The fracture energy and acoustic emission of a boron-epoxy composite

The fracture surface energy () of a boron fibre-epoxy resin composite has been measured by three different techniques: work of fracture, linear elastic fracture mechanics, and compliance variation. Significant differences were obtained by the different methods. The compliance data were analysed to give at different stages of crack propagation. It was observed that decreased as the crack entered the material and that this variation of could be correlated with the pull-out length of fibres and acoustic emission generated during fracture. The fracture surface energy is explained in terms of a debonding model.     

短切碳纤维增强尼龙66复合材料注塑成型工艺模拟

采用毛细管流变仪和自制小型模具,对不同质量分数的短切碳纤维增强尼龙66(CF/PA66)复合材料颗粒进行了熔体流动性能分析和注塑成型工艺模拟,实现少量原料快速模拟CF/PA66的注塑成型工艺参数。研究表明:短切CF/PA66复合材料的熔体属于幂律流体,熔体黏度随温度、压力和CF质量分数变化显著,当温度和压力升高到临界值后熔体流变特性从假塑性区进入牛顿区;随着CF质量分数的增加,CF/PA66复合材料适宜成型温度提高。实验中PA66、CF质量分数为10wt%和20wt%的CF/PA66三种颗粒的适宜成型温度分别为278~285℃、280~287℃、290~298℃,通过对熔体进行Bagley压力校正,三种颗粒适宜成型的最小注塑压力分别为24.3MPa、29.4MPa、35.1MPa;将流变仪模拟所得参数应用于注塑成型工艺,所得样品的拉伸强度与流变仪制备的试样非常接近,进一步说明了毛细管流变仪模拟CF/PA66注塑成型过程的可行性和有效性,为其注塑成型工艺条件提供了理论依据。     

碳纤维增强尼龙6复合材料的阴离子聚合反应注射成型工艺

以己内酰胺为原料,自制己内酰胺钠(C10)、双酰化内酰胺-1,6-己二胺(C20)分别为引发剂和活化剂,首先对适用于反应注射成型技术(RIM)的尼龙6(PA6)阴离子聚合工艺进行探究。实验结果表明,提高引发剂浓度可提升聚合反应速率,转化率受影响并不明显,但分子量有所降低;而提高活化剂浓度,会导致聚合反应不完全;随着聚合温度的升高,反应速率明显加快,同时分子量增大,结晶度呈下降趋势。最终选取1.5 mol%的C10、1 mol%的C20,浸胶温度100℃、聚合温度180℃的工艺参数,利用自行研制的反应注射设备成功制备了单向碳纤维增强尼龙6 (CF/PA6)复合材料单向板,其沿纤维方向的拉伸强度可达974.2 MPa,弯曲强度达786.9 MPa。      

Effects of fiber orientation on the acoustic emission and fracture characteristics of composite laminates

The effects of fiber orientation on acoustic emission (AE) characteristics have been studied for various composite laminates. Reflection and transmission optical microscopy were used to investigate the damage zone of specimens. AE signals were classified through short time Fourier transform (STFT) as different types: AE signals with a high intensity and high frequency band were due to fiber fracture, while weak AE signals with a low frequency band were due to matrix cracking and/or interfacial cracking. Characteristic feature in the rate of hit-events having high amplitudes showed a procedure of fiber breakages, which expressed the characteristic fracture processes of notched fiber-reinforced plastics with different fiber orientations. As a consequence, the behavior of fracture in the continuous composite laminates could be monitored through nondestructive evaluation (NDE) using the AE technique.     

Creep properties of fatigued short carbon fibre reinforced nylon 6 plastics

The effect of low-cycle fatigue on the creep properties of a fibre-reinforced thermoplastic has been examined from the standpoint of the stress dependence and cycle ratio, which is the fraction of the mean life cycles to fracture. The time dependence of the strain and the strain rate of a virgin specimen can be described by a straight line on a logarithmic scale, therefore the deformation process seems to be ruled by a flow law. In addition the time dependence of the strain rate does not indicate the stress dependence for each stress level, which shows the same value as in the gradient of these relations. In the case of fatigued specimens, however, a knee point which divides the creep process into a primary region and a secondary one appears in the creep relation. The gradient in the primary region is less than that for the virgin material, and the magnitude and the timing of its appearance show either a stress dependence or a cycle ratio dependence. A weak stress dependence of the relation for log against logt can also be found; however, the results do not indicate a dependence on the cycle ratio. The reason for these results and the relationship of the structural changes of the materials are discussed using a McLean model.     

短切炭纤维增强沥青基C/C复合材料的组织特征

利用新型、高效的模压半炭化成型工艺，在大气环境下制备出了短切炭纤维增强沥青基C／C复合材料制品，并借助光学显做镜和扫描电镜对其微观组织和断口形貌进行了观察。通过分析，解释了短切炭纤维增强沥青基C／C复合材料中炭纤维损伤的形成机制，提出了作为增强体相的短切炭纤维和焦炭颗粒与基体炭之间独特的界而结构模型。研究还表明：复合材料中明显存在着基体相和颗粒相一基体相的显微结构不仅呈层片状，而且层片状的结构好像数层桔子皮，将颗粒相包裹起来，这种“桔皮包裹”式的结构与炭纤维表面的POG结构基本相似。     

短切炭纤维增强沥青基C/C复合材料的力学性能

利用模压半炭化成型工艺在大气环境下制备出了短切炭纤维增强沥青基C／C复合材料（简称SCFRC）。研究了短切炭纤维的体积分数对SCFRC材料的体积密度和力学性能的影响规律。借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜对其微观组织和断口形貌进行了观察，分析了短切炭纤维对SCFRC材料的增强机制。结果表明，当短切炭纤维的体积分数由0％增大到11．8％时，SCFRC材料的力学性能随之呈线性增加；短切炭纤维增强SCFRC材料的机制主要有裂纹偏转效应、桥联效应以及脱粘和拔出效应。     

短切碳纤维/羟基磷灰石生物复合材料的制备及性能

以短切碳纤维为增强相, 采用原位复合法制备短切碳纤维(C_f)/羟基磷灰石(HA)生物复合材料。为提高材料的界面结合, 对C_f表面进行氧化处理。对纯HA结构、 C_f表面以及复合材料断口形貌分别采用XRD、 FTIR、 SEM进行分析表征; 采用万能试验机对复合材料进行力学性能测试。结果表明: 氧化处理后C_f表面变粗糙, 有羟基羧基官能团出现; C_f质量分数为3%时C_f/HA复合材料相对密度最大, 力学性能最好, 弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别约为130 MPa和36 GPa。C_f/HA复合材料断口SEM照片表明, C_f质量分数低于6%时能够实现在HA基体中的均匀分布。      

The fracture and fatigue performance in flexure of carbon fiber reinforced concrete

The fracture parameters and fatigue performances of carbon fiber reinforced concrete is investigated by three point bending tests. In comparison with the results of quasi-static tests where no pre-cyclic loading is applied, the influence of pre-cyclic loading history on fracture parameters was researched by using compliance calibration. The test results show that the fracture parameters of carbon fiber reinforced concrete and plain concrete will be reduced if the pre-cyclic loading stress levels are higher than a certain threshold, and this threshold value for carbon fiber reinforced concrete is higher than that of plain concrete. The critical effective crack length for carbon fiber reinforced concrete is significantly larger than that of plain concrete and independent of the pre-cyclic loading history and fatigue life. Carbon fiber reinforced concrete has a considerable beneficial effect on the behaviour of concrete subjected to flexure fatigue loading.     

Mechanical behaviour and damage mechanisms analysis of a flax-fibre reinforced composite by acoustic emission

This article presents the mechanical characterization of an eco composite consisting of a thermoplastic matrix reinforced by flax fibres. Different configurations of specimens were tested with uniaxial tensile loading and their mechanical behaviours were discussed. Moreover, the acoustic emission technique was used to detect the appearance of damage mechanisms and to follow their evolution. In addition, a list of these mechanisms was established by means of macroscopic and microscopic observations. The acoustic emission records were post processed by the k-means unsupervised pattern recognition algorithm. Depending on the specimen configuration, three or four classes of events were obtained. The acoustic characteristics of these classes were compared. Then, a correlation between these AE events classes and the damage mechanisms observed was proposed. Their effects on the mechanical behaviour of the material were investigated by means of a variable called the Sentry Function.     

Strength analysis on hybrid welding interface of polymer and short carbon fiber reinforced composite

Journal of Materials Science - Thermal welding is commonly used in polymer composite pipeline, and the strength of the polymer welding joint remains a weak link. Short carbon fiber (SCF) is used to...     

Process monitoring of partially reinforced metal-matrix composite components by acoustic emission

Partial reinforcement using a fibre bundle embedded in a part of a component has been investigated in the development of a composite piston for use in an internal combustion engine. A trial piston was fabricated by a casting operation in which molten aluminium was poured into a die containing an annular continuous fibre bundle. The most probable defects introduced during the manufacturing operation are (i) microcracks generated in the fibre bundle due to residual thermal stresses and (ii) imperfect impregnation of the molten aluminium into the fibre bundle. Acoustic emission measurements have been used as a technique to detect the presence of defects in the trial pistons. The acoustic emission was measured during cooling of the trial piston after casting. Microcracking in the fibre bundle during cooling could be detected. Imperfect impregnation of the aluminium into the fibre bundle could also be detected. The acoustic emission due to microcracking was found to be strongly dependent on the mechanical properties of the fibres, while the acoustic emission from incomplete impregnation was found to depend on process conditions. It is believed that acoustic emission measurements can not only be used for the detection of microcracks but can also be of value in the selection of fibre materials and in the adjustment of the process conditions.     

A study on the failure mechanisms of carbon fiber/epoxy composite laminates using acoustic emission

The complex failure mechanisms that are commonly considered as the distinctive characteristic of composites are being amenable to nondestructive test advance. This research adopts the acoustic emission technique to study the failure mechanisms and damage evolution of carbon fiber/epoxy composite laminates. Effects of different lay-up patterns and hole sizes on the acoustic emission response are studied to set up the mapping between the failure properties and the acoustic signal features such as the energy, counting and amplitude. Moreover, the microscopic properties of different composite specimens after fracture are watched and analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the mapping conception, the controlling microscopic failure mechanisms of composites including the splitting matrix cracking, fiber/matrix interface debonding, fiber pull-out and breakage as well as delamination are identified. It is expected the influence of complex lay-up patterns and sizes on the damage and failure properties of composites is represented by creating true mapping based on the acoustic emission technique.     

短碳纤维增强聚乳酸的制备与性能研究

采用熔融挤出法制备了短碳纤维/聚乳酸复合材料,通过力学性能测试、SEM和固体流变分析等方法研究了短碳纤维含量对复合材料力学性能、体积电阻率和硬度的影响。结果表明:在实验范围内,随着短碳纤维含量的增加,复合材料的力学性能提高,体积电阻率显著下降,而其洛氏硬度变化不大。     

On the post-mortem fracture surface morphology of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics

The fracture surface morphology of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics (SFRTs) has often been used to assess qualitatively the degree of fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, fracture toughness and failure strain, etc. are then correlated with the morphology. Fracture surfaces showing fibers surrounded by a large amount of matrix material is commonly regarded as indication of strong fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion while smooth fibers are characteristic of weak interfacial adhesion. Many experimental results of SFRTs have been so interpreted. However, it is shown in this paper that strictly speaking, such interpretations are generally incorrect. Moreover, the amount of matrix material does not provide a quantitative measure of the adhesion. Correct implication of the morphology of fracture surfaces is clarified. Short glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6/polypropylene (PA 6,6/PP) blends toughened by rubber are employed as examples for SFRTs since the PA 6,6/PP blend system by changing PA 6,6 concentration in the matrix blend represents a wide range of matrix materials. It is demonstrated that the fracture surface morphology of such composites is dependent on both fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion strength and matrix shear yield strength. Consequently, tensile failure strain is well correlated with the post-mortem fracture surface morphology of these SFRTs.     

碳纤维复合材料层合板压缩性能的相关影响因素

碳纤维作为一种新型的增强材料,具有优良的理化性能,已在多个领域广泛应用.由于单向碳纤维复合材料层合板的压缩强度较低,其在结构复合材料方面的应用受到限制,提高其压缩性能成为关键.本文综述了影响碳纤维复合材料层合板压缩性能的相关因素,详细介绍了纤维弯曲、孔隙率、纤维体积分数、树脂性能等影响因素对碳纤维复合材料层合板的重要性,以及各影响因素之间的关系等,为提高碳纤维复合材料层合板压缩性能的研究提供了参考.     

随机短纤维增强复合材料弹性模量预测模型

为了研究纤维增强复合材料的力学性能, 借助混合率构造的Reuss-Voigt模型以及三维纤维取向简化模型, 建立了随机短纤维复合材料弹性模量预测模型。利用该模型对玻璃纤维增强尼龙6(PA6)复合材料进行弹性模量预测, 其预测结果与拉伸实验结果误差值小于5%, 表明该预测模型具有较好的准确性。     

PVA短纤维增强粉煤灰-地聚合物基挤压复合材料的动态行为

首先通过挤压成型技术制备出宽厚比为12.5的聚乙烯醇(PVA)短纤维增强地聚合物基复合材料薄板(SFRGC),然后利用 Radmana冲击试验机系统研究了不同纤维体积分数和粉煤灰掺量的SFRGC在高速冲击载荷作用下的力学响应行为。通过激光粒度仪(LSA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等微观测试手段分析了SFRGC的微观结构和冲击破坏机制,结果表明,PVA短纤维的加入改变了地聚合物的冲击破坏模式：由脆性破坏变为延性破坏;对于不掺或掺加少量粉煤灰(≤10 wt %)的地聚合物基复合材料冲击强度高、韧性大,然而当大量粉煤灰(≥30 wt%)加入后,地聚合物基复合材料的冲击强度和韧性显著下降。另外,对SFRGC在20 次冻融和1个月硫酸侵蚀作用后的冲击响应进行了研究,探讨了SFRGC在严酷环境条件下的耐久性能。     

Influence of fiber chemical coating on the acoustic emission behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete

The current study focuses on the effect of chemical coating on the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics monitored during the fracture process in steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Different shapes of chemically treated and un-treated steel fibers are used to create specimens which are subjected to four point bending up to failure. Sensitive AE indices demonstrate that the coating gives distinct characteristics to the interface bonding between the fiber and the concrete matrix, which are evident mainly during the pull-out stage, after the moment of macroscopic crack formation. Specifically, AE average frequency and RA value, which defines the rising angle of the waveforms indicate that coating results in extensive matrix cracking in addition to the friction between fiber and concrete which characterizes the uncoated fibers. AE analysis can be used for interpretation of the fracturing stage and characterization of the fracture mode. It is shown that the surface conditioning of the fibers leaves a clear fingerprint on the AE signals, shedding light into the processes that occur during failure in SFRC.