DAB+音频解码器中TNS模块优化设计及硬件实现

时域噪声整形技术被广泛地应用于各种感知音频编解码方案中,能有效地消除由量化噪声所产生的预回声现象。由于数字音频广播音频解码器(HE-AAC v2)算法复杂、运算量大,目前多采用DSP或嵌入式软件方式实现,本设计基于数字音频广播音频解码纯硬件系统,通过对时域噪声整形(TNS)解码算法的优化,以极低的硬件代价完成了时域噪声整形全硬件解码模块设计,具有高硬件资源利用率、低复杂度、高解码效率等特点。     

TNS解码在AAC解码Soc系统中的实现与优化

简要介绍AAC解码Soc系统中TNS（Temporal Noise Shaping）时域噪声整形模块解码的功能和流程，完成了TNS解码在AAC解码Soc系统中的实现。TNS解码模块中所需要的滤波系数通过RISC指令计算并对算法进行了优化，滤波解码部分用硬件Verilog语言描述并在整个Soc系统中通过FPGA验证。     

预测技术在AAC暂态噪声整形模块中的应用

与MPEG 1音频标准相比,MPEG 2 AAC有了非常大的改进,最新的MPEG 4的音频编码协议也采用其作为基础。其中新增加的TNS模块采用频域的线性预测编码(LPC)技术来降低量化噪声,从而有效地提高了声音质量。文中介绍了TNS的原理、线性预测编码的原理及其在TNS模块中的应用,着重阐述了根据输入信号来确定滤波器系数的过程,并在最后给出了TNS解码器的硬件实现框图。     

基于FPGA的超声波信号处理研究

为了降低超声波流量检测过程中噪声对检测精度的影响,采用FPGA器件构建了FIR滤波器,并提出一种新颖的查表法替代滤波器中的乘法运算。试验结果表明,该滤波器设计方法显著降低了FPGA的片内硬件开销,提高了滤波器的运算速度,并具有良好的降噪效果。     

一种应用于MPEG-2AAC格型自适应滤波器的FPGA实现

本文给出了格型自适应滤波器在AAC中的应用，提出了一种AAC解码器中预测模块的FPGA实现方案，该方案根据时序图进行VHDL语言的描述，并采用流水线结构和运算单元分时复用，可以有效地提高运算速度，满足实时性的要求。     

基于FPGA的Σ-Δ ADC数字抽取滤波器Sinc~3设计

针对Σ-ΔADC输出端存在的高频噪声问题,设计了一种Sinc3数字抽取滤波器,实现了Σ-Δ调制器输出信号的高频滤波。分析了Sinc3滤波器的结构原理,基于Spartan-6FPGA进行滤波器的设计与实现,并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,该数字抽取滤波器不仅结构简单,无需实现乘法运算,便于硬件实现,且能有效滤除高频噪声,具有较强的实用性。     

窄带FIR滤波器的多级实现

利用多级结构可以有效地实现窄带FIR滤波器。通过多个滤波器的级联,放宽了对每一个滤波器的要求。从而可以使滤波器的总的乘法系数个数和乘法运算率减小,同时又不增加滤波器结构的复杂文中给出了最优级数选取的公式,讨论了滤波器的系数灵敏度和噪声性能,指出多级结构可以降低系数灵性。敏度和噪声功率。设计实例说明本方法比现有的窄带滤波器有优越之处。     

片上自动调谐的可编程有源RC滤波器

研制了一款可编程6阶巴特沃斯有源RC滤波器.为提高滤波器中运算放大器的增益带宽积,设计了一种新型的前馈补偿运算放大器.为消除工艺偏差和环境变化对截止频率的影响,设计了一种片上数字控制频率调谐电路,并采用TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺进行了流片.滤波器采用低通滤波结构,测试结果表明,3 dB截止频率为1～32 MHz,步进1 MHz,带内增益0 dB,带内纹波0.8 dB,2倍带宽处带外抑制不小于24 dBc,5倍带宽处带外抑制不小于68 dBc,滤波器等效输入噪声为340 nV/√Hz@1MHz,调谐误差为±3％.滤波器裸芯片面积0.87 mm×1.05 mm.采用1.8V电源电压,滤波器整体功耗小于20 mW.     

基于PLI算法的AAC反量化和PNS解码模块设计

针对AAC(Advanced Audio Coding)解码器中具有复杂运算因而难以硬件实现的反量化模块和知觉噪音替代(Perceptual Noise Substitution,PNS)模块,提出用分段线性插值(Partition and Linear Interpolation,PLI)进行近似计算的方法.其基本原理是将复杂的曲线分割成多个区间,在每个区间内用线性插值的方法进行近似.利用该方法设计的反量化模块和PNS解码模块获得了较高的运算精度,最大运算误差率分别为2e-4和5e-3,全部运算可分解为简单的查表、乘法、加法和移位运算,易于硬件实现.FPGA验证结果表明,反量化模块仅耗用了45个逻辑单元和2 304ROM bits,PNS解码模块仅耗用了21个逻辑单元和144ROM bits,且解码音质良好,没有产生可感知的噪音.     

多制式音频解码系统中IMDCT算法优化与硬件实现

逆改良型离散余弦变换(IMDCT)是高质量音频解码器的基本处理单元,其运算中大量的乘法是实现高效IMDCT的一个瓶颈.通过优化IMDCT的算法,实现了一个高效的IMDCT硬件加速器,具有很好的可配置功能,可支持12点,36点及2的幂次点数的IMDCT.通过蝶形拆分运算加快了解码速度,同时通过一个乘法器的复用,大大地降低了解码器的面积.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks