两步法制备高活性酪蛋白ACE抑制肽的工艺参数研究

为了制备高活性ACE 抑制肽,研究两步法高活性酪蛋白ACE 抑制肽的制备工艺条件参数。利用枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶55℃水解酪蛋白6h 制备酪蛋白ACE 抑制肽,IC50 为38.6μg/mL;采用相同的酶进行Plastein 反应来修饰酪蛋白ACE 抑制肽,并应用响应面分析法优化修饰反应条件。固定酪蛋白ACE 抑制肽质量分数为35%,以ACE 抑制肽的游离氨基减少量为指标,优化的修饰反应条件为酶添加量7.7kU/g 蛋白质、温度42.7℃、反应时间6h,在此条件下,酪蛋白ACE 抑制肽的游离氨基减少量达到179.72μmol/g 蛋白质。ACE 抑制活性分析结果表明,修饰后ACE 抑制肽的抑制活性显著提高且与修饰反应程度相关,IC50 可降0.5μg/mL。     

酪蛋白水解物的酶法修饰与ACE抑制活性变化

利用枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白制备酪蛋白水解物,其水解度为11.2%,IC50为47.1μg/mL。再应用相同的酶对酪蛋白水解物进行类蛋白反应修饰,考察底物浓度、温度和酶添加量对类蛋白反应的影响,并制备5个不同的修饰产物测定其ACE抑制活性和IC50值。结果表明,修饰产物的ACE抑制活性随修饰程度(游离氨基减少量)的增加而提高,并且都高于未经修饰的酪蛋白水解物。当游离氨基减少量为154.65μmol/g(蛋白)时,修饰产物的IC50值可降至0.6μg/mL。毛细管电泳分析结果显示类蛋白修饰后水解物的多肽组成情况发生明显变化。研究结果证明酪蛋白水解物的ACE抑制活性可以通过类蛋白反应的修饰作用而提高。     

酪蛋白水锯物的酶法修饰与ACE抑制活性变化

利用枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白制备酪蛋白水解物,其水解度为11.2%,IC50为47.1μg/mL.再应用相同的酶对酪蛋白水解物进行类蛋白反应修饰,考察底物浓度、温度和酶添加量对类蛋白反应的影响,并制备5个不同的修饰产物测定其ACE抑制活性和IC50值.结果 表明,修饰产物的ACE抑制活性随修饰程度(游离氨基减少量)的增加而提高,并且都高于未经修饰的酪蛋白水解物.当游离氨基减少量为154.65 μmol/g(蛋白)时,修饰产物的IC50值可降至0.6 μg/mL.毛细管电泳分析结果显示类蛋白修饰后水解物的多肽组成情况发生明显变化.研究结果证明酪蛋白水解物的ACE抑制活性可以通过类蛋白反应的修饰作用而提高.     

酪蛋白水解物的中性蛋白酶修饰及其ACE抑制活性

采用碱性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白,制备水解度为13.5%、IC50为45.23μg/mL的酪蛋白水解物,然后利用中性蛋白酶对水解物进行类蛋白反应修饰,并研究酶添加量、底物浓度、反应温度和时间对修饰反应的影响。结果表明,修饰反应体系中水解反应占优势,表现为游离氨基含量增加;酶添加量、底物浓度、反应时间对修饰反应的影响显著,而反应温度的影响不大;在低酶添加量、高底物浓度和短反应时间下,修饰反应体系的游离氨基的增加幅度减少,水解反应相对降低。制备6个不同反应程度的修饰产物,ACE抑制活性分析结果显示,修饰产物的IC50降至15.56~19.98μg/mL,表明中性蛋白酶催化的类蛋白反应修饰可以提高酪蛋白水解物的ACE抑制活性。     

酪蛋白水解物的Plastein反应修饰及ACE抑制活性变化

采用中性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白,一定条件下制备水解度为13.0%、IC50质量浓度为40.4 mg/L的酪蛋白水解物。利用中性蛋白酶对所制备出的水解物进行plastein反应修饰,以反应体系的游离氨基量的变化为评价指标,通过单一因素试验研究酶添加量、底物质量分数、反应时间和反应温度对修饰反应的影响。结果表明,适宜的反应条件为中性蛋白酶添加量3 kU/g蛋白质、底物质量分数60%、反应时间6 h、反应温度20℃。制备5个不同反应程度的修饰产物,ACE抑制活性分析结果显示,修饰产物的IC50降至14.7~31.1 mg/L,表明中性蛋白酶催化的plastein反应修饰提高酪蛋白水解物的ACE抑制活性,且ACE抑制活性的提高程度与plastein反应程度有关。     

酪蛋白水解物的类蛋白反应修饰及其产物ACE抑制活性特征

采用碱性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白,制备水解度为10.9%、IC50值为52.6μg/mL的酪蛋白水解物,并利用响应面法优化碱性蛋白酶催化的类蛋白反应修饰条件。修饰反应时间固定为6h时,适宜的条件为酶添加量3.1kU/g pro、底物质量浓度50g/100mL、反应温度25℃。制备9个修饰程度不同的修饰产物,结果显示：修饰产物ACE抑制活性均提高,并且活性最高的修饰产物的IC50降低至14.9μg/mL。该修饰产物离心分级后,上清液部分和沉淀部分的ACE抑制活性分别低于和高于修饰产物,表明沉淀部分是提高ACE抑制活性的主要原因;Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,修饰产物及沉淀部分有较大分子质量的肽分子生成;该修饰产物和上清液部分、沉淀部分的进一步酶水解处理则显示,酶水解会导致它们的ACE抑制活性降低,但是仍然高于最初的酪蛋白水解物。     

耦合Plastein反应的大豆蛋白降压肽酶法制备技术

利用碱性蛋白酶酶解大豆分离蛋白,制备出水解度为16.6% 的大豆蛋白水解物,随后对水解物进行Plastein反应修饰。利用响应面分析优化修饰反应条件,得到适宜参数：底物质量分数45%、酶添加量275U/g 蛋白质、反应时间3～4h、温度30℃。制备修饰反应程度不同的9 种修饰产物并评价其体外ACE 抑制活性,发现修饰产物的IC50 值为0.64～1.30mg/mL,均小于大豆蛋白水解物IC50 值(1.45mg/mL)。排阻色谱分析结果确认,修饰产物中有更多的高分子质量肽段存在。结果显示,大豆蛋白的酶解以及耦合Plastein 反应修饰,是一种制备高ACE抑制活性大豆蛋白降压肽的新技术。     

南瓜籽ACE抑制肽的Plastein反应修饰及分离鉴定

为进一步提升南瓜籽多肽的ACE抑制活性,利用Plastein反应对南瓜籽ACE抑制肽进行修饰,探究底物质量分数、反应温度、反应时间以及3种外源氨基酸添加量对ACE抑制率的影响。采用超滤和Sephadex G-25柱层析等分离修饰产物,并利用LC-MS/MS鉴定肽序列。结果表明：Plastein反应修饰的最佳条件为底物质量分数45%,反应温度20℃,反应时间3 h;分别添加亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸或甘氨酸均能显著提升修饰产物的ACE抑制率,其中添加0.5 mmol/g亮氨酸时,修饰产物的ACE抑制率最高,比修饰前提高了24.50百分点;经超滤和Sephadex G-25柱层析分离,获得ACE抑制率达89.61%的组分,经LC-MS/MS鉴定出76个肽段,固相合成其中4种多肽IFH、IFF、LAAF、DFHPR,其抑制ACE的IC₅₀分别为1.55、2.24、3.79 mmol/L和7.86 mmol/L。综上,Plastein反应修饰可显著改善南瓜籽ACE抑制肽的ACE抑制活性,经超滤和Sephadex G-25柱层析分离,可获得高ACE抑制活性的南瓜籽ACE抑制肽。     

乙醇-水体系中酪蛋白水解物的类蛋白反应及ACE抑制活性的变化

采用Neutrase 0.8L蛋白酶水解酪蛋白,制备水解度为13.6%的酪蛋白水解产物,测得其对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的体外抑制活性IC50为(46.92±0.27)mg/L。在乙醇溶剂中,利用Neutrase 0.8L蛋白酶对水解物进行类蛋白反应修饰,并研究酶添加量、底物质量分数、反应温度、反应时间和乙醇浓度对修饰反应的影响。在优化条件下的类蛋白反应体系中,游离氨基浓度减少,说明合成反应占优势;酶添加量、底物质量分数、乙醇质量分数对修饰反应的影响显著,而反应时间和温度影响不大。通过单因素实验确定类蛋白反应的最适反应条件为:44%乙醇水溶液、反应温度为40℃,酶添加量为3 kU/g蛋白质、底物质量分数40%、反应时间6.0 h。此条件下,反应体系中游离氨基浓度变化达到202.19μmol/g蛋白质,修饰产物的IC50值降低至(25.96±0.29)mg/L,降低44.7%。     

马铃薯蛋白ACE抑制肽的Plastein反应修饰研究

以马铃薯为原料提取马铃薯蛋白,采用胰蛋白酶水解马铃薯蛋白,制备ACE抑制肽,利用类蛋白反应(Plastein反应)修饰获得ACE抑制肽。研究添加氨基酸的种类、酶与底物浓度比([E]/[S])、反应pH、温度和时间5个因素对ACE抑制肽抑制率的影响。结果表明,Plastein反应修饰的最佳条件为:底物浓度30.0%,反应温度43.68℃、pH值8.05、加酶量3 565.05U/g,反应时间3.0h。经Plastein反应修饰,产物的ACE抑制率可以达到(82.89±0.05)%,较未经修饰的提高了1.35倍。     

Preparation of Alcalase-catalyzed casein plasteins in the presence of proline addition and the ACE-inhibitory activity of the plasteins in vitro

Casein hydrolysates were prepared by hydrolysis of casein with alkaline protease Alcalase for 6 h and showed the highest ACE-inhibitory activity in vitro with an IC₅₀ value of 47.1 μg mL⁻¹. Casein hydrolysates prepared were subjected to Alcalase-catalyzed plastein reaction in the presence or absence of proline addition to prepare casein plasteins. Some optimal reaction conditions of plastein reaction in the presence of proline addition were studied using response surface methodology with the decrease in free amino groups in the casein plasteins as response. When the concentration of casein hydrolysates was fixed at 35% (w w⁻¹) and reaction time at 6 h, the optimal conditions were reaction temperature 48 °C, addition level of proline 0.54 mol/mol free amino groups of casein hydrolysates and addition level of Alcalase 9.5 kU g⁻¹ proteins. With these conditions, the maximal decrease in free amino groups in casein plasteins was 195.7 μmol g⁻¹ proteins. The ACE-inhibitory activities of twelve casein plasteins in vitro, prepared in the presence or absence of proline addition with different reaction extents, were evaluated and compared. The results showed that the ACE-inhibitory activity of the casein plasteins prepared in the presence of proline addition changed irregularly, different to that of the casein plasteins prepared in the absence of proline addition, and might relate to the different linking of proline to the peptides in casein hydrolysates during plastein reaction. When the casein plasteins prepared in the presence of proline addition had a decrease in free amino groups 195.7 μmol g⁻¹ proteins, the IC₅₀ value of the casein plasteins was lowered to 0.2 μg mL⁻¹.     

Coupled Neutrase–Catalyzed Plastein Reaction Mediated the ACE-Inhibitory Activity In Vitro of Casein Hydrolysates Prepared by Alcalase

Casein hydrolysates with a degree of hydrolysis of 13.5% were prepared by hydrolyzing casein with an alkaline protease Alcalase, and showed ACE-inhibition in vitro with an IC₅₀ value of 45.2 μg/mL. The hydrolysates were modified by plastein reaction catalyzed by a neutral protease Neutrase to reveal the impact of the coupled Neutrase-catalyzed plastein reaction on the ACE-inhibition of the casein hydrolysates. The effects of addition level of Neutrase, substrate concentration, reaction temperature, and time on the plastein reaction of the casein hydrolysates were studied with the varying amount of free amino groups of the modified hydrolysates as index. The results illustrated that the amount of free amino groups of the modified hydrolysates increased in all occasions, and the addition level of Neutrase, substrate concentration, and reaction time had a clear impact on the plastein reaction. Six modified hydrolysates were prepared at a substrate concentration of 40% (by weight), Neutrase addition level of 3 kU/g peptides, reaction temperature of 35°C, and different reaction time. The assay results highlighted that the coupled Neutrase-catalyzed plastein reaction improved the ACE-inhibition of six modified hydrolysates with IC₅₀ values ranging from 15.6 to 20.0 μg/mL. Size exclusion chromatography analysis showed that some plasteins with a molecular weight of about 68 kDa existed in the modified hydrolysates. The results also demonstrated that it was the coupled Neutrase-catalyzed plastein reaction but not further hydrolysis of casein hydrolysates that enhanced the ACE-inhibition of the modified casein hydrolysates.     

Ace Inhibition and Enzymatic Resistance In Vitro of a Casein Hydrolysate Subjected to Plastein Reaction in the Presence of Extrinsic Proline and Ethanol- or Methanol-Water Fractionation

Casein was hydrolyzed by alcalase to a degree of hydrolysis of 10.9% to obtain a hydrolysate having ACE-inhibition in vitro with an IC₅₀ value of 52.6 μg/mL. The prepared hydrolysate was modified by alcalase-catalyzed plastein reaction with extrinsic proline added at 0.4 mol/mol free amino groups (on the basis of the hydrolysate), and fractionated by ethanol- or methanol-water solvents in proportions of 3:7, 5:5, or 7:3 (v/v), respectively. With the decrease of free amino groups of the modified hydrolysate as the response, the optimized plastein reaction conditions were alcalase addition of 3.1 kU/g peptides, substrate concentration of 50% (w/v), and reaction temperature of 25°C. Four modified hydrolysates prepared with different reaction times exhibited higher ACE-inhibitory activities than the original hydrolysate. The evaluation results showed that solvent fractionation of the modified hydrolysate with the maximum activity (IC₅₀ = 13.0 μg/mL) yielded the separated soluble fraction's higher activity but the precipitate fraction's lower one. Further enzymatic digestion of the modified hydrolysate with the maximum activity and its two fractionated products by four proteases in vitro caused damage to the activities, but the residual activities of the final digests were higher than that of the original hydrolysate, indicating that the plastein reaction could confer casein hydrolysate protease resistance.     

三种氨基酸添加下酶法修饰酪蛋白水解物的ACE抑制活性

采用碱性蛋白酶水解酪蛋白,制备水解度为12.4%、IC50为42.19μg/mL的酪蛋白水解物。在添加外源氨基酸的情况下对水解物进行类蛋白反应修饰,并响应面法研究氨基酸添加量、酶添加量、反应温度及3种氨基酸的影响。结果表明:氨基酸添加量、反应温度、氨基酸种类对修饰反应影响显著,而酶添加量的影响不大;分别添加苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸制备3个酪蛋白水解物修饰产物,其IC50降低至21.03～25.13μg/mL,表明添加外源氨基酸可提高修饰产物的体外ACE抑制活性,但添加不同氨基酸的影响不显著。     

大鳞副泥鳅蛋白制备ACE抑制肽的酶解方式研究

为开发大鳞副泥鳅蛋白血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽,使用高效液相色谱法测定大鳞副泥鳅蛋白的氨基酸组成,考察泥鳅蛋白的单一酶解方式和复合酶解方式对产生ACE抑制肽的影响,并使用N-三(羟甲基)甲基甘氨酸十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进一步证实不同酶解方式对泥鳅蛋白的水解效果。结果表明,大鳞副泥鳅蛋白富含疏水性氨基酸(39.823%)、支链氨基酸(18.102%)以及芳香族氨基酸(8.216%),是制备ACE抑制肽的良好来源。脯氨酸蛋白酶、α-胰凝乳蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶单一酶解泥鳅蛋白,酶解产物的最高ACE抑制率分别是81.01%、64.91%和87.84%,最高水解度分别为1.48%、9.04%和28.29%。使用碱性蛋白酶与脯氨酸蛋白酶对大鳞副泥鳅蛋白进行分步酶解与同步酶解,同步酶解方式可以产生更高活性的ACE抑制肽,最高的ACE抑制率为90.14%,IC50为0.491 mg/mL。     

高活性酪蛋白抗氧化肽的制备方法研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶对酪蛋白进行水解,得到抗氧化活性较好的酪蛋白水解物,并且水解物在木瓜蛋白酶作用下进行类蛋白反应制备出高活性酪蛋白抗氧化肽。第一步制备酪蛋白水解时酶添加量为500 U/g酪蛋白、温度45℃、底物浓度5%、反应时间2 h。第二步类蛋白反应的最优条件为：酶添加量为500 U/g水解物、温度30℃,底物浓度50%、作用时间5.5 h。毛细管电泳结果确认,类蛋白反应修饰后抗氧化肽的组成情况发生变化。抗氧化活性分析结果表明,类蛋白反应修饰后的酪蛋白抗氧化肽对两种自由基的清除能力显著提高。     

Modification of Soybean Protein Hydrolysates by Alcalase-Catalyzed Plastein Reaction and the ACE-Inhibitory Activity of the Modified Product In Vitro

Soybean protein hydrolysates were prepared by hydrolyzing soybean protein isolates with a protease alcalase to a degree of hydrolysis of 16.6%, and then modified by alcalase-catalyzed plastein reaction to reveal the impact of plastein reaction on the ACE-inhibitory activity of the modified product in vitro. The suitable conditions of plastein reaction of soybean protein hydrolysates were selected based on the results of response surface methodology with the decreased amount of the free amino groups of the modified product as response. When reaction temperature was fixed at 30°C, the selected conditions were as follows: concentration of soybean protein hydrolysates of 45% (w/w), addition level of alcalase of 275 U/g peptides, and reaction time of 3 to 4 h. Soybean protein hydrolysates and eight modified products were evaluated for their ACE-inhibitory activities in vitro. The assay results highlighted that plastein reaction improved the ACE-inhibitory activity of the modified product. The IC₅₀ of the modified products ranged from 0.64 to 1.11 mg/mL, while that of soybean protein hydrolysates was 1.45 mg/mL. The decreased amount of the free amino groups of the modified product showed influence on the ACE-inhibitory activity in vitro. Analysis results from size exclusion chromatography confirmed that some plasteins with higher molecular weights were formed in the modified product. Our results showed that alcalase-catalyzed plastein reaction could be applied as a potential approach to enhance the ACE-inhibitory activity of soybean protein hydrolysates in vitro.