用双毛细管流变仪对 HDPE与LLDPE挤出压力振荡的研究

用RH2000恒速型双毛细管流变仪研究了3种HDPE和3种LLDPE的挤出压力振荡现象。通过压力振荡图、流动曲线和挤出物表观3方面,对两种类型聚乙烯压力振荡的差异进行了分析。发现HDPE的压力振荡很明显,振幅在2~3MPa,而LLDPE的振幅很小,甚至在压力-时间图上看不出来。6种聚合物的流动曲线都发生了断裂。在柱塞下降速度恒定下发生压力振荡时,流速并不恒定,粘界面条件下流速较小,滑界面条件下流速较大,并通过计算获得了3种HDPE发生压力振荡时对应于粘界面与滑界面的流速。HDPE和LLDPE在粘界面条件下挤出物都是鲨鱼皮,而滑界面条件下HDPE的挤出物类似于无规破裂,LLDPE挤出物表观较光滑,且没有鲨鱼皮。     

HDPE/LLDPE/CaCO3共混物注射成型收缩率的研究

研究了高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）／线性低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）共混物及其碳酸钙（CaCO3）填充体系的注射成型收缩率,分别用示差扫描量热仪（DSC）和AR2000高级流变仪分析测定了共混物的结晶度和熔体黏度,并探讨了不同配比下共混物结晶度和熔体黏度与成型收缩率的关系。结果表明,在加工条件不变的情况下,HDPE／LLDPE共混物成型收缩率受结晶度和熔体黏度的显著影响。随LLDPE用量的增加,收缩率的变化明显分为三个阶段,先迅速增大,然后变化减缓,最后又逐渐减小。加入少量铝酸酯活化的CaCO3可以显著降低共混物的成型收缩率。     

高密度聚乙烯和线性低密度聚乙烯共混用于包装薄膜的生产

研讨了线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)共混取代线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)/低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)共混用于包装薄膜的生产,并测试了其物理性能。     

LLDPE与HDPE共混耐温性及在食用菌工业中的应用

线性低密度聚乙烯（ＬＬＤＰＥ）与高密度聚乙烯（ＨＤＰＥ）以３０：７０的比例共混制成的菌袋韧性好．在－１０～２０℃范围内可正常使用而不破裂，达到常压灭菌工艺要求。     

BHDPE/HDPE/LLDPE共混体系的研究

采用线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)对双峰高密度聚乙烯(BHDPE)和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)进行共混,测定共混物的力学性能和DSC曲线。结果显示共混物均可以产生共晶,LLDPE对BHDPE力学性能影响较大;在LLDPE/HDPE中添加BHDPE,三者共混物具有更好的力学性能,流变性能显示三者共混物体系黏度变化不大,为制备性能最优、成本最低的三者共混物提供了依据。     

A study of γ‐radiation‐crosslinked HDPE/EPDM composites as flame retardants

The dynamic flammability of flame‐retardant composites that consist of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) and other additives, and can be used as wire‐ and cable‐insulation materials, was studied before and after irradiation. The data for the heat‐release rate (HRR), the time to ignition, the specific extinction area and the concentrations of CO and CO₂ from the burning process of cone colorimeter tests were assessed. By blending HDPE with EPDM, the HRR of HDPE was reduced and the residue char of the composite increased. The HRR of HDPE/EPDM was further reduced and the residue char of HDPE/EPDM was further increased after irradiation. The oxygen index, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the composites, and the morphology of the char formed in the cone calorimeter test, were also investigated. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Implications of melt compatibility/incompatibility on thermal and mechanical properties of metallocene and Ziegler–Natta linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) blends with high density polyethylene (HDPE): influence of composition distribution and branch content of LLDPE

In this paper, the implications of melt compatibility on thermal and solid‐state properties of linear low density polyethylene/high density polyethylene (LLDPE/HDPE) blends were assessed with respect to the effect of composition distribution (CD) and branch content (BC). The effect of CD was studied by melt blending a metallocene (m‐LLDPE) and a Ziegler‐Natta (ZN) LLDPE with the same HDPE at 190 °C. Similarly, the effect of BC was examined. In both cases, resins were paired to study one molecular variable at a time. Thermal and solid‐state properties were measured in a differential scanning calorimeter and in an Instron mechanical testing instrument, respectively. The low‐BC m‐LLDPE (BC = 14.5 CH₃/1000 C) blends with HDPE were compatible at all compositions: rheological, thermal and some mechanical properties followed additivity rules. For incompatible high‐BC (42.0 CH₃/1000 C) m‐LLDPE‐rich blends, elongation at break and work of rupture showed synergistic effects, while modulus was lower than predictions of linear additivity. The CD of LLDPE showed no significant effect on thermal properties, elongation at break or work of rupture; however, it resulted in low moduli for ZN‐LLDPE blends with HDPE. For miscible blends, no effect for BC or CD of LLDPE was observed. The BC of LLDPE has, in general, a stronger influence on melt and solid‐state properties of blends than the CD. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ultrasonic and thermal properties of γ-irradiated low-density polyethylene

The ultrasonic pulse-echo technique and differential thermal analysis were utilized to characterize and to monitor the effect of γ-irradiation on the sonic modulus and the heat effect of low-density polyethylene. The sonic wave velocity, sonic modulus, and specific gravity exhibit a minimum for samples irradiated at 10 Mrad. A minimum in the heat capacity was observed at 1 Mrad. The estimated relative change of the activation energy of ordering exhibits a minimum at 100 Mrad. Below 10 Mrad, the perturbation and the loss of the crystalline phase override the effect of radiation cross-linking. From 10 to 100 Mrad, the effect of cross-linking as well as that of crystallinity are prevailing. Oxidative degradation is dominating above 100 Mrad. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Structure–Property–Process Relationship for Blown Films of Bimodal HDPE and Its LLDPE Blend

Blown films of bimodal‐high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) (BPE) and its blend containing 40 wt% of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) are prepared in various neck‐heights (NHs). The crystal structures of both films are investigated in detail using small‐angle X‐ray scattering and wide‐angle x‐ray diffraction techniques. The results show that the blending of LLDPE notably modifies the crystal structure of BPE, including crystal density (ρ_c), crystallite size of the 110 plane (〈L₁₁₀〉), thickness of the lamellar crystal (L_c), and grain widths of the lamellae. The relationships between NH, crystal structure, and the resistance of dart‐drop impact (DDI) are investigated for both BPE and BPE/LLDPE films. The results indicate that the reorientation of lamellae might be a primary factor responsible for the DDI property. However, large values of ρ_c, L_c, and 〈L₁₁₀〉 are required for the film to achieve high DDI.     

On some properties of γ-irradiated K2SeO4 single crystals

Experimental study is presented of some effects of γ-irradiation on the temperature dependence of permittivity.     

Intermediates of Prostanoid Synthesis. Stereospecific conversion of (+)-5β-hydroxycyclopenten-2-yl-1β-acetic acid γ-lactone into (+)-1β-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2β,3β-(p-nitrobenzylidene)-dioxycyclopentan-5-one

Starting from (+)-5β-hydroxycyclopenten-2-yl-1β-acetic acid γ-lactone ( 1 ), (+)-1β-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2β, 3β-(p-nitrobenzylidene)-dioxycyclopentan-5-one ( 7 ) was prepared within 4 steps. Subsequent cleavage of the latter gives (−)-3β-hydroxy-1-methoxy-carbonylmethylcyclopent-1-en-5-one ( 8a ). Hydroxylation of the lactone ( 1 ) was found to give (+)-2β,3β,5β-trihydroxycyclopentyl-1β-acetic acid γ-lactone ( 2a ) with cis-oriented hydroxy groups in respect to the lactone ring. No formation of the trans-isomer, as has been reported earlier [4], was observed.     

Electron spin resonance study of γ-irradiated nylon 6

The free radicals trapped in oriented nylon 6 filaments after γ-irradiation under vacuum at room temperature were studied by ESR spectroscopy. The ESR spectrum measured after irradiation gradually changed to a broad singlet spectrum with decrease in the intensity. The ESR spectrum consisted of radicals with different orientation effects with respect to the outer magnetic field, and saturation effects in reference to microwave power. The simulation of the ESR spectrum from a Gaussian function gave a better fit to the observed spectrum than the calculation from a Lorentzian function. From the resolution of the spectrum from a Gaussian function, the observed spectrum is generated from three kinds of radicals: The relative radical concentration for the first, second, and third radical is about 75%, 6%, and 19% of the total radical concentration, respectively. With regard to the stability of the radicals, the third radical shows a comparatively long lifetime. The first and second radicals show almost identical lifetime, and their concentrations reduce to about 40% of the initial value during the 2 days at room temperature.     

Electrical conductivity of γ-irradiated native and mercerized cotton celluloses

In the present study the electrical conductivity (σ) of ball-milled and NaOH-treated cotton fibers were measured in vacuum. The induced electrical conductivity and the activation energy ΔE of γ-irradiated samples were measured as a function of radiation doses and at various temperatures. It was found that γ-irradiation of cotton fibers either decreases or increases its electrical conductivity. Thus, it was found that γ-irradiation of cotton reduces the conductivity of the samples having particle sizes ranging from 0.07 to 0.11 mm and the magnitude of the reduction diminishes as the particle size increases. The results have also shown that, for any given concentration, γ-irradiation of NaOH-treated samples causes an increase of the measured electrical conductivity.     

Properties of γ-irradiated compostions based on polyvinyl chloride

A Co-60 source was used to irradiate compositions based on PVC, and containing plasticizer additives including DIDP and TOTM, and chlorinated PE (CPE). Polyfunctional acrylic monomers were used as crosslinking agents, and irradiation dosages to about 8Mrad were applied to crosslink the compounds. Analyses included crosslink density estimates from solvent swelling data, and stress/strain evaluations of mechanical responses. It was shown that plasticizers reduce the crosslinking efficiency of irradiation, TOTM being the better inhibitor. The presence of CPE counteracts the trend. Mechanical properties differentiate strongly between the use of difunctional and trifunctional crosslinking agents. The latter produce networks at higher dosages (Eq > 4Mrad) characterized by two apparent yield stresses. This suggests the presence of two (or more) distinct network structures. DSC scans of partially crosslinked samples support the contention. The work indicates the importance of composition-property relationships in multicomponent vinyl systems.     

An efficient Synthesis of Acetylenic γ- and δ-Hydroxy Ketones, γ- and δ-keto acids,and γ- diketones via addition of 1-alkinyllithium compounds to γ- and δ-lactones

2-Hydroxy-6-alkyn-5-ones 3 , 1-hydroxy-5-alkyn-4-ones 4 , and 1-hydroxy-6-alkyn-5-ones 5 are conveniently obtained in excellent yields through a highly selective monoaddition of an 1-alkynyllithium compound 2 to γ-valerolactone (1a) , γ-butyrolactone (1b) or δ-valerolactone (1c) . They are oxidized by pyridinium dichromate or Jones reagent to the corresponding acetylenic 1,4-diketones 6 , 4-oxo carboxylic acids 7 , and 5-oxo carboxylic acids 8 , respectively.     

Nanostructured α- and β-cobalt hydroxide thin films

A new perspective in the use of electrochemical methods to deposit cobalt hydroxide thin films is presented. Ordered arrays of α-Co(OH)₂ (hydrotalcite-like (Co-HT)) and β-Co(OH)₂ nanoparticles were synthesized on transparent conductive oxide (TCO) substrates by localized cathodic electrogeneration of hydroxyl via the reduction of NO₂⁻ (or NO₃⁻) ion precursors in solution containing Co²⁺ in very low concentration. The thin films, analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were found to be composed of vertically oriented platelets with the crystallographic c-axis parallel to the substrate surface. Turbostratic disorder was not observed in the films. UV/Vis spectra and thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA) indicated distinct variation between the Co-HT structures. Films deposited at 60 °C using a nitrite precursor generated uniform, vibrant-green mixed-valence Co-HT (Co²⁺/Co³⁺). Nitrate precursors yielded a “hydroxyl-deficient” Co-HT (Co²⁺ only). Films deposited at 95 °C in nitrate solution yielded β-Co(OH)₂. The films obtained in presence of nitrite were thicker than those obtained in nitrate. They were formed of β-Co(OH)₂ and contained traces of Co-HT.