Effect of voids on the propagation of waves in an elastic layer

The present paper investigates the propagation of waves in an elastic layer containing voids. Numerical calculations and discussions indicate that the velocity of the propagation of waves decreases due to the presence of voids in the material medium of the layer and the voids cause dispersion of the general waveform.     

功能梯度压电层/压电半空间结构中Love波的传播:一种改进的拉盖尔多项式方法

使用传统的拉盖尔多项式方法求解层状半空间结构时,存在因层间材料差异所造成的应力、电位移不连续的现象。为了克服此方法的不足,提出了一种改进的拉盖尔多项式方法,研究了功能梯度压电层状半空间中Love波的传播特性。与文献中应用WKB法得到的结果进行对比,验证了该方法的正确性。计算和分析了相应的频散曲线、应力和电位移分布曲线。结果表明:该方法能够避免因层间材料差异所造成的应力、电位移不连续现象的出现;高频Love波的应力和电位移主要分布在功能梯度压电层中速度较低的一侧。该研究为基于Love波传感器的设计与优化奠定了一定的理论基础。     

Love waves on a half-space with a gradient piezoelectric layer by the geometric integration method

The propagation of Love waves on an elastic homogeneous half-space with a piezoelectric gradient covering layer is studied by the geometric integration method in this article. First, the state transfer equation of a Love wave is derived from the governing equations and constitutive relations. Then, the transfer matrix of the state vector is obtained by solving the state transfer equation of a Love wave and then the stiffness matrix is obtained. By combining transfer matrices and the stiffness matrices of the gradient covering layer and the homogeneous half-space, the total surface stiffness matrix of a Love wave is obtained. Lastly, the application of the electrically open circuit and short circuit conditions and mechanically traction-free conditions gives the frequency dispersive relation of a Love wave. For the gradient covering layer, the material constants at the bottom of the covering layer may be greater or smaller than that at the top of the covering layer. The two situations and three kinds of gradient profiles for each of these two situations are investigated. The numerical results show that the Love wave speed is sensitive to not only the material constants at the bottom and the top of the covering layer, but also the gradient profiles of the covering layer.     

Propagation of low-frequency elastic waves in double-porositymedia containing viscoelastic component in the pores

A self-consistent scheme named the effective field method (EFM) is applied for the calculation of the velocities and quality factors of elastic waves propagating in double-porosity media. A double-porosity medium is considered to be a heterogeneous material composed of a matrix with primary pores and inclusions that are represent by flat (crack-like) secondary pores. The prediction of the effective viscoelastic moduli consists of two steps. First, we calculate the effective viscoelastic properties of the matrix with the primary small-scale pores (matrix homogenization). Then, the porous matrix is treated as a homogeneous isotropic host where the large-scale secondary pores are embedded. Spatial distribution of inclusions in the medium is taken into account via a special two-point correlation function. The results of the calculation of the viscoelastic properties of double-porosity media containing isotropic fields of crack-like inclusions and double-porosity media with some non-isotropic spatial distributions of crack-like inclusions are presented.     

Effect of surface stresses on surface waves in elastic solids

This paper deals with the propagation of surface waves in homogeneous, elastic solid media whose free surfaces or interfaces of separation are capable of supporting their own stress fields. The general theory for the propagation of surface waves in a medium which supports surface stresses is first deduced, and then this theory is employed to investigate the particular cases of surface waves, viz. (a) Rayleigh waves, (b) Love waves and (c) Stoneley waves. It is seen that the Rayleigh waves become dispersive in nature; and, in case of low frequency with residual surface tension, a critical wavelength exists, below which the propagation of Rayleigh waves is not possible. This critical wave length is directly proportional to the surface tension. Some numerical calculations have been made in the case of Love waves and conclusions have been drawn.     

Motion of an elliptical void in interconnects embedded in matrix under gradient stress field

We present an analytical solution for the motion of an elliptical void in representative interconnects embedded in a matrix with different line aspect (volume) ratio, under gradient stress field. An orthotropic elastic model is used to represent representative interconnects embedded in a matrix. The effects of stress gradient, stress states, an equivalent void size, the orthotropic material characteristic, and the shape parameter of the void on the motion velocity of an elliptical void are described and discussed.     

Love wave propagation in a solid with a cold-worked surface layer

In this paper, experiments show Love wave generation along the top surface of used railroad rail, where the shear wave velocity has been slightly reduced by the cold-working of wheel passage for years. The rf pulses used in the experiments have about 10 µs duration and a relatively narrow frequency spectrum. The group velocity of the Love wave is found to have a strong dependence on the carrier frequency over the tested range of 0.45–3.1 MHz. Application of the seismological one-layered model to the experimental measurements yields an NDE technique for the elastic properties and the thickness of the cold-worked surface layer. The results are interpreted on the basis of a destructive observation by micro-Vickers hardness testing.     

Numerical modelling of the scattering of elastic waves in plates

This paper describes the application of finite difference methods to the calculation of the scattering of elastic waves. The emphasis is on cracklike defects in plates, and it is shown that a common numerical technique can span a range of wavelengths from Lamb waves to ultrasonic waves with many reflections from the surfaces of the plate. Quantitative results are given for the scattering of Lamb waves and ultrasonic shear waves from surface-breaking cracks.     

具有非均匀损伤带状区域中波的传播

对弹性波在二次曲线变化的非均匀损伤介质中的传播理论进行了研究。通过非均匀损伤区两端界面处力的平衡条件和位移连续性条件对方程式进行求解，利用勒让德多项式，求出了二次曲线变化的非均匀损伤介质中波动方程的解析形式解。对带状渐增和渐减的非均匀损伤介质中波的传播进行了实例计算分析，讨论了弹性波在二次曲线变化的非均匀损伤介质中传播的一般性质。     

Effects of inhomogeneity on surface waves in anisotropic media

This paper investigates the effects of anisotropy and inhomogeneity on surface waves in elastic media. Exponential variation in properties are assumed for the elastic parameters and material density. The classical equations of motion for propagation of waves in an inhomogeneous transversely isotropic elastic solid are deduced. The equations of motion for surface waves are derived and general surface waves are investigated. This general theory is then utilized to investigate Rayleigh, Love and Stoneley waves. Results obtained in the above cases reduce to the corresponding well-known classical results when inhomogeneity and anisotropy are not present. It is seen that inhomogeneity has significant effects on dispersion characteristics. Numerical calculations are included for Love waves and some conclusions have been drawn from the above calculations.     

应力波在杆形部件中的传播与反演设计

应用矩阵方法，研究了应力波在弹性杆形部件中的传输特性。推导了以顺波、逆波为状态向量的应力波传播方程和杆形部件的作用力、速度传播的特征矩阵；探讨了特征矩阵及各元素的表达形式和特性；定义了部件透射率和反射率。基于给定部件的特征矩阵，采用多项式根的替换方法，反演递推求解出给定部件等透射率的部件设计方案；从设计方案的多项式根的分布状态和部件外部形态等方面探讨了设计方案数与离散单元数的关系。     

Coupled Tamm waves guided by an isotropic and homogeneous dielectric layer in a rugate filter

The propagation of Tamm waves (also known as Bloch surface waves) guided by a layer of homogeneous dielectric material in a rugate filter was studied theoretically. A canonical boundary-value problem was set up and a dispersion equation was obtained. The solution of the dispersion equation indicated the existence of coupled modes of Tamm waves that were absent when the homogeneous dielectric material was taken to occupy a half space. The spatial profiles of the electric and magnetic fields of Tamm waves showed that Tamm waves propagate localized to either one or both interfaces. Multiple Tamm waves may lead to multi-analyte chemical sensors and multi-channel communication.     

Propagation of elastic waves in honeycomb panels for application to rapid inspection techniques

This paper considers the properties of elastic waves guided by an aluminum plate bonded to a honeycomb core for application to rapid inspection of honeycomb panels. Current acoustic inspection techniques involve the transmission of a signal between a pair of small transducers located on opposite sides of the panel. Scanning the transducers in raster fashion results in a high resolution inspection of the panel, but is very time consuming. An alternative technique would simultaneously inspect all points along a line between two widely spaced transducers located on the same side of the panel. Scanning the pair once over the panel permits rapid inspection, although with decreased resolution. Studies presented here indicate that such a method of inspection is feasible and that the flexural mode is probably the most useful.     

饱和土中管桩对倾斜入射弹性波的隔离

在Biot饱和土波动方程的基础上,分析了全空间均质饱和土体中单排空心管桩对倾斜入射弹性波的隔离效果。将倾斜入射波和散射波的势函数展开成Fourier-Bessel函数的无穷级数的形式,利用一组圆柱坐标系统和Graff加法转换定理,通过施加桩土界面处的应力和位移连续的边界条件,求解出散射波势函数的待定系数,进而得到饱和土体中任意点的位移和应力。数值算例分析了饱和土体的渗透性和管桩的壁厚等参数对管桩隔离效果的影响。结果表明：空心管桩的隔离效果要好于实心排桩;随着饱和土体渗透性的降低,管桩的隔离效果越好,但当渗透性降低到一定程度后,再减小土体渗透性对管桩的隔离效果影响不大。     

Three‐dimensional BEM for scattering of elastic waves in general anisotropic media

Based on the full‐space Green's functions, a three‐dimensional time‐harmonic boundary element method is presented for the scattering of elastic waves in a triclinic full space. The boundary integral equations for incident, scattered and total wave fields are given. An efficient numerical method is proposed to calculate the free terms for any geometry. The discretization of the boundary integral equation is achieved by using a linear triangular element. Applications are discussed for scattering of elastic waves by a spherical cavity in a 3D triclinic medium. The method has been tested by comparing the numerical results with the existing analytical solutions for an isotropic problem. The results show that, in addition to the frequency of the incident waves, the scattered waves strongly depend on the anisotropy of the media. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Boundary integral equation analysis for radiation and scattering of elastic waves in three dimensions

Abstract

In this paper, the boundary integral equation (BIE) method is employed to investigate the radiation and scattering of time‐harmonic elastic waves by obstacles of arbitrary shape embedded in an infinite medium. Based on the vector BIE, entirely free of Cauchy principal value integrals, an efficient numerical scheme using quadratic isoparametric boundary elements is proposed. Furthermore, the difficulty of non‐uniquess of a solution inherent with BIE formulations for exterior elastodynamic problems is studied numerically and analytically. The counterparts of the combined Helmholtz integral formulation method for elastodynamics together with the least‐square or Lagrange‐multiplier technique are derived and applied to overcome this difficulty successfully. In addition, the elastic‐wave fields radiated or scattered by either a spherical cavity or a rigid sphere in an infinite medium are calculated and the results are compared with the analytical solutions to demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of the proposed numerical scheme.     

Propagation of electroacoustic axial shear waves in a piezoelectric medium reinforced by continuous fibers

The propagation of electroacoustic axial shear waves in a fiber reinforced piezocomposites is studied in which matrix and fibers consist of piezoelectric transversely isotropic materials with symmetry axes parallel to the fiber axes. The effective medium method self-consistent variant as developed by Sabina and Willis is used to obtain explicit equations for the complex wave vector and it is solved numerically. Its real part determines the effective wave velocity and the imaginary part the attenuation factor. Integral equations expressed via dynamic Green’s function kernels are set up. The central problem of the method is the axial shear electroacoustic wave scattering on one isolated fiber in the medium having the effective piezoelectric properties. It is solved approximately by the Galerkin type method. The obtained expressions for the effective wave velocity and attenuation factor cover not only the long-wave region but the intermediate wave and it is valid for long wavelenghts up to the diameter of the inclusion. Wave velocity and attenuation coefficient coincide with ones obtained earlier in some other way. Some numerical examples are presented for real materials.     

非理想界面正交各向异性层/压电半空间结构中Love波的传播特性

研究了正交各向异性层与压电半空间非理想连接时Love波的传播特性。其中,界面条件由剪切滞后模型表征,正交各向异性层表面机械自由。首先,对压电材料和正交各向异性材料的波动方程进行求解,然后利用界面条件和边界条件推导了显函形式的频散方程,最后进行了数值计算,分析了界面性态、压电材料性能和正交各向异性程度对频散特性的影响。分析结果表明：Love波的传播速度随着界面约束强度的降低而减小;当不理想程度较高时,正交各向异性程度和压电材料性能对Love波的传播速度影响不大。     

Propagation of Rayleigh surface waves with small wavelengths in nonlocal visco-elastic solids

This paper investigates Rayleigh waves, propagating on the surface of a visco-elastic solid under the linear theory of nonlocal elasticity. Dispersion relations are obtained. It is observed that the waves are dispersive in nature for small wavelengths. Numerical calculations and discussions presented in this paper lead us to some important conclusions.     

Diffraction of elastic waves by defects in plates: Calculated arrival strengths for point force and thermoelastic sources of ultrasound

This paper applies geometrical ray theory to the calculation of the surface displacements generated by point force and thermoelastic sources of ultrasound in plates containing planar defects. The calculation includes direct wave arrivals, waves undergoing back-wall reflection with or without mode conversion, and waves diffracted by the crack-tip. Ultrasonic B-scan data are also simulated so that comparison can be made with experimental data. It is shown that the thermoelastic source, which can be generated by a pulsed laser, is particularly well suited to defect detection by the ultrasonic time-of-flight technique.