance were found between strains when they were grouped by source (clinical isolates versus those obtained from food). Survival at pH 3.6 for log-phase cells that had been previously exposed to sublethal acidic conditions (pH 5.5) was enhanced compared with that for cells not previously exposed to pH 5.5. However, for stationary-phase cells, exposure to pH 5.5 impaired both subsequent survival at pH 3.6 and cytotoxicity to human epithelial cells. Relative cytotoxicities of nonadapted stationary-phase cells were 1.2- to 4.8-fold higher than those of adapted cells. Sublethal acid exposure appears to impose measurable growth phase-dependent effects on subsequent lethal acid challenge survival and cytotoxicity of V. parahaemolyticus.     

双水相萃取法提取虫草发酵液中甘露醇的研究

探索采用正丙醇/(NH4)2SO4双水相系统从拟黑虫草发酵液中提取甘露醇的方法。实验研究了正丙醇、(NH4)2SO4、溶液浓度和pH值对甘露醇分配系数、萃取率的影响,确定提取甘露醇的最佳条件,即正丙醇溶液浓度为20%、(NH4)2SO4溶液浓度为25%、pH7.4时分配系数为0.028,甘露醇萃取率最高为73.79%。     

蛹虫草纤溶酶酶学性质的初步研究

采用盐析和离子交换层析法制备蛹虫草纤溶酶粗酶样品,并对其酶学性质进行初步研究。结果显示：该酶最适pH 值和作用温度分别为8.0 和37℃; 在pH6～10.6 范围内较稳定,但对高温较为敏感;EDTA 对蛹虫草纤溶酶具有抑制作用,说明该酶是一种基质金属蛋白酶;金属离子Ca2+、Fe2+ 在低浓度(0.01mmol/L)时对此酶有促进作用,但高浓度时有抑制作用,而NH4+对酶活性影响不大。     

Stability of patulin at ph 6.0-8.0 and 25 degrees c.

Patulin was tested for stability at pH values of 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0, using S?rensen's phosphate buffer at 25 degrees C. Patulin was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. When the percentage of patulin remaining was plotted versus reaction time, apparent first-order reaction plots were obtained. Reaction rate constants for disappearance of patulin ranged from 1.1 x 10(-2) h at pH 8.0-5.3 x 10(-4) h at pH 6.0. Values for half-life were calculated and ranged from 64 h at pH 8.0 to 1310 h at pH 6.0.     

一株嗜酸乳杆菌突变株亚油酸异构酶的纯化及性质

亚油酸异构酶可以把亚油酸转化为共轭亚油酸。用硫酸铵沉淀、透析、凝胶过滤等步骤 ,从 1株嗜酸乳杆菌突变株中分离纯化了该酶。纯化倍数为 5 2 .0倍、比活力达 5 1 3 .0U/mg、活力回收 7.0 %。用SDS PAGE测得该酶亚基的分子量为 40 .7ku ;该酶的最适反应pH值为 4.0左右 ,最适反应温度为 3 0～ 40℃ ,在 pH 2 .0～ 7.0和 60℃以下较稳定。Fe2 + 、Mg2 + 、Zn2 + 、Na+ 能提高酶活性 ,Hg2 + 、Cu2 + 、Mn2 + 、Fe3+ 能抑制酶活性。以亚油酸为底物时该酶的动力学常数为 2 1 .6mmol/L。