采收期对“大久保”桃贮藏期间果肉褐变的影响

以不同采收期的“大久保”桃为试材,分别研究其在冷藏期和货架期的酚类物质含量和多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化,探讨其对果实褐变的影响。结果表明：采收期越早,酚类物质含量和多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性越高,果肉褐变越严重,适时延迟采收可以有效减轻果肉褐变。八成熟(7 月22 日采摘于河北辛集市)桃果肉褐变程度最低。     

采收期对“大久保”桃贮藏期间果肉褐变的影响

以不同采收期的大久保桃为试材,分别研究其在冷藏期和货架期的酚类物质含量和多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化,探讨其对果实褐变的影响。结果表明:采收期越早,酚类物质含量和多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性越高,果肉褐变越严重,适时延迟采收可以有效减轻果肉褐变。八成熟(7月22日采摘于河北辛集市)桃果肉褐变程度最低。     

冷藏对蓝莓果实细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的影响

以"蓝丰"蓝莓果实为试材,研究了冷藏对蓝莓果实细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的影响。结果表明:蓝莓果实的软化与离子结合型果胶(ISP)、共价结合型果胶(CSP)含量和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(Cx)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性关系密切,其中,ISP含量和PG活性与果实硬度呈显著负相关,Cx和β-Gal活性与果实硬度呈极显著负相关,CSP含量与果实硬度呈极显著正相关;冷藏期间,随果实硬度的逐渐下降,CSP含量逐渐降低,ISP含量变化幅度小,PG和β-Gal活性呈上升趋势,Cx活性呈现先下降后上升趋势,3种酶均在贮藏的后期活性急剧上升;在冷藏的30 d,果实的细胞壁组分和相关酶活性变化较小,果实硬度下降缓慢;与采后自然后熟的果实相比,冷藏30 d的蓝莓果实常温货架期间Cx活性和β-Gal活性一直处于较低水平,PG活性高峰延晚出现,Cx活性高峰极显著降低,果胶甲酯酶(PE)活性未出现高峰。可见,冷藏30 d的蓝莓果实细胞壁组分含量及相关酶活性的变化一定程度受到抑制,果实状态保持良好。     

番石榴在低温下的贮藏特性研究

珍珠番石榴采后分别放置在常温及10±1℃条件下贮藏。结果表明:贮藏前期呼吸变化缓慢,常温下至12d出现呼吸高峰,低温下则在第16d出现呼吸高峰;果肉的细胞膜渗透率呈上升趋势,但低温比常温下细胞膜渗透率小;过氧化物酶活性则呈下降趋势,但低温比常温下过氧化物酶活性要高,下降的速度要大;随着果实的后熟,VC含量增加,至呼吸高峰后下降;冷藏20d,好果率为86%,而常温贮藏16d,好果率仅为81.3%。冷藏可有效延长珍珠番石榴的贮藏期。     

不同产地辣椒生长过程品质变化分析

为调控剁辣椒产品品质并扩大其原料来源，本文以剁辣椒加工常用品种“辣丰33号”为研究对象，通过对山东和山西两产地辣椒5个不同生长阶段进行研究，探究其果实生长过程品质变化规律。结果表明，两产地辣椒生长过程中品质特性变化趋势基本一致，V_C和总辣椒素含量随果实生长出现不同程度的上升；可溶性固形物、酸度、总多酚、DPPH·清除能力、FRAP、ABTS⁺·清除能力随果实生长呈先下降后上升趋势；有机酸、总灰分、Mg、Ca、Mn、Fe则随果实生长出现不同程度的下降。此外，山东产地辣椒的V_C、可溶性固形物、有机酸、总辣椒素等含量总体高于山西产地(P<0.05)，而山西产地辣椒仅在果长、果宽和单果重具有一定优势。聚类分析表明不同产地相同生长阶段辣椒品质接近，且绿熟期(S3)是辣椒生长过程中品质变化的转折点。综上所述，山东和山西两产地辣椒发育期品质变化基本一致，红熟期(S4)相比于其它时期更利于剁辣椒的加工。     

桑果发育期生物活性物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化

本研究探讨桑果发育期生物活性物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化规律。以3龄和5龄桑树果实为材料,研究果实发育期总酚、总黄酮、酚酸、单宁、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素、花色素苷、可溶性糖等生物活性物质及总抗氧化能力、抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,桑果在发育成熟过程中,果肉内总酚、总黄酮、酚酸、单宁、花色素苷和可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,叶绿素a含量逐渐下降,叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量先上升后下降;整个发育期,3龄树桑果果肉总黄酮和酚酸含量高于5龄树桑果,但总酚、单宁和类胡萝卜素含量则低于5龄树桑果。果肉内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性先下降后上升,过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性逐渐降低,总抗氧化能力逐渐上升;整个发育期,3龄树桑果果肉内的SOD、CAT和PAL酶活性高于5龄树桑果,但APX酶活性低于5龄树桑果,5龄树桑果果肉的总抗氧化能力高于3龄树桑果。因此,桑果果肉中生物活性物质及抗氧化酶活性变化规律与果实成熟度、树龄大小有关。在桑果发育过程中,桑果果肉的总抗氧化能力不断提高,在花后第25 d达到最高。树龄越大的桑果总抗氧化能力比越强。     

花生不同品种叶片类黄酮含量和相关合成酶活性对PEG胁迫的响应

以花生品种花17、农大818、丰花5号和山花11号为试材,聚乙二醇（PEG）室内砂培法模拟干旱胁迫,研究20%PEG胁迫下花生幼苗叶片中类黄酮含量及相关合成酶活性的变化。20%PEG开始处理后,随胁迫时间延长,幼苗叶中类黄酮含量逐步上升,在胁迫9h达到高峰,之后逐步下降至对照水平,农大818、丰花5号和山花11号均在处理后72h降至对照水平,花17在36h降至对照水平。PEG开始处理后苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、查尔酮合成酶（CHS）、查尔酮异构酶（CHI）酶活性均逐渐提高,6h后CHS、CHI酶活性达到高峰,9h后PAL酶活性达到高峰,之后下降,4个品种趋势一致。分析表明PEG处理后山花11号和丰花5号的合成酶具有较高的活性和积累速率是其类黄酮快速大量合成的原因,而农大818CHS酶活性和PAL酶活性提高速率较低限制了其类黄酮的积累,3种酶的活性和积累速率均较低导致花17叶中类黄酮合成少,含量提高慢。相关分析表明PEG胁迫下PAL、CHS、CHI共同调控类黄酮的代谢,胁迫引起PAL、CHS、CHI酶活性改变是类黄酮含量变化的原因。     

机械损伤对富士苹果抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究富士苹果遭受机械损伤后在两种贮藏温度下伤害部位超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等酶活性的变化,并对抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)等内源抗氧化剂的含量进行分析测定。试验结果表明:与对照果实相比,受伤果实的SOD活性、APX活性在贮藏初期逐渐下降,GR活性迅速下降后又上升,CAT活性、POD活性逐渐上升;同时,作为抗氧化剂GSH含量与AsA含量与GR活性保持了相同的变化趋势;随着贮藏时间的延长,各种抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量又呈现上升和下降的反复过程,而且温度越低,各种生理指标变化越缓慢,且显示较高的酶活性和较高的抗氧化剂含量。表明机械损伤显著地诱导了抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量的变化,以达到提高受伤组织自身对伤害的修复能力,而且在低温下,受伤部位具有较高的对伤胁迫的修复能力。     

一氧化氮对绿熟和粉红期番茄采后抗氧化相关酶的影响

以"申冠油"番茄果实为试材,采用不同浓度一氧化氮(20、40、60μL·L-1 NO)在空气条件下处理绿熟期和粉红期的番茄果实3h,在16℃和相对湿度为85%的条件下贮藏20d。分析NO处理对番茄果实中过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化相关酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖含量变化的影响。实验结果表明:NO处理能促进绿熟期和粉红期番茄中CAT、POD、SOD活性的增加和绿熟期番茄中APX酶活性的增加,降低了绿熟期番茄中MDA含量,延缓果实中可溶性糖的流失,且60μL·L-1 NO处理效果较好。但NO处理对粉红期番茄中APX活性和MDA含量无显著影响,这可能与NO对绿熟期和粉红期这两种不同成熟度番茄中作用方式不一样有关。     

减压贮藏对番茄果实抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶的影响

为了研究不同减压处理对番茄果实后熟过程中抗氧化性的影响,以粉冠番茄为材料,研究了在43.6、73.0kPa和常压三个压力条件下,番茄中维生素C、番茄红素和谷胱甘肽含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性变化规律.结果表明,减压贮藏显著推迟了番茄中维生素C含量的高峰,在一定程度上延迟了番茄红素和谷胱甘肽含量的高峰,并且压力越低效果越显著(p＜0.05);在果实后熟过程中SOD、CAT活性逐渐下降,而减压处理可显著抑制SOD活性下降(p＜0.05).POD活性在贮藏期间呈现先降后升的趋势,减压处理可以有效地保持较高的抗氧化酶活性.结论:减压处理贮藏可以显著保护番茄果实中的抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶活性,而且一定范围内压力越低效果越好.     

Wx基因对小麦淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响

为研究Wx基因的缺失对小麦淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响,本试验以8个Wx小麦近等基因系为材料,在灌浆期的10、20、30和40 d取籽粒对ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性进行了测定。结果表明:野生型的AGPase、SSS、GBSS和SBE活性在花后所有时期均最高(GBSS花后40 d除外,处于中间水平),而WxABD型4种淀粉合成相关酶活性几乎在整个灌浆期均低于其余基因型,尤其是WxABD型的GBSS活性尽管也呈现先升高后降低、20 d左右达到高峰的趋势,但其升高或降低的幅度很小,其活性相对较为稳定。研究证明小麦Wx基因缺失对淀粉合成关键酶活性影响较大,依次为Wx-D1Wx-A1WxB1;淀粉合成关键酶活性在花后逐渐增加,以花后20 d最大,此后逐渐降低,到40 d达最低值;WxABD型缺失所有Wx基因,淀粉合成酶活性在花后各时期最低,其中GBSS活性远低于其余基因型且在花后各时期变化较小。     

Peroxidase and Polyphenoloxidase Activities in Papaya During Postharvest Ripening and After Freezing/Thawing

Changes in peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities of papaya (Caricu papava), cv Sunrise, during ripening, freezing and short frozen storage were studied. Fruits were stored at 14°C and 85 90 % RH until maturity for processing was reached (about 21 days). Fruit were frozen cryogenically and frozen slices were stored at — 18°C. POD activity increased in pulp tissue up to the ripe stage, showing a maximum value after 7 days cold storage. Similarly, PPO activity showed an important increase (4 × initial value) on the same date. The quantity of extractable proteins was at a maximum after 15 days storage at 14°C. Freezing and frozen storage (-18°C) produced an increase of POD activity while EPO activity was only slightly affected.     

Ripening tomato fruit after chilling storage alters protein turnover

BACKGROUND: Tomato fruit is of prime importance owing to its qualities for human nutrition and its economic value. In order to extend its commercial life, it is harvested at mature but unripe stages and stored at low temperatures. The goal of this work was to study the influence of harvest and chilling storage of mature green tomato fruit (cv. Micro‐Tom) on the protein pattern, amino acid content and protease activity during fruit ripening. RESULTS: Fruits were sampled during ripening in three different conditions: 1, on the vine; 2, off the vine; 3, off the vine after 4 weeks at 4 °C. During all fruit ripening conditions, protein level decreased while amino acid content increased. Chilling storage of mature green fruit led to a reduction in protein content. Ripening off the vine (conditions 2 and 3) resulted in a threefold increase in red fruit amino acid levels when compared with red fruit on the vine. Protease activities (autoproteolytic, azocaseinolytic and gelatinolytic) were detected in all fruits evaluated and were differently affected by ripening stage, ripening conditions and the presence of specific inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Harvest and chilling storage increased endogenous substrate proteolysis, azocaseinolytic activity and free amino acid levels, which could be related to fruit quality. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of hunting-season stage and ripening conditions on nitrogen fractions and degradation of myofibrillar proteins in venison (Cervus elaphus) chorizo sausages

The influence of hunting-season stage (deer hunted at the start versus deer hunted at the end of the season) and ripening conditions (natural versus controlled drying rooms) on nitrogen fractions and degradation of myofibrillar proteins were studied in chorizo sausages made with venison. Variations of nitrogen fractions during 21 days of ripening were found. In all batches, myofibrillar protein content decreased and proteolysis indices were between 4.6% and 14.4% at the end of ripening. However, after 45 days of storage in vacuum packs no significant variations in nitrogen fractions contents occurred. Similar changes of electrophoretic profiles of myofibrillar proteins in batches processed under controlled conditions took place during ripening, however samples of batches processed in natural drying rooms did not show the same variation. Ripening conditions influenced the relative density of bands corresponding to 45 (actin), 37 (T-troponin), 35 (tropomyosin), 20 (C-troponin) and 19kDa, after 21 days of ripening. Hunting season stage influenced the relative density of the 49kDa band after 21 days of ripening. Changes on proteins profiles were found after storage in all four batches.     

Chilling-Associated Softening of Tomato Fruit is Related to Increased Pectinmethylesterase Activity

Mature-green tomatoes chilled 15 days (5°C; RH >85%) were softer than nonchilled during subsequent ripening (22°C) by both whole fruit and pericarp tissue puncture (p<0.05), but not by flat-plate compression. No differences in total polygalactnronase (PG) or PG isozyme activity were evident although total activity was greater in nonchilled after 10 days ripening. Softening of nonchilled fruit correlated (p<0.05) with extracted PGI activity, while chilling-associated softening correlated (p<0.05) with higher initial extracted pectinmethylesterase (PME) activity. Extracted peroxidase remained constant throughout ripening but was greater (p<0.05) in pre-chilled fruit consistent with chill-induced membrane dysfunction. Transmission electron microscopy showed the middle lamella from pre-chilled tomatoes was swollen and less defined. Loss of turgor from translocation of water to the PME-modified cell wall was suggested to be responsible for softening as a consequence of chilling.     

不同成熟度灵武长枣食用及营养品质研究

本文研究了不同成熟度(白绿、微红、大半红、全红)灵武长枣成熟过程中果实的食用及营养品质的变化规律,以明确其营养特点,并为其适时采收提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)在成熟过程中,灵武长枣中环磷酸腺苷含量与蔗糖含量呈极显著正关(p0.01),葡萄糖含量与柠檬酸含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),奎宁酸含量与草酸含量呈显著负相关(p0.05);(2)成熟(全红)的灵武长枣的糖酸比达到104.59,且其奎宁酸含量较高,达0.26%,是鲜枣风味形成的重要物质;(3)成熟(全红)灵武长枣中除还含有大量粗纤维(8.26%)和环核苷酸等营养物质外,K元素含量高达9.90 mg/g,表明灵武长枣是一种富钾鲜枣果;(4)全红灵武长枣达到最佳口感,其食用品质和营养品质俱佳,而大半红时期的灵武长枣食用及营养品质接近全红期,故该时期可作为鲜果保存的最适采收时期。     

Mozzarella干酪提取液的抗菌活性

Mozzarella干酪中酪蛋白抗菌肽对人体有非常重要的作用。为了研究酪蛋白提取液的抑菌作用,对成熟期为40 d、50 d和60 d的Mozzarella干酪,分别用无菌蒸馏水、醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液和TCA提取法制备干酪提取液,探讨了干酪提取液对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和黑曲霉的抑制作用。结果显示,不同成熟期Mozzarella干酪的提取液对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌均有一定的抑制作用。成熟期为40 d的Mozzarella干酪,用无菌蒸馏水提取出的提取液对大肠杆菌的抑菌性最强;成熟期为60 d的Mozzarella干酪,用TCA提取法提取出的提取液对枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和黑曲霉的抑菌性最强。     

Effect of maturity on some biochemical changes during ripening of banana (Musa sapientum L. c. v. Lakatan)

The starch, total sugars, titratable acids and total soluble solids of ‘Lakatan’ bananas picked at two different stages of maturity were determined during ripening at 23·3°C. Fruits picked at maturity stage A (between ‘full’ and ‘full three-quarters’) showed parallel trends in biochemical changes with those picked at maturity stage B (between ‘full three-quarters’ and ‘light full three-quarters’). However, stage A fruits ripened sooner than stage B fruits. The former required 13 days to ripen, whereas the latter took more than twice as long (29 days).Starch increased to a peak at the initial stages of ripening but decreased thereafter. Titratable acids increased, accompanied by a rapid decrease in starch, before the eating-ripe stage was reached. Total sugars and total soluble solids remained low until the final stages of ripening, when a rapid increase in these constituents was observed.Based on the sugar-to-acid ratio, the quality of the ripened fruits was comparable.     

Content of bioactive compounds in pungent spice red pepper (paprika) as affected by ripening and genotype

This work was conducted to investigate changes in the bioactive nutrient content of hot (pungent) paprika as a function of ripening in four of the most important varieties cultivated in Hungary. For the quantitative determination, recent liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were applied. Forty carotenoids were separated, with β‐carotene and lutein of interest from the biological point of view. The major component of vitamin E was α‐tocopherol. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin were the dominant pungency principles. As for vitamin C components, only ascorbic acid could be detected and determined. The results indicated that all the examined compounds were at low level in the mature green fruits, and the onset of climacteric ripening caused their content to grow. In accord with the advance in ripening, carotenoids were being formed even at the overripening stage, while tocopherols, capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid reached their maximum level at the colour break or red stage and then declined. The highest values with regard to carotenoids were estimated in SZ‐178 and F0‐3 cultivars. The best retention of ascorbic acid was found in SZ‐178, which contained 4.86 mg g^?1 dry matter in the dry pods. On the other hand, retention of α‐tocopherol during ripening and natural drying was found to depend on variety. The highest value for vitamin E was recorded in SZ‐178 followed by K‐V₂, which contained the highest level of α‐tocopherol at the red stage of ripening. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Physiological behavior and quality traits during fruit growth and ripening of four Amazonic hot pepper accessions

BACKGROUND: Skin color, acid content and changes in other chemical components have been developed as indicators of maturation in fruits of the Capsicum type. RESULTS: Fruit growth and ripening in four hot pepper accessions (CS) from C. frutescens (CS376) and from C. annuum (CS219, CS049 and CS032) were monitored in three commercial Colombian Amazonic orchards. The time between fruit setting and commercial pepper fruit maturity was 41 ± 5 days for CS219, while CS032, CS049 and CS376 required 47 ± 3 days. Three stages of development were identified. The first stage was cell division in the accessions and a transient peak in respiration rate in CS049. A second stage of fruit growth occurred due to maximum cell expansion and some transient peaks of respiration rate also took place. Finally, a plateau occurred as fruit reached full maturity and followed typical non‐climacteric behavior. CS032 and CS219 were pungent with increasing levels of alkaloids (capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin) during fruit growth, although CS376 with its constant and higher levels of the former capsaicinoids early in fruit growth was not pungent, and neither was CS049. Morphological traits and fresh and dry weight together with color coordinates could be used to discriminate among accessions as revealed by two axes of the canonical discriminant analysis (99.9% total variance explained). CONCLUSIONS: In general, the time from fruit set and the apex skin color changes and accompanying morphological traits, were reasonable indicators of maturity in Amazonian hot pepper fruits. Multivariate analysis was able to discriminate among accessions. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry