基于元胞自动机模型的遥感图像亚像元定位

由于遥感图像中普遍存在混合像元,因此传统分类方法得到的结果通常会存在较大误差,应用混合像元分解技术,虽然可以得到混合像元中各端元组分的丰度,但是却不能得到各端元组分的空间分布状态,而亚像元定位则是在混合像元分解的基础上,将混合像元剖分为亚像元,再利用端元组分的丰度及像元空间分布的特点,将亚像元赋予不同端元组分来得到各端元组分的空间分布情况,以提高遥感图像分类的精度。为了更好地解决亚像元定位问题,结合亚像元定位的理论模型,提出了一种新的元胞自动机模型,并通过模拟数据和实际数据对该模型进行了检验,结果表明,该模型是一种简单有效的解决亚像元定位问题的方法。     

基于自组织映射和模糊隶属度的混合像元分解

遥感图像中普遍存在着混合像元,将混合像元分解为端元和它们之间混合的丰度,对于高精度的地物识别和定量遥感具有重要意义.结合自组织映射神经网络和模糊理论中的模糊隶属度,提出一种新的多光谱和高光谱遥感图像混合像元分解的方法.首先对自组织映射神经网络进行有监督的训练,然后基于模糊模型对混合像元进行分解.其分解结果自动满足混合像元分解问题所要求的2个约束:丰度值非负约束及丰度值和为1约束.实验结果表明,该方法不仅适用于线性光谱混合的情况,也适用于非线性光谱混合的情况,能够获得较好的混合像元分解结果,同时具有较强的抗噪声能力.     

基于改进SAM的高光谱影像混合像元分解算法研究

将传统遥感图像分类方法中的光谱角度制图法(Spectral Angle Mapping-SAM)加以变换,改进为一种符合全约束条件下的高光谱遥感图像的混合像元分解模型.新算法在端元丰度比例满足全约束的条件下,通过逼近的方法寻找一种端元丰度的比例组合,使测试光谱与目标光谱的广义夹角最小,从而认为该比例组合就是混合像元分解...     

基于混合像元分解的喀斯特石漠化地物丰度估测

我国西南喀斯特地区长期存在以石漠化为特征的土地退化问题,是我国三大生态问题之一。喀斯特地区地表复杂度高,具有高度时空异质性,像元混合现象严重,植被、裸岩和裸土为喀斯特地区典型地物,使得评价喀斯特石漠化的关键指标(如裸岩率、植被覆盖度)获取比较困难,高光谱遥感在混合像元分解方面有独特优势,可以获取地物端元的丰度。通过地面试验表明光谱指数能够表征地物覆盖度,进而以Hyperion高光谱影像为数据源,利用连续最大角凸锥方法从影像中提取这3类地物的端元,运用半约束和全约束线性光谱分解方法估算其丰度。研究表明:半约束线性分解得到的丰度优于全约束分解结果,其反演的植被、裸土和裸岩的丰度与相应的光谱指数间具有显著线性相关性,确定系数R²分别为0.92、0.66与0.84,表明地物丰度能够表征其覆盖度。因此,通过混合像元分解算法反演地物丰度来提取喀斯特石漠化因子具有一定的可行性,这为高光谱遥感在喀斯特石漠化中的评价和监测奠定了理论和算法基础。     

结合地物光谱库的高光谱端元识别及解混

针对目前基于地物光谱库的高光谱影像稀疏解混方法得到的端元丰度与真实端元丰度仍有较大差距,解混结果中出现很多具有小丰度值的多选端元(伪端元),提出一种基于光谱库的高光谱遥感影像端元识别和稀疏解混方法。首先对影像进行初步稀疏解混,将得到的解混丰度进行显著性分析,自适应地选择显著性丰度阈值,将低于该阈值丰度的端元从混合像元中剔除,得到更为稀疏和准确的表示端元子集。模拟数据的实验表明,该方法能极大提高解混丰度的稀疏性,提高端元识别的准确率,并在一定程度上提高解混的整体精度。真实数据实验结果也验证了该方法在真实影像复杂场景下的有效性。     

基于空谱初始化的非负矩阵光谱混合像元盲分解

混合像元分解是提高遥感监测能力的有效方法之一,因此一直以来是遥感领域的重要研究内容。非负矩阵盲分解(Non-negative Matrix Factorization,NMF)方法无需监督选择端元,无需假定纯像元存在,且能同步获取优化的端元光谱与端元丰度,从而为先验知识不足、高度混合场景下的混合像元分解提供了不错的选择,因此成为高光谱混合像元分解方法的重要分支之一。但NMF易陷入局部最优,若直接应用于混合像元解混难以获取稳定的最优解,从而影响了NMF在光谱混合分解的推广应用。针对这一问题,提出一种利用空谱预处理(SSPP)改进NMF的混合像元分解方法(SSPP-NMF)。首先利用SSPP算法结合空间和光谱信息筛选出合理有效的数据子集;然后用NMF算法对筛选出的数据子集进行混合像元分解,获取具有空间均匀性和光谱纯净性的端元光谱;最后基于上一步获取端元光谱利用非负最小二乘法(NNLS)获取整个研究区的最终端元丰度。为检验该方法的有效性和适用性,分别采用模拟仿真数据和真实遥感影像分析了SSPP对NMF的改善效果,并与ATGP-NMF、MVC-NMF两种基于初始化改进NMF的方法进行了比较分析,结果表明:相比ATGP-NMF、MVC-NMF而言,SSPP算法更能有效抑制噪声的影响,明显地提高NMF分解效果,并且具有较高的时间效率。     

基于贝叶斯自组织映射和高斯混合模型的混合像元分解

提出一种新的对多通道遥感图像进行混合像元分解的方法.该方法将贝叶斯自组织映射算法引入混合像元分解问题中,通过最小化Kullback-Leibler信息度实现高斯参数的估计,并结合高斯混合模型完成解混.为了获得较高的解混精度,要求适当地扩展正态分布的范围,提出了3σ的方差调整方法来解决这一问题.所采用的解混模型自动满足混合像元分解问题所要求的2个约束条件:丰度值非负约束,丰度值和为1约束.实验结果表明,该方法有较好的混合像元分解结果,同时具有较强的抗噪声能力.     

一种端元可变的混合像元分解方法

混合像元线性分解是高光谱影像处理的常用方法，它使用相同的端元矩阵对像元进行分解，其结果是分解精度不高。为此提出了一种端元可变的混合像元分解方法，在确定端元矩阵时，首先考察混合像元与端元的光谱相似性，结合地物空间分布特点，实现了可变端元的混合像元分解。试验结果表明，该分解方法分解精度优于传统线性模型，符合实际情况。     

基于修正MCMC的端元可变的混合像元分解算法

传统的混合像元分解一般是基于固定端元的,然而实际上影像中像元并非都由完全相同的端元组成。基于波谱库,将端元选取和丰度反演合为一个步骤,抽象成一个估计参数的随机过程,在端元数目可变的前提下,基于可逆的跳跃式MCMC方法估计参数,从波谱库中选取端元并对混合像元进行线性解混。在状态转移过程中,加入端元的累积知识,以提高算法效率。这种算法不需要人工干预,能够实现自动化像元分解,并且具有较高的精度。实验表明,基于修正MCMC的端元可变的自动化解混算法在分解精度和稳定性方面均优于基于固定端元的混合像元分解方法。     

端元约束下的高光谱混合像元非负矩阵分解

提出一种端元约束条件下的非负矩阵分解方法来自动反演混合像元组分。以端元光谱之间的差距为约束条件,使得目标函数综合了影像的分解误差和端元光谱的影响,并以最大后验概率方法导出了限制性非负矩阵分解的迭代算法。成像光谱数据实验结果表明该方法能够自动提取影像的端元光谱矩阵与组分信息,且分解精度比IEA方法高。     

Spectral unmixing of Landsat Thematic Mapper data

The observed spectral signature of pixels in remote sensing imagery in most cases is the result of the reflecting properties of a number of surface materials constituting the area of a pixel. Despite this knowledge most image classification techniques aim at labelling a pixel according to a singular surface category. An alternative product can be generated using spectral unmixing: a technique that strives to find the surface abundances of a number of spectral components together causing the observed spectral reflectance at a pixel. A stepwise approach to implement spectral unmixing in Landsat Thematic Mapper image analysis is proposed: (1) atmospheric calibration of the image data, (2) preselection of a large number of ‘candidate’ endmembers, (3) reduction to the most important spectral endmembers using spectral angle mapping, (4) finding the relative abundances of the endmembers through spectral unmixing analysis, (5) combining the abundance estimates into a final product comparable to a classified image, and (6) accuracy assessment. A Landsat Thematic Mapper image from southern Spain covering a large peridotite body with adjacent limestone and low-grade metamorphic rocks is used as an example to demonstrate the usefulness of unmixing.     

Linear spectral unmixing using endmember coexistence rules and spatial correlation

Mixed pixels are often formed when surface materials are smaller than the spatial resolution of a sensor, or two or more ground features fall within a pixel. Spectral unmixing, decomposing a mixed pixel into a set of endmembers and their corresponding abundance fractions, is an important method for extracting the underlying spectral and spatial information from remote sensing images. Recent studies have shown that it is difficult to increase the accuracy of unmixing using single pixel processing. Here, we suggest combining information on the fundamental interrelations of ground components and a priori knowledge on how ground components co-exist or exclude each other according to general geographic and geomorphic relations with spectral information may allow improved unmixing. Therefore, we propose a novel spectral unmixing method to estimate endmember abundances based on linear spectral mixing model with endmember coexistence rules and spatial correlation (LSMM-R&C). This method was implemented by incorporating endmember coexistence rules along with spatial correlation into a weighted least square method. Experiments with both synthetic and real satellite images were carried out to verify the proposed method, and its performance was also evaluated in comparison to the commonly used LSMM (linear spectral mixture method), LAU (local adaptive unmixing), ISU (iterative spectral unmixing) and ISMA (iterative spectral mixture analysis) methods. LSMM-R&C showed the smallest error, and was more effective at revealing the detailed spatial distribution of endmembers’ abundance, showing high potential for solving the problem of spatial heterogeneity among neighbouring pixels.     

基于ANN端元估计的高光谱图像解混算法

针对高光谱图像解混问题进行研究,发现传统解混算法在保持端元数目不变的情况下,得到的解混精度不高。为此,基于人工神经网络（ANN）提出一种估计单像素点中端元数目和类别的解混算法。首先利用人工神经网络对遥感图像中各个像素的端元数目和类别进行估计;之后依据估计结果确定解混算法的目标函数,并引入改进的差分搜索算法对目标函数进行优化求解;最终获取地物丰度和待求参数,实现高光谱图像的解混。仿真数据和真实遥感数据实验表明,与现有的解混算法相比,所提解混算法具有更高的解混性能,更加符合实际场景的情况。     

基于类解混的高光谱和多光谱图像融合算法

基于解混合的图像融合算法存在的2个问题:(1)用低分辨率高光谱图像(low-resolution hyperspectral image,LR-HSI)的光谱特征重建高分辨率高光谱图像(high-resolution hyperspectral image,HR-HSI),而LR-HSI的空间降质会导致光谱的精度损失;(2)基于非负矩阵解混的算法由于目标函数非凸性,其求解对初始值敏感,导致端元和丰度值不稳定.为解决此问题,提出基于类解混的高光谱图像融合算法.首先,利用模糊c均值算法对图像聚类,以距离聚类中心最近的像素代替解混端元,避开了直接解混导致的解不稳定问题.其次,为每类地物分别学习基于广义回归神经网络(general regression neural network,GRNN)的相同场景HR-HSI和LR-HSI在光谱域的非线性映射关系,弥补由于空间降质导致的端元光谱精度损失.文中借鉴解混合思想,由低分辨率高光谱图像的端元重建高分辨率高光谱图像的端元,将其与高分辨率多光谱图像(high-resolution multispectral image,HR-MSI)的稀疏系数结合得到HR-HSI.在4组数据集上验证本算法性能,与多种融合算法比较.实验表明,Salinas数据的实验结果在SAM,RMSE和ERGAS指标与次优的方法相比,它们的数值分别降低了5.5%,5.5%和1.6%;在Cuprite数据上数值降低了1.3%,3.9%和3.8%;在Indian Pines数据上数值分别降低了1.7%,4.0%和3.9%;在Pavia Center数据上,采用双三次插值时在SAM和ERGAS指标上与次优的方法相比数值分别降低了2.9%和8.5%;采用双线性插值时数值分别降低了3.5%和3.4%.所以,文中算法在有效地提升空间分辨率的同时,很好地保持了光谱信息.     

A super resolution approach for spectral unmixing of remote sensing images

It is well known that coarse spatial resolution is an important factor for the occurrence of mixed pixels in remote sensing images, and conventional approaches for spectral unmixing adopt various techniques on spectral dimension only in a fixed spatial resolution. In this article, a super resolution (SR) approach for spectral unmixing is proposed, based on the assumption that increasing the spatial resolution helps to retrieve the composition of a pixel. Firstly, a remote sensing image is downscaled into an SR image using example-based kernel ridge regression (EBKRR). Secondly, the SR image is classified using supervised hard classification, and then the class map is decomposed into thematic class layers. Thirdly, the thematic class layers are upscaled into the original spatial resolution with an averaging operation, and the abundance maps are finally derived. In two simulated data-based experiments and one ground data-based experiment, this approach was compared with linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) and artificial neural network (ANN)-based spectral unmixing methods. The accuracy assessment indicated that the SR approach outperformed LSMA and ANN under measurements of mean absolute error and absolute bias in the three experiments.     

基于数据流的TIN迭代滤波算法

通过机载LiDAR数据滤波获取地面信息是机载LiDAR数据的一项重要且基本的应用。基于现行的滤波算法都有一定的应用局限,本文提出了一种基于数据流的TIN滤波算法。该方法基于流的思想,首先对机载LiDAR数据进行点流的空间结点化,之后在构建Delaunay三角网的同时,进行插入点判断。通过试验区数据的滤波验证,此算法能够较好地滤除地物点,保持地形;提高了滤波效果的同时,在算法效率上还占有一定优势。     

粗糙集约简的神经网络遥感分类应用

近年来,随着人工神经网络系统理论的发展,神经网络技术日益成为遥感数字图像分类处理的有效手段。但是该方法不能降低维数、时间开销大,针对这些不足提出一种基于粗糙集约简的神经网络方法。本文对RapidEye影像进行分析并提取纹理特征,利用粗糙集理论对纹理特征与光谱特征属性进行约简,得到的约简属性作为输入属性,利用神经网络法对影像分类。结果表明该方法具有较好的分类精度。     

Endmember search and proportion estimates from airborne hyperspectral surveys

The estimation of areas of land-cover elements is required for many natural resource management programmes and is also used by the mineral and petroleum resource communities either for detection of mineral abundances or monitoring of environmental remediation and other off-site impacts. When the identification of many constituent elements is desired, remote sensors that possess many spectral bands are often deployed, providing data that can be used in a spectroscopic (or other) analysis. At the size of a (remotely sensed) ground sample (represented as an image pixel), which with current technology is typically a few metres, the sample is heterogeneous and typically composed of several biological and geological constituents. It is of interest to first identify the constituent elements and their number and, second, to estimate their relative abundance. When no suitable spectral library is available for a particular data set, an exploratory approach using a blind unmixing method may be used to detect and estimate the endmembers themselves – an exploratory approach because there is no guarantee that the spectral endmembers fitted using blind unmixing will correspond to the ‘pure’ materials of interest to a particular application. Further, if employing a blind unmixing technique to each image in a large multi-image survey independently, there is no guarantee that compatible sets of endmembers will be found to produce maps that are seamless across contiguous images. The aim of this article is to examine the potential for applying blind unmixing at the whole-of-survey level as a way to finding endmembers and proportion maps that are cross-swath consistent and broadscale applicable. We demonstrate that a mosaic of many radiometrically block-adjusted swaths of data from the HyMap airborne hyperspectral imager (HyVista Corporation) can be unmixed as a single image using the Iterated Constrained Endmembers blind unmixing algorithm. The major endmembers are validated against available Analytical Spectral Devices ground spectra and broadscale abundance maps of the type targeted by both vegetation and soil mapping communities are produced.     

基于模糊高斯基函数神经网络的遥感图像分类

针对遥感图像分类的特点,提出了一种基于模糊高斯基函数神经网络的遥感图像分类器。该分类器将模糊技术与神经网络相结合,采用神经网络来实现模糊推理,利用神经网络的学习能力来达到调整模糊隶属函数和模型规则的目的,从而使系统具备了自适应的特性,实验结果表明,这种基于模糊高斯基孙数神经网络的分类器经过训练后,可应用于遥感图像的分类,其分类精度明显高于传统的最大似然分类法。