使用Hash表和树位图的两级IPv6地址查找算法

为了提高IPv6地址查找效率,在分析IPv6路由前缀长度分布规律的基础上,提出了基于哈希表及树位图(Tree-bitmap)的两级IPv6地址查找算法.算法将长度为16,32,48和64比特的前缀分别存储在4个Hash表中,其余前缀的前16,32和48比特利用已有的Hash表存储,剩余的不足16比特的部分前缀利用树位图存储,并将树位图的入口地址保存在Hash表中.IP地址查找时在Hash表和树位图中进行两级查找.实验表明,该查找算法的平均内存访问次数为1～2,最坏情况下为7,适用于高速IPv6地址查找.     

一种新的快速IPv6路由查找算法

在分析原有查找算法的基础上,结合IPv6地址结构和骨干路由表特点,提出一种新的快速IPv6路由查找算法。基于Hash表和多分支Trie树结构,将最常用到的路由前缀按前缀长度放置在Hash表中,并按前缀值有序存放在表结点中,不仅可以进行最常用前缀的二分查找,同时又是其他前缀匹配的索引。对于其他的前缀匹配问题,根据Hash表中的索引到相应的多分支Trie树完成最长前缀匹配。分析及测试证明该算法具有很好的时间效率,更新速度很快。     

一种前缀长度二分查找的改进算法

在研究路由表地址前缀分布特点的基础上,提出了前缀长度二分查找方案。该方案采用前缀扩展技术,将前缀数量相对稀少的若干种前缀合并成一种,降低了查找树的高度,减少了存储器访问次数,提高了查找速度,分析了一种实用的Marker存储算法,探讨了IPv6的路由查找问题。     

基于前缀范围对分搜索的高性能路由查找

高端路由器路由查找大多采用单步TCAM方案．要求转发表的存储必须按前缀长度相对地址降序排列，这种与地址关联的排序操作影响表项的更新速度和路由查找流程的连续性．与已有对前缀长度的搜索不同，该文提出一种独特的基于前缀范围对分搜索的路由查找算法．并以多步TCAM实现流水查找．突出特点是转发表无需排序，表项更新快，查找速率高且连续性好。可满足IPv4／IPv6核心路由器OC-768(40Gbps)端口的线速率转发．     

基于分段地址结构的快速路由查找算法

根据IPV6地址结构和骨干路由表特点,分析了原有路由查找算法,基于IPV6的掩码长度和分段地址,采用Hash表和多分支Trie树结构,提出了一种快速的IPV6路由查找算法。根据分段地址和掩码将最常用到的路由前缀按前缀长度设置Hash表,并将前缀值有序存放在表结点中。不仅可以进行前缀长度的二分查找,同时又是其它前缀匹配的索引。对于其他的前缀匹配问题,根据Hash表中的索引到相应的多分支Trie树完成最长前缀匹配。实践证明该算法具有较好的时空效率,可以较好地提高路由查找速度。     

快速IPv6分段查找及其硬件实现

提出一种可硬件实现的快速IPv6查找算法,采用基于内容可寻址存储器CAM的分段查找机制,用流水线实现,每个周期可输出一次查找结果,所需存储开销较小。在Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA开发板用150×1 024项IPv6前缀测试表明,查找速度可达597 Mp/s（Million packet/s）,最坏需要2次存储器访问,更新最坏需要50 μs,仅需20.07 MB的RAM和258 KB的CAM存储开销。     

基于无冲突哈希表和多比特树的两级IPv6路由查找算法

为了提高IPv6的路由查找效率,根据IPv6路由前缀分布规律和前缀层次关系,提出了基于无冲突哈希表和多比特树的两级IPv6路由查找算法。该算法将地址前缀划分区间并按长度为32,40,48比特分别存储于3个哈希表中,剩下不足的前缀比特由多比特树存储,IPv6路由查找时在无冲突哈希表和多比特树中两级查找。实验表明,该查找算法的平均查找路径数为1.0~1.7,适用于高速的IPv6路由查找。     

WSN中改进的IPv6路由查找算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)中的全局单播地址,提出一种IPv6快速路由查找机制。利用布鲁姆过滤器作为存储结构,以合适的存储方法降低错误率,采用最长前缀匹配算法合理分配前缀,以减少静态随机存取存储器的数量,降低成本。实验结果表明,利用该算法可以减少每一次查找的散列探头,从而提高路由表的查找速度,改善WSN的性能。     

散列索引多分支Trie树快速路由查找算法

路由器的主要任务是转发IP分组,实现高速分组转发的关键是快速的路由查找算法。我们针对IPv4地址,首先建立前缀长度为8、16和24的3张hash表,在此基础上,再分别针对不同长度的前缀建立最多只涉及其余8比特的多分支Trie树。在这种结构中进行IP路由查找,其存储器访问次数最多为7次,而且还具有易于更新、易于扩展等特点。     

一种快速IPv6路由查找方案

提出了一个可硬件实现的基于分段的快速IPv6路由查找方案.该方案支持快速的IP地址查找,并能有效地对路由前缀进行插入和删除操作.方案采用基于比特位置区分的压缩算法,与其它的 IPv6 路由查找方案相比较,所需存储器空间小,路由查找的平均时间少.如果采用SRAM流水线查找,可实现 125×106次/秒的查找速度.由于缺少实际的 IPv6路由前缀,该文生成了模拟路由前缀数据库.仿真试验结果表明:文章提出的方案具有合理的查找时间、空间和更新复杂度,容易硬件实现.     

Hash算法在网络处理器中的实现

提出一种应用于网络处理器的Hash算法,通过建立新型查找表的结构和构造两级Hash函数,能够有效地解决Hash冲突的问题。描述Hash表的软件建立流程和硬件查找过程,在Hash查找的基础上,给出硬件表项的学习过程和老化方法,简化表项的更新操作。针对不同的应用,建立不同类型的Hash表,合理地利用内外部存储资源,兼顾了存储资源和处理速度的平衡。实验结果表明,该算法对各种查找表中不同的表项数目和关键词长度均具有较好的兼容性,成功查找的平均长度为2,减少了存储器的访存次数,其单个微引擎的查找速度高达25Mb/s,能够满足网络处理器接口处理带宽20Gb/s的要求。     

基于二分搜索Trie的IPv4/IPv6路由快速查找算法

提出了一种独特的基于前缀长度二分搜索Trie的IP路由查找算法,融合了基于前缀长度的二分查找算法和基于Trie的查找算法的优点,采用部分IP地址作为索引,避免了使用Hash函数,提高了路由查找速度和表项更新速度;支持路由表的动态更新;算法扩展性好,可满足IPV4和IPV6两种协议栈的OC-48(25Gbps)、OC-192(10Gbps)接口的线速路由查找。     

基于LSOT的高速IP路由查找算法

由于因特网速度不断提高、网络流量不断增加、路由表规模不断扩大，IP路由查找已经成为制约路由器性能的重要原因，因而受到广泛重视。目前人们已经提出几种算法用于解决IP路由查找问题，但均不能完全满足核心路由器的要求。该文提出一种基于LSOT的IP路由查找方法，它使用可变大小段表和偏移量表，能适应SRAM和FPGA芯片内存储器容量的变化，具有查找速度高、更新时间快、存储代价低、易于实现等特点，使用FPGA设计能满足10Gbps端口速率核心路由器环境的要求，使用ASIC设计能满足40Gbps端口速率核心路由器环境的要求。     

IP路由缓存技术研究

针对目前用于IP路由查找的地址缓存技术和前缀缓存技术的局限性,分析了骨干网路由表前缀重叠特征,提出了一种基于阈值的IP路由缓存方法,该方法结合了地址缓存和前缀缓存技术,无需进行前缀扩展,克服了地址缓存技术缓存空间要求过大、前缀缓存技术无法缓存内部前缀节点的问题,在缓存空间、缓存命中率、缓存公平性以及路由增量更新方面具有优势;仿真实验表明对于路由条目超过260000的路由表,缓存空间大小为30000,选择阈值K=4时97%以上的节点可实现1:1缓存,其余节点采用地址缓存,缓存失效率小于0.02,可以用小的缓存空间实现高速线速转发.     

An efficient IP address lookup algorithm based on a small balanced tree using entry reduction

Due to a tremendous increase in internet traffic, backbone routers must have the capability to forward massive incoming packets at several gigabits per second. IP address lookup is one of the most challenging tasks for high-speed packet forwarding. Some high-end routers have been implemented with hardware parallelism using ternary content addressable memory (TCAM). However, TCAM is much more expensive in terms of circuit complexity as well as power consumption. Therefore, efficient algorithmic solutions are essentially required to be implemented using network processors as low cost solutions.Among the state-of-the-art algorithms for IP address lookup, a binary search based on a balanced tree is effective in providing a low-cost solution. In order to construct a balanced search tree, the prefixes with the nesting relationship should be converted into completely disjointed prefixes. A leaf-pushing technique is very useful to eliminate the nesting relationship among prefixes [V. Srinivasan, G. Varghese, Fast address lookups using controlled prefix expansion, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 17 (1) (1999) 1-40]. However, it creates duplicate prefixes, thus expanding the search tree.This paper proposes an efficient IP address lookup algorithm based on a small balanced tree using entry reduction. The leaf-pushing technique is used for creating the completely disjointed entries. In the leaf-pushed prefixes, there are numerous pairs of adjacent prefixes with similarities in prefix strings and output ports. The number of entries can be significantly reduced by the use of a new entry reduction method which merges pairs with these similar prefixes. After sorting the reduced disjointed entries, a small balanced tree is constructed with a very small node size. Based on this small balanced tree, a native binary search can be effectively used in address lookup issue. In addition, we propose a new multi-way search algorithm to improve a binary search for IPv4 address lookup. As a result, the proposed algorithms offer excellent lookup performance along with reduced memory requirements. Besides, these provide good scalability for large amounts of routing data and for the address migration toward IPv6. Using both various IPv4 and IPv6 routing data, the performance evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms have better performance in terms of lookup speed, memory requirement and scalability for the growth of entries and IPv6, as compared with other algorithms based on a binary search.     

Fast binary and multiway prefix searches for packet forwarding

Backbone routers with tens-of-gigabits-per-second links are indispensable communication devices to deploy on the Internet. The IP lookup operation is the most critical task that must be improved in routers. In this paper, we first present a systematic method to compare prefixes of different lengths. The list of prefixes can then be sorted and stored in a sequential array, which is contrary to the linked lists used in most of trie-based structures. Next, fast binary and multiway prefix searches assisted by auxiliary prefixes are proposed. We also developed a 32-bit representation to encode the prefixes of different lengths. For the large routing tables currently available on the Internet, the proposed multiway prefix search can achieve the worst-case number of memory accesses of three and four if the sizes of the CPU cache lines are 64 bytes and 32 bytes, respectively. The IPv4 simulation results show that the proposed prefix searches outperform the existing IP lookup schemes in terms of lookup times and memory consumption. The simulations using IPv6 routing tables also show the performance advantages of the proposed binary prefix searches. We also analyze the performance of the existing lookup schemes by concurrently considering the lookup speed, the update speed, and the memory consumption. Although the update speed of the proposed prefix search is worse than the dynamic routing table schemes with log(N) complexity for a table of N prefixes, our analysis shows that the overall performance of the proposed binary prefix search outperforms all the existing schemes.     

基于可变大小偏移量表的高速IP路由查找算法

由于因特网速度的不断提高、网络流量的不断增加和路由表规模的不断扩大,IP路由查找已经成为制约核心路由器性能的主要瓶颈。目前已有几种解决高速IP路由查找问题的算法,但均不能完全满足核心路由器的要求。本文提出了一种基于可变大小偏移量表的IP路由查找方法,它具有查找速率高、更新时间快、存储代价低、易于实现等特点,能
能满足10Gbps核心路由器环境的要求。