热耦合二级Stirling型脉管制冷机的性能研究

建立热耦合二级Stirling型脉管制冷机实验装置.通过实验,系统研究了交变流动工质的工作频率和平均工作压力对热耦合二级Stirling型脉管制冷机性能的影响,详细报道并分析讨论了实验结果.以氦气作为工质,在优化工作频率和平均工作压力条件下,热耦合二级Stirling型脉管制冷机获得了13.52 K的无负荷制冷温度.     

谐振子耦合型热声驱动脉管制冷机研究

热声驱动脉管制冷机通常采用直接或者长管耦合的方式,但是因为耦合后的发动机和制冷机难以达到最佳的工作状态,耦合长管的损失也比较大,因此整体效率较低。本文提出一种热声驱动脉管制冷机结构,利用谐振子耦合热声发动机和脉管制冷机,能够显著减小声功传递损失,提升整机效率。全文针对在900 K加热温度、80 K空气液化温区下的热声驱动脉管制冷机展开理论研究,首先分析了谐振子耦合机理,并对谐振子参数进行了优化设计;其次,研究了加热温度、制冷温度和机械阻尼对系统性能影响;最后,将谐振子耦合型与长管耦合型两种方式的热声驱动制冷机进行了对比分析。结果表明:在平均压力为3MPa,加热温度为900 K,制冷温度为80 K时,谐振子耦合的热声驱动制冷机可获得整机22.5%的效率,而长管耦合的热声驱动脉管制冷机获得11.6%的效率。     

分离型二级脉管制冷机的实验研究--Ⅱ:液氦温区二级脉管制冷机

研制1台新型液氦温区分离型二级脉管制冷机,该制冷机由2台独立的脉管制冷机组成,一级回热器冷端和二级回热器中部通过热桥相连,从根本上弥补了传统直接耦合型多级脉管制冷机级间干扰的不足.采用双压缩机双旋转阀驱动该二级脉管制冷机,第二级最低温度达到了2.5 K,在4.2 K下有508 mW制冷量,同时一级在37.5 K有15 W制冷量.第二级充气压力由1.7 MPa增大到1.85 MPa,制冷机在4.2 K下的制冷量可以达到590 mW.为了能简化结构、扩大应用,提出采用单压缩机单旋转阀驱动该分离型脉管制冷机,达到了相同的制冷性能.     

分离型二级脉管制冷机的实验研究第一部分20～40 K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机

为了满足液氦温区分离型二级脉管制冷机第二级预冷的需要,设计制作了1台20～40K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机.采用额定功率为6 kW的压缩机驱动该制冷机,最低制冷温度达13.8K,刷新了单级脉管制冷机最低制冷温度纪录.该制冷机在40 K可获得高达55.9 W的制冷量,基本可以满足15～40 K温区超导磁体等冷却的需要.着重分析了频率、充气压力和不同压缩机对系统制冷性能的影响,测试了长时间运行中系统性能的变化情况.     

单级G-M型脉管制冷机回热器性能

为了能进一步提高单级G-M型脉管制冷机的性能,着重对80 K到300 K温区回热器的效率进行了理论和试验研究.通过对不锈钢和磷青铜丝网材料热渗透深度和热导率的分析,指出在这一温区采用不锈钢丝网的制冷性能优于磷青铜丝网.基于REGEN3.2进行的数值模拟,进一步指出适当增大不锈钢丝网目数有利于提高制冷性能,并由此指导实验取得了理想的结果.单级G-M型脉管制冷机经优化后,取得了11.1 K的最低制冷温度,是当前国内外报道的最好结果;同时该制冷机在20 K和30 K分别可获得17.8 W和40.7 W的制冷量.     

行波热声发动机驱动的脉管制冷机研究

通过改变热声发动机谐振直路长度,研究系统在不同工作频率下的性能.研究发现,在一定条件下降低频率可以显著改善脉管制冷机的性能.在工作压力为2.7 MPa,加热功率为2 350W,工作频率为45 Hz时,双向进气型单级脉管制冷机获得了80.9 K的最低制冷温度,这是目前用热声制冷方法获得的最低制冷温度.     

20K以下温区单级脉管制冷机直流控制实验研究

开展了20K以下温区单级脉管制冷机的实验研究，考察了直流流动对制冷机性能的影响，估算了不同制冷温度下制冷机循环的需气量，在对直流进行控制的情况下，采用2kW(RW2)和4kW(CP4)压缩机分别获得了18．7K和14．7K的最低制冷温度，对应的在30K的制冷量分别为10W和29．5W。     

热声驱动脉管制冷机的压力特性

自行研制了热声驱动脉管制冷机实验台,着重研究了热声驱动脉管制冷机的压力特性,明确了充气压力对超振温度、加热温度、制冷温度、压比及夺力振幅等的影响,实验表明,自行研制的热声压缩机在驱动脉管制冷机的情况下,仍可获１．０７以上的压比,基本可以满足驱动无阀型脉管制冷机的需要,在最近进行的实验中,以氮和氦作工质,分别获得了１９６Ｋ和１３８Ｋ的无负荷制冷温度,此外,本文还提出了进一步的改进方向。     

4 K以下温区脉管制冷性能的改进

最新研究表明，采用陶瓷磁性回热材料GdAlO3（GAP）可以大大提高4K以下温区脉管制冷机的制冷量和制冷系数（COP）。在压缩机输入功率约为4.8kW的条件下，采用GAP的二级双向进气型脉管制冷机在2.8K，3.13K,3.70K分别获得了200mW，300mW和400mW制冷量，与采用HoCu2及ErNi的二级脉管制冷机相比，该制冷机在3.0K附近的制冷量增幅高达150%。     

低于11 K的单级脉管制冷机性能研究

研究了回热器长度以及80 K以下温区不同回热材料布置形式对单级G-M型脉管制冷机性能的影响.试验研究表明,适当增加回热器长度,制冷机性能可显著提高.在此基础上对低温区回热材料进行优化,采用Er3Ni、铅丸和不锈钢丝网3层复合回热材料获得了最佳的制冷性能.采用额定输入功率为7.5 kW的压缩机驱动,脉管制冷机最低制冷温度达10.9 K,这是目前单级脉管制冷机达到的最低制冷温度.该制冷机在21 K可获得20 W制冷量.     

改进冷端换热器的大功率脉冲管制冷机

依据热力学非对称理论对脉冲管制冷机冷端的热力学过程进行分析,采用输出功率3 kW的压缩机在80 K时得到了35 W的制冷量,并提出了改进方案;搭建了单级低频大功率脉冲管制冷机的实验台,采用新型的填料烧结型换热器作为脉冲管的冷头.实验表明改进冷端换热器是提高脉冲管制冷机制冷效率的关键技术.     

20K温区两级脉冲管制冷机的研究

脉冲管制冷机的实用化是目前脉冲管制冷机的一个主要研究方向。介绍了作者为提高脉冲管效率而研究的一种分离结构的两级脉冲管制冷机。实验获得了１１．７Ｋ的最低温度,制冷量３Ｗ／２０Ｋ。采用名义功率２．２ｋＷＧ－Ｍ压缩机驱动得到了１２．４Ｋ的最低温度,制冷量２Ｗ／１８．５Ｋ,４Ｋ／２４．６Ｋ,实际输入功率约１．５ｋＷ。这一效果已基本达到了实用化应用的要求。该研究表明脉冲管制冷机的效率在２０Ｋ温区已接近类似的     

空调压缩机驱动高效同轴脉冲管制冷系统

介绍了为实际应用而开发的低成本、高效率、长寿命的制冷系统：空调压缩机驱动的单级同轴脉冲管制冷机。实验获得了３８．４Ｋ的最低温度，制冷量３Ｗ／５０Ｋ，大于６Ｗ／８０Ｋ，输入功率约６２０Ｗ，启动过程操作简单、降温快、运行稳定。     

Experimental study of staging method for two-stage pulse tube refrigerators for liquid He temperatures

The first two-stage pulse tube refrigerator, providing a lowest temperature of 2.23 K and a cooling power of 370 mW at 4.2 K, employed a parallel arrangement of the two pulse tubes with phase shifters located at room temperature¹. With the aim of increasing the COP at liquid ⁴He temperatures, three modified staging methods were tested in this paper. All refrigerator versions operate with the same two regenerators as already used in the first two-stage setup¹ and also the same 6 kW He-compressor combined with a redesigned G-M rotary valve. The best performance is achieved with a parallel arrangement two-stage refrigerator by introducing proper negative DC flow and impedance tubes. So far the highest cooling power achieved on the second stage at 4.2 K was 0.5 W. With a heat load of 20 W at 67 K on the first stage, the second stage can provide a cooling power of 0.42 W at 4.2 K. Details of the design of the different refrigerators and a comparison of their performance are presented.     

Development and experimental investigation of Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) below 20 K; cold compressor and colder expander

This research paper focuses on the experimental investigation of the Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator with cold compression concept. Due to this innovative feature, the pulse tube refrigerator can reach lower temperature effectively other typical single-stage Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerators. The experiment as a proof of concept is carried out to demonstrate the capability of the pulse tube refrigerator operating between 80 K and 20 K. The cold linear compressor, which is submerged in a liquid nitrogen bath, produces cold mass flow with the efficiency of 85% for all the frequencies. At the lowest temperature part of the pulse tube refrigerator, the no-load temperature of 18.7 K is recorded and the cooling power of 0.4 W is measured at 20 K. The experimental results are analyzed in dynamic and thermal aspects by using the numerical model. The model can well explain how much losses are distributed in the system.     

Performance analysis and optimization of high capacity pulse tube refrigerator

High capacity pulse tube refrigerator (HCPTR) is a new generation of cryocoolers tailored to provide more than 250 W of cooling power at cryogenic temperatures. The most important characteristics of HCPTR when compared to other types of pulse tube refrigerators are a powerful pressure wave generator, and an accurate design. In this paper the influence of geometrical and operating parameters on the performance of a double inlet pulse tube refrigerator (DIPTR) is studied. The model is validated with the existing experimental data. As a result of this optimization, a new configuration of HCPTR is proposed. This configuration provides 335 W at 80 K cold end temperature with a frequency of 50 Hz and COP of 0.05.     

Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator with slit-type heat exchangers for HTS superconducting motor

A cryogenic refrigeration system is one of the indispensable components for cooling superconducting motor or generator. Among various configurations of cryogenic refrigeration system, the on-board refrigeration system is considered to be attractive for compactness and small heat leak. In order to turn this concept into reality, we focus on two essential points; development of the specific structure for on-board refrigeration and optimal design of the refrigerator. Since the on-board refrigeration system should not create unbalanced vibration, the inline Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator is considered as a good candidate and more concrete and efficient structure is developed under the design constraints. The dynamic absorber is used to maintain the dynamic stability of the single acting linear compressor. To increase thermal Carnot efficiency with the on-board Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator, slit-type heat exchangers are implemented and flow straighteners are carefully designed by the three-dimensional CFD simulation. The overall configuration of the Stirling-type pulse tube refrigerator is designed and fabricated by the optimal process. The present on-board refrigerator has the cooling capacity of 7 W at 59.5 K with the Carnot efficiency of 10.9%. According to these experimental results, the pulse tube refrigerator as the on-board refrigeration system possesses a sufficient thermal efficiency despite the restricted design configuration. The on-board refrigeration is considered as a useful method for cooling HTS superconducting motor.     

有阀型小孔脉管制冷机的深入研究

为了克服第三代脉管制冷机存在的制冷温度不稳定的缺陷,本文从提高脉管制冷效率,进一步降低制冷温度的角度,对有阀型小孔脉管制冷机进行了研究。通过理论计算和实验改进,有阀型单级脉管制冷机取得了３４Ｋ的无负荷制冷温度,在８０Ｋ获得３０Ｗ以上的制冷功率,其制冷效率达到国外同类商品型有阀脉管制冷机的水平。