可见光响应型改性纳米二氧化钛催化降解生物质气化洗焦废水

制备了可见光响应型改性纳米二氧化钛催化剂,用于处理生物质气化洗焦废水,考察了催化剂改性方式对苯酚和洗焦废水COD去除的影响。实验结果表明：以Ag-C/TiO2为催化剂,在可见光下照射10 h,苯酚的COD去除率可达43.5%,洗焦废水的COD去除率达26.8%;在太阳光下照射36 h,洗焦废水的COD去除率达到90.9%。改性纳米Ag-C/TiO2催化剂在可见光下具有良好的催化活性,对洗焦废水有较好的处理效果。     

二株假单胞菌降解生物质气化洗焦废水COD的特性研究

为了使生物质气化中产生的洗焦废水得到循-环使用，首先用木屑、活性炭过滤预处理，滤液用菌种Pseudomonas SP1和Pseudomonas SP2进行进一步好氧降解。结果表明，COD浓度小于1800mg／L，采用两种菌降解颗粒活性炭过滤后的洗焦废水，均达到了理想的降解效果。SP1和SP2的COD去除率分别为73．2％和82．9％，SP2的降解效果明显好于SP1。当SP1和SP2等量混合降解颗粒活性炭过滤后的洗焦废水时，COD去除率达到98．1％。然后用生物膜反应器处理未经过滤预处理的生物质气化洗焦废水，经挂膜和增菌后，反应器可得到稳定和高效的运转，进水浓度1800mg／L，水滞留期保持在36h，洗焦废水的COD去除率为89％，苯、萘、酚、蒽、喹啉和异喹啉的去除率达到了理想的效果。     

降解生物质气化洗焦废水微生物的选择

选用首都师范大学生物系保存的菌种，采用单一菌种和混合菌种对生物质气化洗焦废水进行生物降解，选择有较好降解生物质气化焦废水能力的微生物。当洗焦废水含量为100mL/L时，单一菌种和混合菌种可使洗焦废水中的COD去除率分别达到58．3％和81．4％。混合菌种对洗焦废水的降解率明显高于单一菌种，当洗焦废水含量分别为150mL/L,200mL/L和300mL/L时，混合菌种S4对洗焦废水的COD去除率分别是63．6％，56．7％和51．2％，随着洗焦废水含量增加，微生物对其降解速度减慢，降解率降低。洗焦废水含量在100mL/L以下时，混合菌种对其有理想的降解效果。     

生物质气化洗焦废水COD和毒性化合物的高效降解

生物质气化发电厂洗焦废水含有高浓度的COD和毒性化合物,以颗粒活性炭为固定介质,接种Pseudo-monas sp1和Pseudomonas sp2混合菌种,采用固定化细胞反应器,研究对生物质气化洗焦废水COD和毒性化合物的去除效果。结果表明,在反应器的高效运转阶段,进水COD 3500-4100mg.L-1,HRT 24h,平均COD去除率达到96.51%,出水中有毒化合物苯、萘、菲、吡啶、喹啉、异喹啉等的浓度不可测出。该两种菌经颗粒活性炭固定,可高效去除生物质气化发电厂洗焦废水中的COD和有毒化合物,达到了较好的去除效果。     

制焦条件对稻秆与大同烟煤共气化特性影响的实验研究

在自行设计搭建的气化实验装置上进行不同制焦条件下稻焦-大同烟煤焦的混合焦样气化特性实验。对比不同工况下气化特性曲线发现:在本实验工况下,稻-煤焦样经机械掺混后的气化特性优于相同工况下浸渍混合后的气化特性;混合后制焦所得焦样气化特性优于先制焦后混合处理所得焦样的气化特性;煤和稻焦热解温度对混焦的气化特性影响不同,热解温度对生物质焦以及随后气化特性的影响大于对煤焦的影响;无论是稻焦还是煤焦,热解时间对混焦的气化特性影响均不明显。通过上述热解条件对稻-煤气化特性的影响,为煤与生物质共气化的工业应用提供指导。     

天然焦的微观结构及催化气化特性

利用X射线衍射(XRD)技术分析了天然焦和烟煤的微观结构特性,在TGA92型热重分析仪上采用非等温热重法进行了天然焦试样的气化反应特性试验,研究了不同添加量的钾、钙基催化荆对气化反应过程的影响,采用Freeman-Carroll方法计算了天然焦的气化动力学参数.结果表明,天然焦的有序化程度要高于烟煤,化学活,性较低,但两者物理性质相似;钾基催化剂对天然焦样品的气化反应有明显的催化作用,随着钾含量的进一步增加,碳转化速率的增长速率逐渐减缓;钙基催化剂亦能有效地促进天然焦的气化,随着钙含量的增大,碳转化率先增后降,存在一最佳Ca含量.     

不同种类生物质热解残焦的CO_2气化研究

在常压固定床反应器中,以不同种类生物质热解残焦为原料进行CO_2气化制取CO研究,并与煤焦的CO_2气化效果进行对比。实验在气化温度700~1000℃条件下进行,研究热解残焦制备温度、生物质热解残焦种类、气化温度对气化产气中CO浓度、热解残焦转化率的影响。研究结果表明:制备温度为550℃的生物质热解残焦的气化效果优于600℃时;生物质热解残焦的气化效果明显优于煤焦,且垃圾焦气化效果最佳;污泥焦、垃圾焦、秸秆焦的最佳气化温度为900℃,煤焦的最佳气化温度为1000℃。     

几种因素对天然焦-H_2O气化反应活性的影响

在Thermax500型加压热重分析仪上进行了天然焦-H2O气化反应试验,分析了常压下气化温度、水流量、氧气分压、反应气氛和灰分等因素的影响.结果表明,气化温度升高,天然焦-H2O气化反应明显加快;随着水流量加大,碳转化率有所增大,但水流量达到0.07 mL/min后,碳转化率不再随水流量的进一步增加而变化;在气化剂中加入少量纯氧能有效促进气化反应;天然焦-H2O的气化速率明显大于天然焦-CO2的气化速率;天然焦脱灰后碳转化率略有降低.     

WSA硫回收工艺在生产中的应用

正中煤龙化哈尔滨煤化工有限公司40万吨/年甲醇装置,以块煤为原料,采用鲁奇纯氧连续气化技术制取粗煤气,粗煤气经中温变换、低温甲醇洗处理,得到净化煤气。低温甲醇洗分离出来的富含硫化氢的酸气去克劳斯硫回收装置副     

生物质气化发电技术的现状及发展趋势

简要介绍了国内外生物质气化发电技术的研究现状及发展趋势。生物质气化发电技术在发达国家已受到广泛重视,生物质联合循环发电技术（BIGCC）利用外燃机燃用生物质气,可避免高温气化气的除尘除焦难题,是一种比较先进的生物质能利用技术。根据我国国情,引进大型BIGCC并采用内燃机代替燃气轮机,是解决我国生物质气化发电规模化发展的有效手段之一。     

降解生物质气化焦油废水菌种的分离筛选

选育高效降解生物质气化焦油废水的微生物一直是生物法处理焦油废水的难点和关键问题。通过选择性培养基的分离、解脂酶活性的测定及对不同浓度焦油废水的降解试验，从沈阳郊区秸秆气化站的生物质气化焦油废水中筛选出了4株降解能力较高的菌株。在焦油废水含量为100ml／l时，4株菌株的COD去除率均大于50％，最高可达80.14％。     

Supercritical water gasification of wastewater sludge for hydrogen production

The use of hydrogen as clean fuel gas in the power generation sector becomes essential to reduce the environmental issues related to conventional fuel usage. By avoiding biomass drying process, supercritical water gasification is considered the most efficient technology in hydrogen production from wastewater sludge. Wastewater sludge is difficult to disposal in its received form since it is often produced with high moisture content, contribute to numerous environmental issues and direct contact with this waste can result in health concerns. The assessment of the treatment and conversion of this material into fuel gas at condition beyond supercritical state (374°C and 22.1 MPa) is required. This paper is discussed the degradation routes of wastewater sludge in supercritical water. Furthermore, it is reviewed the influence of the main operation parameters role in the hydrogen production, which includes reaction temperature, pressure, residence time, feed concentration and catalysts. The development in reactor design and setup for maximum hydrogen production is highlighted. The technical challenges encountered during the conversion process and its solutions are also discussed. In addition, future prospective to optimal and standardization of the supercritical water gasification process is reviewed.     

生物质能利用技术的经济性分析

对国内生物质能利用技术的现状进行了简要介绍和分类，以经济评价为基础，对生物质直接燃烧、户用沼气池、生物质气化发电、大中型养殖场沼气工程和垃圾发电等生物质能技术进行了综合分析，提出了根据地方实际，发展不同生物质能技术的建议。     

中国生物质能利用技术评价

本文针对目前我国已有的生物质能利用技术进行技术评价,主要有生物质燃烧技术(包括炉灶燃烧技术、锅炉燃烧发电技术和生物质型煤技术)、生物质气化技术(包括生物质气化技术、生物质气化发电技术)和生物质热裂解液化技术。本文在阐述我国生物质能源开发利用的意义的基础上,综述了上述各种技术发展现状与近年来的应用情况,对我国生物质能利用技术的发展有参考价值。     

Cost-benefit analysis of different hydrogen production technologies using AHP and Fuzzy AHP

In this paper, cost-benefit analysis is performed to compare eight different hydrogen production technologies using the classical analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the Fuzzy AHP. The technologies considered are steam methane reforming, coal gasification, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, biomass gasification, photovoltaic-based electrolysis, wind-based electrolysis, hydro-based electrolysis, and water splitting by chemical looping. For each of the hydrogen production technologies, five criteria are used for evaluation: greenhouse gas emissions, raw material and utilities consumption, energy efficiency, scalability, as well as waste disposal and atmospheric emissions. The results obtained for benefits category using AHP and Fuzzy AHP are plotted against the normalized equivalent annual costs of each technology. It is concluded that the fossil fuel based processes appear to have less beneficial qualities including greater environmental impacts, but are more cost-effective. On the other hand, the renewable based processes appear to have more benefits as well as being more expensive for hydrogen production. However, the cost-benefit analysis results imply that the process of water splitting by chemical looping among the renewable approaches is the most promising new technology.     

有机废水生物处理技术研究进展

本文综述了有机废水生物处理技术的研究概况,比较了好氧与厌氧两种工艺的优缺点,并对废水处理装置的类型及发展情况进行了介绍,讨论了固定化微生物膜特性及传质特性对反应器效率的影响。最后,阐述了废水生物处理的发展方向。     

A review on the development and commercialization of biomass gasification technologies in China

With the fast economic growth, the energy demand in China has increased two-fold in the past three decades. Various energy resources have been exploited and utilized and biomass is one of the energy resources that is abundant and has been widely used in China for a long time. Biomass gasification is an efficient and advanced technology for extracting the energy from biomass and has received increasing attention in the energy market. In this paper the development of biomass gasification for various energy applications in China is reviewed and their prospects are discussed. Among the different biomass gasification technologies, biomass gasification and power generation is found to be the most promising biomass gasification technology that has great potential to be further developed in China.     

Biomass gasification for sustainable energy production: A review

Gasification process is considered as one of the best routes of energy recovery from biomass by producing syngas mostly including H₂, CO, and CH₄. Biomass as the main renewable energy resources has great advantages regarding its diversity, availability, and sustainability for supplying energy needs in heat, electricity production, biofuel production for transportation, etc. Various gasifiers based on the gasifying process and agents have been examined. This paper reviewed the theory of biomass gasification by comparing and analyzing different gasification models-designs and configurations, also different operational conditions. It aimed to bring a holistic approach for hydrogen rich syngas production based on the present technologies, techno-economic analysis, and industrial/commercialization pathways. The biomass gasification technologies need to be improved for hydrogen production regarding the global environmental and economic issues. The review provided better insights into the enhancement of syngas production from biomass.     

生物质间接液化制洁净燃料二甲醚

生物质可以代替化石燃料来制备合成气，进而合成洁净燃料二甲醚。介绍了生物质气化和二甲醚的性质与制法，并分析了通过生物质气化的方法制备二甲醚的可行性和关键技术，同时对技术路线的选择进行了讨论。