新型柔性护栏碰撞安全性仿真分析及实车验证

为研究新型柔性护栏碰撞安全性,据国内现有评价标准,通过建立车辆、护栏有限元仿真模型,结合多次实车碰撞试验,对新型柔性护栏碰撞安全性进行综合分析。基于VPG前处理软件,对所建“汽车-护栏”模型从车辆运动轨迹、车体加速度及护栏最大横向位移等方面分析车辆撞击新型柔性护栏的碰撞安全性;通过实车碰撞试验验证护栏对车辆的导向性。结果表明,仿真计算所得车辆运行轨迹、车体加速度等护栏安全评价指标与试验结果一致,满足法规评定标准要求。     

组合式消能减速护栏实车碰撞试验研究

为了提高高速公路连续长大下坡路段的行车安全性,基于钢管构件变形吸能机理,设计出一种具有防撞和减速双重功能的组合式桥梁护栏。结合依托工程现场桥梁翼缘板情况,进行护栏基础锚固强度验算,通过在桥面现浇层增设钢筋的方式进行翼缘板加强,采用实车碰撞试验方法进行护栏安全性能检验。根据试验结果可知：护栏防撞等级可达到SS级（520kJ）;车辆贴靠碰撞减速护栏时吸能钢管变形吸能,有效降低车速;吸能钢管的设置使护栏横梁几乎没有变形,减小了碰撞后的维护工作量;吸能钢管的设置没有对车辆碰撞护栏过程的行驶姿态造成不利影响;根据钢筋应变测试数据可知,护栏迎撞面根部对应的钢筋应变值最大,桥面现浇层加强钢筋可以有效分担碰撞荷载,护栏基础锚固强度满足受力要求。     

汽车撞击护栏时乘员的安全性研究

应用LS—DYNA软件，通过建立完整的三维“汽车-道路-护栏-乘员-座椅-安全带”模型，研究了汽车撞击护栏时车内乘员的安全性，得出如下重要结论：①采用完整的三维“汽车-道路-护栏-乘员-座椅-安全带”模型，能够模拟碰撞中乘员的运动与受力状态，对提高护栏的安全性设计水平有更直观的效果，对护栏评价标准的进一步发展也有重要意义，在VPC技术日益完善的今天，开展这种完整的系统研究不仅十分必要，而且切实可行；②安全带对乘员的约束大大提高了碰撞过程中乘员的安全性。分析结果表明：未系安全带的假人，不仅头部的HIC值已接近人体的耐冲击阈值，假人胸部的合成减速度峰值也偏高，且假人飞离座椅再撞击乘座室内部物体的可能性也很大，因此，一旦发生交通事故，即使是大型车辆，车内乘员的安全也将遭受严峻的考验。事实上，安全带在小型乘用车上的成功应用，大大提高了碰撞过程中乘员的安全水平，因此，在安全带日益得到推广应用的今天，在高速公路及高等级公路飞速发展的今天，是考虑大型车辆配置安全带的时候了。③在汽车撞击标准混凝士护栏的过程中，在汽车车体与混凝土护拦发生接触前即发生侧翻，亦即混凝土护栏的高度对预防汽车的侧翻基本不起作用，那种在山区公路及危险路段普遍采用标准混凝土护栏的做法并小科学，即使增加了混凝土护栏的高度也是如此；④在汽车-护栏碰撞系统CAE分析中，如果需要捕捉到车辆侧翻事故发生的可能性，则仿真的碰撞时间不宜太短，至少要超过950ms。     

卷板式护栏端头脱钩约束装置的改进

常用护栏端头易引发恶性事故,卷板式护栏端头吸收车辆动能效果不佳且车体碰撞方向加速度不满足要求,运用碰撞试验和有限元仿真分析相结合的方法,对卷板式护栏端头进行碰撞分析和结构优化研究。通过分析研究,得出改进的脱钩约束装置,应用该装置后的端头能够完全吸收车辆动能,且使车辆碰撞方向加速度最大值为由38g降低为11.9g,卷板吸能效果显著增强,各项指标均满足评价标准要求;仿真与碰撞试验结果相符,验证了仿真方法的可靠性。开发的端头优化结构可有效降低事故严重程度,保护乘员安全。     

面向受害人体型特征的交通事故再现计算方法

面向受害人体型特征的交通事故再现依据事故遗留下的制动印迹、车身变形、人体损伤等信息,建立汽车及符合受害人体型特征的人体模型,利用数值仿真技术获得碰撞前车辆速度及车人接触位置,结合多刚体动力学和人体损伤分析等理论,得出车辆变形及人体损伤部位的生物力学数值.通过上述方法对一起车人碰撞事故案例进行实际应用,并比较行人不同体型特征对事故仿真结果的影响,分析结果表明:与采用标准百分位假人仿真结果相比,计算结果能够更好的与现场勘测及法医鉴定相吻合,从而为交通事故责任认证提供科学的理论依据和数值参考.     

有限元仿真方法评价护栏安全性能的可行性

建立多种车辆和护栏有限元仿真模型,运用多次碰撞试验数据对仿真模型计算结果进行比对,对采用有限元仿真方法评价护栏安全性能的可行性进行分析。研究结果表明,仿真计算可以得到车辆行驶轨迹、结构防护导向、乘员风险和动态变形等护栏安全评价的各项指标,仿真结果与试验结果一致,误差在10%以内,验证了建模方法的正确性,运用有限元仿真方法评价护栏安全性能具有较高可行性。强调运用评价护栏安全性能的仿真模型须通过碰撞试验校核,同时建议通过法规和准则对从事护栏评价CAE工程师进行职业管理。     

面向人体损伤的人车碰撞事故再现

应用多刚体的车辆与假人模型,将人体伤害作为事故场景布置以及再现结果评估的重要依据,使用分析法与模拟法相结合的优化方法研究人车碰撞事故再现.针对人车碰撞中行人易受伤害的特点,提出了一个面向人体损伤的行人事故再现评估模型.将此评估模型作为优化方法中的目标函数,将碰撞场景、碰撞前车速作为设计变量,事故资料作为约束条件,经多刚体动力学算法求解,手工实现了事故再现的最优结果.将该方法及评估模型应用到一起真实交通事故中,仿真结果与法医鉴定结果大致吻合,初步验证了此方法与模型的可行性.     

新型旋转式护栏防车撞能力与导向机理EI北大核心CSCD

为探究新型旋转式护栏防护能力与导向机理,建立了轻型货车、中型客车、大型货车-护栏的精细化有限元模型,对相同防护等级下的旋转式护栏、三波护栏、混凝土护栏进行了碰撞仿真分析,并与实车碰撞试验进行了对比。结果表明:相比于混凝土护栏,旋转式护栏在车头碰撞阶段撞击力峰值分别降低了36%(轻型货车)、57%(中型客车),甩尾碰撞阶段撞击力峰值分别降低了82%,88%;相比于三波护栏,旋转式护栏最大横向变形分别降低了89%,35%。在大型货车撞击下,旋转式护栏尽管甩尾碰撞阶段车辆左后轮出现了明显抬高,但抬高到86 cm后,将不再继续抬高,并逐步返回地面,撞击结束车辆驶出角仅为7°,护栏最终横向变形为327 mm,旋转式护栏防护能量可达340 kJ,防护性能优于传统护栏。     

基于Facet模型及组合式假人对汽车-摩托车碰撞事故的仿真

为了更好的解决汽车-摩托车碰撞事故的仿真再现问题,一种新的仿真模型及方法被提出。该方法采用Facet模型建立事故汽车及摩托车的三维模型,采用组合式假人模型建立骑车人的三维模型。由Photomodeler软件得出碰撞初始条件,并利用Madymo软件对事故碰撞过程进行直观的三维仿真再现。针对一起实际的轿车与摩托车碰撞事故,采用上述仿真模型及方法进行事故模拟。仿真结果与实际事故情况可以较好吻合,人体损伤数据与法医鉴定结果可以较好吻合,从而验证了此种仿真模型及方法的可行性及有效性。     

汽车-自行车碰撞事故三维仿真再现研究

针对一起实际的汽车与自行车碰撞事故，运用多刚体动力学方法建立事故小客车与自行车及骑车人碰撞的三维多刚体动力学仿真模型，利用MADYMO对事故碰撞过程进行了直观的三维仿真再现，分析研究它们在碰撞后的动力学行为特性，计算得出碰撞时刻小客车车速为正确鉴定事故提供了科学的参考依据。仿真再现结果与实际事故情况能较好吻合，初步验证了仿真方法和模型的可行性。     

Impact characteristics of a vehicle population in low speed front to rear collisions

Rear impact collisions are mostly low severity, but carry a very high societal cost due to reported symptoms of whiplash and related soft tissue injuries. Given the difficulty in physiological measurement of damage in whiplash patients, there is a significant need to assess rear impact severity on the basis of vehicle damage. This paper presents fundamental impact equations on the basis of an equivalent single vehicle to rigid barrier collision in order to predict relationships between impact speed, maximum dynamic crush, mean and peak acceleration, time to common velocity and vehicle stiffness. These are then applied in regression analysis of published staged low speed rear impact tests. The equivalent mean and peak accelerations are linear functions of the collision closing speed, while the time to common velocity is independent of the collision closing speed. Furthermore, the time to common velocity can be used as a surrogate measure of the normalized vehicle stiffness, which provides opportunity for future accident reconstruction.     

Energy loss in vehicle to vehicle oblique impact

Since the seventies, many methodologies have been developed for estimating from energy loss the delta V produced in a vehicle to vehicle impact. Normal energy loss, is calculated by a discrete number of residual crush measurements in the direction parallel to the vehicle's axis, using the stiffness coefficients. In the case of oblique impact, a correction factor is applied to the normal energy loss to determine energy loss in the impulse direction. In this paper the concept of principal direction of deformation is introduced, presenting a new method for estimating energy loss in vehicle to vehicle collision, starting from a discrete number of crush measurements, which are, however, performed considering the effective displacement of the points during the crush. This novel approach, in addition to providing a more rigorous model of the physical phenomena, leads to improvement in the results: with the new approach, the mean error committed in estimating energy loss is about 10%, as compared to the 20% of the previous methodology.     

Simplified method for evaluating energy loss in vehicle collisions

A method is proposed for the evaluation of energy loss in road vehicle collisions. The energy loss evaluation is an essential task to reconstruct the dynamics of a road accident. The proposed method combines the simplicity of visual evaluation, typical of the method based on EES (equivalent energy speed), with flexibility, in order to evaluate the energy loss on any kind of vehicle deformation profile, of the methods based on measuring residual crush.The method is based on linearizing the damage profile, so that it is possible to predetermine the analytical expression of the kinetic energy loss in relation to only two parameters that characterise the shape of the damage. The stiffness of the vehicle is determined by estimating the geometric parameters of the damage starting from a photograph of generic damage, with documented EES, on a vehicle of the same model as the one under investigation.The proposed method was validated performing crash tests and using data from crash tests found in the literature. The method estimate with sufficient accuracy the kinetic energy loss in deformation on vehicles. The method, thanks to its simplicity and versatility, can constitute a valid alternative to the classic procedures for evaluating energy loss commonly utilised.     

Experimental evaluation of underride analysis techniques and empirical validation of a new analytical technique

Accident reconstructionists are often faced with damage patterns and locations on vehicles that are not well defined by available barrier impact data. One such example is a frontal underride collision. Underride impacts occur when there is a height mismatch between the primary structural components of the impacting vehicles, and the vehicle with the lower height is forced beneath the structure of the other vehicle. The lack of structural engagement typically allows for significantly different damage patterns due to the inherently lower stiffness of the underriding vehicle's contacting surfaces coupled with complex interactions between varying surfaces. In this study, a series of two-vehicle impact tests between a small pickup (bullet vehicle) and a large dump truck (target vehicle) were performed and studied. These tests involved a severe underride configuration in which the dump truck bed's vertical alignment was above the base of the windshield of the pickup. Coupled with these impacting surfaces was a single vertical support, a remnant of a commonly referred to ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) bumper, which caused a narrow object-type impact, but did not extend down to the pickup's bumper. Multiple prior authors’ analytical and empirical relationships to predict impact speed based on crush damage were evaluated using the results of these tests as well as other published underride tests. No single model was sufficient at predicting the mixed mode of impact present in these impact scenarios. However, a system of equations was developed to predict the impact parameters utilizing a combination of previously reported methods and a new empirical relationship presented in this study. This new method shows high correlation and supports the authors’ hypothesis that separate crush models can be applied to multiple discrete areas of a vehicle and then combined to form a more complete predictive systematic model.     

Improving the crashworthiness of reinforced wooden road safety barrier using simulations of pre-stressed bolt connections with failure

During the development process of a new type of steel reinforced wooden road safety barrier parametric computational simulations were used to simulate the experimental vehicle impact certification tests as prescribed by the standard EN 1317. First a detailed study of pre-stressed bolt connection behavior between the guardrail and the guardrail connector was performed using parametric computational simulations of which results were later used in a large scale vehicle impact simulations. A novel, simplified approach to the modeling of barrier wooden parts was introduced to achieve reasonable simulation times in parametric study of the barrier behavior under vehicle impact. The wooden parts of the road safety barrier were modeled indirectly through a modified contact definition. The developed safety barrier design was later successfully experimentally certified in a full scale crash test according to the standard EN 1317. Experimental results were in a good agreement with the results of the full scale crash test simulations, which validates the proposed computational safety barrier model and thus justifies the use of the simplified modeling approach of the wooden safety barrier parts.     

Reconstruction model of vehicle impact speed in pedestrian–vehicle accident

Reconstruction of pedestrian–vehicle accident is a worldwide problem. Numerous previous studies have been carried out on accidents with vehicular skid marks or definite pedestrian throw distances. However, little could be done if marks or throw distances cannot be obtained in accident reconstruction. This paper first describes the physical model of dynamic process of pedestrian head impact on windshield glazing. Some simplifications are made to obtain a better and more practical model, including discussing the support boundary conditions. Firstly, the paper modeled the relations between pedestrian impact speed and deflection of windshield glazing based on the impact dynamics and thin plate theory. Later, the relations of vehicle impact speed and deflection are discussed. Therefore, a model of vehicle impact speed versus deflection of windshield glazing is developed. The model is then verified by ten real-world accident cases to demonstrate its accuracy and reliability. This model provides investigators a new method to reconstruct pedestrian–vehicle accidents.     

Reconstruction techniques for energy-absorbing guardrail end terminals

Steel beam longitudinal barriers protect errant vehicles from roadside hazards; when impacted, they safely redirect the impacting vehicle and minimize the probability of serious injury. Guardrail end terminals are devices placed on the ends of longitudinal barriers and are frequently hit by vehicles that leave the roadway. Crash reconstruction is the effort to determine how a vehicle crash has occurred. Reconstruction is performed by several groups, including designers and testers of roadside safety devices so that they design and test for real-world conditions, and also by departments of transportation in order to determine appropriate warrants, maximizing the benefit-cost ratio for limited resources. This paper focuses on two items: first, the numerous types of energy-absorbing guardrail end terminals are identified and delineated and second, a crash reconstruction technique for determining the initial velocity of a vehicle impacting a guardrail end terminal based upon conservation of momentum and conservation of energy is developed. By understanding the types of guardrail terminals and being able to reconstruct real-world crashes, highway planners, designers and maintenance people will have significant more information than is currently available to aid in the goal of mitigating roadside crashes.     

Impact performance of W-beam guardrail installed at various flare rates

The potential to increase suggested flare rates for strong post, W-beam guardrail systems and thus reduce guardrail installation lengths is investigated. This reduction in length would result in decreased guardrail construction and maintenance costs, and reduce impact frequency. If the W-beam guardrail can withstand the higher impact angles, with only modest increases in accident severity, total accident costs can be reduced. Computer simulation and five full-scale crash tests were completed to evaluate increased flare rates up to, and including, 5:1. Computer simulations indicated that conventional G4(1S) guardrail modified to incorporate a routed wood block could not successfully meet NCHRP Report 350 crash test criteria when installed at any steeper flare rates than the 15:1 recommended in the Roadside Design Guide. However, computer modeling and full-scale crash testing showed that the Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) could meet NCHRP Report 350 impact criteria when installed at a 5:1 flare rate. Impact severities during testing were found to be greater than intended, yet the MGS passed all NCHRP 350 requirements. Hence, flaring the MGS guardrail as much as 5:1 will still provide acceptable safety performance for the full range of passenger vehicles. Increasing guardrail flare rates will reduce the overall number of guardrail crashes without significantly increasing risks of injury or fatality during the remaining crashes. Therefore, it is recommended that, whenever roadside topography permits, flare rates should be increased to as high as 5:1 when using the MGS.     

Required length of guardrails before hazards

One way to protect against impacts during run-off-road accidents with infrastructure is the use of guardrails. However, real-world accidents indicate that vehicles can leave the road and end up behind the guardrail. These vehicles have no possibility of returning to the lane. Vehicles often end up behind the guardrail because the length of the guardrails installed before hazards is too short; this can lead to a collision with a shielded hazard. To identify the basic speed for determining the necessary length of guardrails, we analyzed the speed at which vehicles leave the roadway from the ZEDATU (Zentrale Datenbank Tödlicher Unfälle) real-world accidents database.The required length of guardrail was considered the length that reduces vehicle speed at a maximum theoretically possible deceleration of 0.3 g behind the barrier based on real-world road departure speed. To determine the desired length of a guardrail ahead of a hazard, we developed a relationship between guardrail length and the speed at which vehicles depart the roadway. If the initial elements are flared away from the carriageway, the required length will be reduced by up to an additional 30% The ZEDATU database analysis showed that extending the current length of guardrails to the evaluated required length would reduce the number of fatalities among occupants of vehicles striking bridge abutments by approximately eight percent.     

基于传递矩阵法的车辆-轨道垂向耦合系统动力分析方法

为准确高效求解车辆-轨道耦合系统动力响应,利用轨道结构的周期性特征,基于传递矩阵法(transfer matrix method,TMM)提出了一种便捷的轨道子系统建模和求解方法.该方法根据轨道系统结构特点,分别将有砟轨道和CRTSⅡ型无砟轨道系统的周期性重复部分划分为不同轨道元胞结构,在元胞结合面引入刚度方程假定,基...