小麦籽粒在制麦过程中碳水化合物降解趋势的研究

以小麦品种扬麦13和皖麦38为研究对象,以啤酒大麦为对照,通过微型制麦工艺(断水浸麦方式、降温式发芽、低温干燥绿麦芽),较为系统的分析了制麦过程中小麦籽粒淀粉降解的趋势,讨论小麦品种的制麦特性以及淀粉降解的机理.结果表明,制麦过程中淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量下降较为缓慢;还原糖的含量变化总体为上升趋势;β-葡聚糖含量下降速度较快,且在发芽结束后小麦样品的β-葡聚糖含量小于啤酒大麦;戊聚糖含量在发芽的前3天内呈下降趋势,但发芽第4天有较大程度的增长,发芽结束后小麦样品中的戊聚糖含量小于啤酒大麦;浸出物在发芽初期以较高速度增加,在发芽后期上升较为缓慢;黏度在制麦中变化幅度较小,呈逐渐下降趋势;通过电子扫描电镜观察淀粉颗粒在制麦过程中的变化发现,小麦麦芽的胚乳结构越来越疏松,在发芽前期只要是蛋白质和大颗粒淀粉的降解,在发芽后期小颗粒淀粉的降解速度较快.由结果可知,小麦和啤酒大麦在制麦过程中碳水化合物的变化有较大差异;小麦发芽结束后除β-葡聚糖含量、戊聚糖含量小于啤酒大麦,其他指标均高于啤酒大麦;β-葡聚糖和戊聚糖含量不是造成小麦麦芽汁具有较高黏度的主要原因.     

啤酒大麦制麦过程中淀粉酶活性变化动态的研究

以不同品种的大麦为材料,运用底物分析法检测3种淀粉酶的活性。不同品种的大麦中α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和极限糊精酶活力差异较大,因此实际生产中可对不同品种大麦进行筛选,选用酶活较高的大麦来制备麦芽;在制麦过程中,浸麦可在一定程度卜抑制淀粉酶的活力;淀粉酶的总活力在发芽初期缓慢增加,2d～3d后急剧增加至最大值;焙焦可使3种酶酶活有不同程度地下降。     

啤酒大麦制麦过程中淀粉酶活性变化动态的研究

以不同品种的大麦为材料,运用底物分析法检测三种淀粉酶的活性.不同品种的大麦中α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和极限糊精酶活力差异较大,因此实际生产中可对不同品种大麦进行筛选,选用酶活较高的大麦来制备麦芽;在制麦过程中,浸麦可在一定程度上抑制淀粉酶的活力;淀粉酶的总活力在发芽初期缓慢增加,2～3d后急剧增加至最大值;焙焦可使三种酶酶活有不同程度的下降.     

β-葡聚糖酶对SN1391小麦芽的品质影响研究

以小麦SN1391为试材,按三因素三水平正交设计进行实验得到9组麦芽,通过对麦芽品质分析研究小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽品质的关系。发现小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与麦芽浸出物含量、α-淀粉酶活力存在极显著正相关性(P<0.01);与糖化力、库尔巴哈值、α-AN、蛋白酶活力存在显著正相关性(P<0.05);与麦汁粘度、糖化力存在显著负相关性(P<0.05)。影响β-葡聚糖酶活力的工艺参数主次顺序为:浸麦度>焙焦温度>发芽温度。浸麦度为47%～48%、发芽温度为15～17℃、焙焦温度为80～81℃时SN1391小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活力最高。     

啤酒用小麦发芽期间三种胚乳降解酶的研究

对啤酒用小麦发芽期间α－淀粉酶、β－淀粉酶和蛋白酶活力的变化情况进行了研究。三种酶的活力在发芽期间都有明显的增长，逐渐达到峰值而趋于稳定。主要制麦条件，如发芽温度、浸麦水温度、浸麦方式等，对这一过程有显著的影响，但影响程度及作用机制不同。     

国内外不同品种啤酒大麦萌发过程中酶的变化

以多种国内外不同品种啤酒大麦作为材料,通过跟踪检测其萌发过程中α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶,过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性的变化,探索其变化规律,比较国产和进口啤酒大麦酶活变化的异同,证明国产啤酒大麦有制备优质麦芽的潜力,为制麦工艺的制定提供理论依据.     

糖化中麦芽淀粉酶系热稳定性的研究

本文研究了糖化过程中麦芽淀粉酶系的热稳定性、不同品种麦芽间淀粉酶热稳定性的差异及对麦汁糖组分的影响。结果表明糖化中45～65℃α-淀粉酶活力变化不显著;β-淀粉酶在60℃左右时酶活最大;极限糊精酶在45～60℃时酶活力稳定;温度超过60℃,β-淀粉酶和极限糊精酶的酶活显著下降,温度超过65℃α-淀粉酶活力下降明显。不同品种麦芽中淀粉酶系的热稳定性存在差异,其中β-淀粉酶热稳定性的差异最为显著。麦芽品种对麦汁可发酵性的影响明显。研究表明β-淀粉酶活力及其热稳定性是决定麦汁可发酵性的主要因素。     

小麦组分含量与小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活力的相关性分析

跟踪测定了小麦芽常规制麦过程中β-葡聚糖酶活力的变化,分析了不同阶段小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活与原小麦β-葡聚糖含量、蛋白质含量、淀粉含量之间的相关性.结果表明:绿麦芽β-葡聚糖酶与原小麦β-葡聚糖含量呈负相关(P<0.10);干麦芽β-葡聚糖酶与原小麦β-葡聚糖含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05).绿麦芽、干麦芽β-葡聚糖酶均与原小麦蛋白质含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05).干燥过程中小麦芽β-葡聚糖酶活力增加与小麦水溶蛋白含量成负相关(P<0.10)、与小麦醇溶蛋白含量成显著正相关(P<0.05).     

制麦对大麦中β-葡聚糖酶和植酸酶活性的影响

通过三因素(浸麦温度、湿度、发芽温度)两水平析因试验，研究了制麦过程对裸麦和芒麦中的β-葡聚糖和植酸含量的影响。在高温(48℃)下浸麦时，麦芽的β-葡聚糖总量变化很小，而浸麦温度(15℃)较低时，β-葡聚糖总量显著下降。温度为38℃时，对于不可溶β-葡聚糖来讲，这一趋势就更为明显。通过麦芽中的β-葡聚糖酶活性分析发现，浸麦温度为15℃，活性显著增加，而浸麦温度为48℃时，活性增加缓慢。另外两个因素对结果影响较小，主要是因为浸麦温度是对β-葡聚糖和β-葡聚糖酶活最重要的影响因素。当在100℃提取β-葡聚糖时，提取量较大，浸麦温度对提取量的影响大于提取温度。浸麦温度为15℃时的β-葡聚糖平均分子量要低于浸麦温度为48℃时。本试验设计的的因素水平对植酸的简介和植酸酶的活性没有多大影响。结果显示，既然本试验设计的参数对植酸酶活性几乎没有影响，而对β-葡聚糖酶活影响很大，那么就有可能对酶进行有选择性的控制。     

大麦中酶形成的时间曲线

通过浸麦,发芽和提取浸出物来观察大麦中酶形成的顺序。提取制麦过程中大麦籽粒的不同部分,研究了以下5种酶的形成次序：羧肽酶（Ec3．4．16．1）、内－β1—3,1-4葡聚糖酶（EC3．2．1．73）、内－B1—4－木聚糖酶（EC3．2．1．136）、阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶（EC3．2．1．551和α－淀粉酶。早期形成的羧肽酶及跟随其后稍微晚一点形成的β－葡聚糖酶和最后形成的仪一淀粉酶,证实了早期关于这些酶合成次序的报道。虽然木聚糖酶在浸麦和出芽早期就形成了,可是其他研究人员发现这个酶在制麦过程中形成得比较晚。除了最终均匀分散于麦粒中的木聚糖酶,其他酶在麦粒近末端有较高水平的活性。在四个效应物的条件下,在不发芽大麦环片中检验酶的形成。水分对照样反映了在全部大麦籽粒中观察到的酶形成方式。赤霉酸促进形成更高的酶总活力并同时形成了所有的酶。脱落酸促进了后期酶（木聚糖酶,阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶和α－淀粉酶）的形成并且木聚糖酶活力比单独用水处理有明显的增高。赤霉酸和脱落酸的混合物显示了非排他的,复合的更高活力水平的反应以及酶形成起始期的变化。和用赤霉酸或赤霉酸与脱落酸的混合物处理相比,用赤霉酸和氯化钙的混合物处理引起了羧肽酶活力的较大提高和木聚糖酶活力的大幅降低。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press