BiOCl催化剂的丙烷氧化脱氢催化性能

以_L-赖氨酸为模板剂,采用沉淀法制备了BiOCl催化剂,对催化剂进行了X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附和H₂-TPR等表征,并测试了BiOCl催化剂对丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯反应的催化性能。结果表明,制备的BiOCl催化剂为四面体结构,500 ℃焙烧3 h后,催化剂比表面积为11.2 m²·g^-1,未完全还原氧物种的含量较多。随着反应温度升高,丙烷转化率和丙烯选择性增加,丙烷转化率为20%时,丙烯选择性达64.5%。     

Deactivation of Cu/ZnO catalyst during dehydrogenation of methanol

The deactivation of Cu/ZnO catalyst during methanol dehydrogenation to form methyl formate has been studied. The Cu/ZnO catalyst was seriously deactivated under the reaction conditions: various temperatures of 493, 523 and 553 K, atmospheric pressure and methanol GHSV of 3000 ml (STP)/g-cat h. The weight loss due to reduction of ZnO in the Cu/ ZnO catalyst was monitored by a microbalance. X-ray induced Auger spectroscopy of Zn(L₃M_4,5M_4,5) showed the increase in the concentration of metallic Zn on the catalyst surface after the reaction. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) of the Cu/ZnO catalyst with methanol demonstrated that the reduction of ZnO in Cu/ ZnO was suppressed by introduction of CO₂ into the stream of helium-methanol. As the concentration of CO₂ in the feed gas increased, the weight loss of the Cu/ZnO catalyst due to the reduction of ZnO decreased. The deactivation of the Cu/ZnO catalyst in the methanol dehydrogenation was also retarded by the addition of CO₂. In particular, oxygen injection into the reactant feed regenerated the Cu/ ZnO catalyst deactivated during the reaction. Based on these observations, the cause of deactivation of the Cu/ZnO catalyst has been discussed.     

Effect of alkali metals additives to V2O5/TiO2 catalyst on physicochemical properties and catalytic performance in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

The effect of alkali metal additives Li, K, and Rb to V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst on the rate of catalyst reduction with propane and reoxidation with oxygen, sorption of propene, and the electron work function has been examined. The results have been correlated with the catalytic performance in oxidative dehydrogenation, ODH, of propane. It has been found that the rates of reduction, reoxidation and the ODH of propane decrease in the order: VTi>LiVTi>KVTi>RbVTi. The activation energies of the reduction and reoxidation are not, however, affected by the presence of the alkali metals. The same sequence has been observed for the work function values of the catalysts. It is argued that alkali metal poisons the centres of the hydrocarbon activation. The yield and selectivity to propene in the ODH of propane increase, however, for the promoted catalysts, following the above sequence. This effect is ascribed to the decrease in the heat of the propene adsorption, which is due to the increase in the basicity and decrease in acidity on the promoted catalysts.     

柴油加氢反应器不同位置精制剂的失活分析

针对某炼油厂柴油加氢裂化装置停工换剂时发现加氢精制反应器床层顶部的精制剂表面覆盖垢物的现象,对不同位置的精制剂进行取样分析。对所取精制剂进行甲苯抽提、再生后采用比表面积及孔径分析仪、碳-硫分析仪（C-S）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等手段进行检测。结果表明：不同位置的失活精制剂上积炭量均较低,而比表面积等孔结构参数均显著降低,尤以装填位置靠上的精制剂更为明显,失活精制剂的再生效果均不理想;再生精制剂上出现磷酸铝特征衍射峰,精制剂表面沉积含磷、硅、铁和少量砷元素的无机物,或少量进入精制剂孔道,其是导致精制剂失活的主要原因,而且沿着物流自上而下的流向精制剂上杂质的沉积量逐渐减少,催化剂的失活程度减弱。     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane in a perovskite membrane reactor with multi‐step oxygen insertion

A membrane reactor incorporating a hollow fiber with successive parts of oxygen permeable and passivated surface segments has been developed and was used for the oxidative dehydrogenation (DH) of propane. This membrane geometry allows a controlled oxygen feeding into the reactor over its axial length. In the oxidative DH, the thermodynamic limitation of propane DH can be overcome. By using this novel hollow fiber membrane reactor with a Pt/Sn/K DH catalyst, oxygen separation and propene formation could be established even at temperatures as low as 625°C with long‐term stability. Combining the hollow fiber membrane and the DH catalyst, the highest propene selectivity of 75% was observed at a propane conversion of 26% and 625°C whereas the best propene yield of 36% was obtained at 675°C (48% propene selectivity). The performance of this reactor is evaluated by applying various reaction conditions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯研究进展

开发新型丙烯制备工艺对于满足人们日益增长的丙烯需求具有重要意义。由于商业化无氧脱氢技术存在热力学平衡限制、反应温度高、催化剂易积炭等不足,近年来,人们将研究重心转向了丙烷氧化脱氢技术。本文简述了丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯的发展现状,综述了近年来文献报道的丙烷氧化脱氢催化剂体系（V基、Cr基、Co基、Ni基、Mo基、Pt基、Ce基和非金属基催化剂）、机理研究和不同氧化剂选择,并对各自的优势和不足进行了简单分析。分析发现,虽然目前丙烷氧化脱氢催化剂的种类非常广泛,但产物丙烯的收率仍有待提高,机理研究也需要更加系统和深入。最后指出,系统研究丙烷氧化脱氢机理,并在此基础上开发先进催化剂,进一步提高丙烯的选择性和收率是未来丙烷氧化脱氢研究的重要方向。     

Pore network modeling of catalyst deactivation by coking,from single site to particle,during propane dehydrogenation

A versatile pore network model is used to study deactivation by coking in a single catalyst particle. This approach allows to gain detailed insights into the progression of deactivation from active site, to pore, and to particle—providing valuable information for catalyst design. The model is applied to investigate deactivation by coking during propane dehydrogenation in a Pt-Sn/Al₂O₃ catalyst particle. We find that the deactivation process can be separated into two stages when there exist severe diffusion limitation and pore blockage, and the toxicity of coke formed in the later stage is much stronger than of coke formed in the early stage. The reaction temperature and composition change the coking rate and apparent reaction rate, informed by the kinetics, but, remarkably, they do not change the capacity for a catalyst particle to accommodate coke. Conversely, the pore network structure significantly affects the capacity to contain coke. © 2018 The Authors. AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers. AIChE J, 65: 140–150, 2019     

Material properties and operating configurations of membrane reactors for propane dehydrogenation

A modeling‐based approach is presented to understand physically realistic and technologically interesting material properties and operating configurations of packed‐bed membrane reactors (PBMRs) for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). PBMRs composed of microporous or mesoporous membranes combined with a PDH catalyst are considered. The influence of reaction and membrane transport parameters, as well as operating parameters such as sweep flow and catalyst placement, are investigated to determine desired “operating windows” for isothermal and nonisothermal operation. Higher Damköhler (Da) and lower Péclet (Pe) numbers are generally helpful, but are much more beneficial with highly H₂‐selective membranes rather than higher‐flux, lower‐selectivity membranes. H₂‐selective membranes show a plateau region of conversion that can be overcome by a large sweep flow or countercurrent operation. The latter shows a complex trade‐off between kinetics and permeation, and is effective only in a limited window. H₂‐selective PBMRs will greatly benefit from the fabrication of thin (～1 µm or less) membranes. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 922–935, 2015     

丙烷脱氢制丙烯催化剂中国专利技术进展

介绍了近几年丙烷脱氢制丙烯催化剂中国专利技术,分别论述了铂系催化剂、铬系催化剂和其它催化剂专利技术进展,对丙烷脱氢制丙烯催化剂的发展方向进行了推测。     

Structural effects in oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons over a vanadia–molybdena–niobia catalyst

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane, propane and n-butane over a vanadia–molybdena–niobia catalyst has been compared with propane substituted in the 2 position with a methyl (isobutane) or a benzyl (isopropylbenzene) group. In the normal paraffins, selectivity to the olefin was found to decrease as the chain length increased. Substitution at the propane 2 position increased selectivity, particularly in the case of isopropylbenzene. The results are explained partially in terms of over oxidation of the product olefin and partially in terms of structural effects in the parent hydrocarbon influencing the olefin-producing oxidative dehydrogenation reaction. © 1998 SCI     

Modeling-based optimization of a fixed-bed industrial reactor for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

An industrial scale propylene production via oxidative dehydrogenation of propane(ODHP)in multi-tubular reactors was modeled.Multi-tubular fixed-bed reactor used for ODHP process,employing 10000 of small diameter tubes immersed in a shell through a proper coolant flows.Herein,a theory-based pseudo-homogeneous model to describe the operation of a fixed bed reactor for the ODHP to correspondence ole fin over V_2O_5/γ-Al_2O_3catalyst was presented.Steady state one dimensional model has been developed to identify the operation parameters and to describe the propane and oxygen conversions,gas process and coolant temperatures,as well as other parameters affecting the reactor performance such as pressure.Furthermore,the applied model showed that a double-bed multitubular reactor with intermediate air injection scheme was superior to a single-bed design due to the increasing of propylene selectivity while operating under lower oxygen partial pressures resulting in propane conversion of about 37.3%.The optimized length of the reactor needed to reach 100%conversion of the oxygen was theoretically determined.For the single-bed reactor the optimized length of 11.96 m including 0.5m of inert section at the entrance region and for the double-bed reactor design the optimized lengths of 5.72m for the first and 7.32 m for the second reactor were calculated.Ultimately,the use of a distributed oxygen feed with limited number of injection points indicated a signi ficant improvement on the reactor performance in terms of propane conversion and propylene selectivity.Besides,this concept could overcome the reactor runaway temperature problem and enabled operations at the wider range of conditions to obtain enhanced propylene production in an industrial scale reactor.     

Deactivation of ICI low temperature methanol catalyst in an industrial reactor

The deactivation behavior of one of the ICI low temperature methanol catalysts (ICI-51-Z) in a typical ICI multibed quench reactor has been studied in relation to methanol production with respect to time of operation, using some representative sets of plant data collected over two years time span. A pseudo-homogeneous first order model of the methanol synthesis reactor was formulated for this purpose. The best set of catalyst deactivation parameters for different beds was found using a nonlinear parametric estimation technique. Catalyst in the entering bed was found to deactivate most with the time of operation, while subsequent beds deactivate progressively less quickly.     

Structural characterisation of a VMgO catalyst used in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

A VMgO catalyst (containing 14 wt% vanadium) that is used in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) reaction has been examined in detail by in situ EXAFS, in situ XRD and HREM. These characterisation techniques have revealed that, as prepared, the catalyst is in effect a three-component system comprising discrete magnesium orthovanadate (Mg₃V₂O₈) particles, magnesium oxide and a disordered vanadium-containing overlayer supported on the MgO. When the catalyst is exposed to typical ODHP reaction conditions at $500^\circ {\text{C}}$ the in situ EXAFS indicates a change in vanadium oxidation state from 5+ to 3+. Under the same conditions, in situ XRD suggests that Mg3V2O8 transforms to a cubic spinel type structure with a lattice parameter of 8.42 Å. These changes are reversible on exposure to air at $500^\circ {\text{C}}$ . HREM shows that the overlayer on MgO changes from a disordered state to a weakly ordered structure after exposure to normal reaction conditions whilst pure propane (strongly reducing conditions) induces pronounced structural ordering of the overlayer. Image simulations have led us to the conclusion that the ordered layer comprises a cubic spinel (MgV₂O₄) phase in parallel epitaxy with the MgO support. The surface regions of the bulk Mg₃V₂O₈ particles are also found to undergo structural modification under typical reaction conditions decomposing to a mixture of MgO crystallites and MgV₂O₄; strong reduction causes a complete conversion to MgV₂O₄.     

CeO2‐CrOy/γ‐Al2O3 redox catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene

CeO₂‐CrO_y loaded on γ‐Al₂O₃ was investigated in this work for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane under oxygen‐free conditions. The ODH experiments of propane were conducted in a fluidized bed at 500°C‐600°C under 0.1 Mpa. The prepared catalyst was characterized by N₂ adsorption‐desorption measurements, H₂‐temperature‐programmed reduction, O₂‐temperature‐programmed desorption, NH₃‐temperature‐programmed desorption, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x‐ray diffraction. The change in the selectivity of propylene resulted from the thermal cracking of the propane and the competition for lattice oxygen in the catalyst between propylene formation and propane and propylene combustion. Therefore, to achieve higher propylene yield in the industry, the reaction temperature should be 550°C‐575°C for the 17.5Cr‐2Ce/Al catalyst. The results of H₂‐TPR (from 0.2218 mmol/g‐0.3208 mmol/g) revealed that the addition of CeO₂ can enhance the oxygen capacity of CrO_y. Compared with that for 17.5Cr/Al, the conversion can be enhanced from 22.4% to 28.5% and the selectivity of propylene can be improved from 72.2% to 75.9% for the 17.5Cr‐2Ce/Al catalyst. In addition, CeO₂ can inhibit the evolution of lattice oxygen (O^2?) to electrophilic oxygen species (O₂^?), causing the average CO_x (CO and CO₂) selectivity to decrease from 9.64% to 6.31%.     

VO_x/焦磷酸镧催化剂的丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯催化性能

以嵌段共聚物P188为模板剂制备VO_x/焦磷酸镧催化剂。采用比表面分析仪、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱和H_2-TPR对催化剂结构进行表征,并评价其丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯的催化性能。结果表明,焦磷酸镧有一定的催化活性,但催化性能不高。当负载钒氧物种后,VO_x/焦磷酸镧催化剂催化活性有所增加,反应温度600℃时,丙烯产率达16.6%。原因主要是钒氧物种和可移动氧在丙烷氧化脱氢过程中起到重要作用。     

陶瓷膜反应器中环己酮氨肟化的催化剂失活机制与再生

基于陶瓷膜反应器开发出无有机溶剂的环己酮氨肟化新工艺,探讨TS-1催化剂失活机制。采用XRD及Rietveld全谱拟合、FT-IR、N₂吸附-脱附、TGA/DSC、GC-MS等手段对TS-1分子筛的骨架结构、晶胞参数、比表面积和有机物种类进行了表征分析。结果表明,无有机溶剂的环己酮氨肟化反应过程中,存在硅流失的现象,但TS-1骨架完整,晶胞参数未明显变化;环己酮、环己酮肟及反应副产物等吸附在TS-1催化剂的表面及孔道内,使比表面积下降52.6%、孔体积减少了41.6%,是造成TS-1失活的主要原因,空气氛围中于600℃煅烧3 h,可以恢复催化剂的活性。     

Cyclohexane dehydrogenation on a nickel catalyst: Kinetics and catalyst fouling

The main reaction and deactivation kinetics of cyclohexane dehydrogenation in the presence of hydrogen has been investigated at atmospheric pressure over a nickel kieselguhr catalyst in the temperature range 583–623 K. The rate of reaction for the fresh catalyst increased with increasing temperature, cyclohexane and hydrogen partial pressures whereas it decreased with an increase in the benzene partial pressure. The experimental data could be adequately modelled by a power law rate expression. The catalyst activity decreased with run time due to catalyst fouling by coke deposition. The rate of deactivation was independent of cyclohexane partial pressure, increased with increasing benzene concentration and decreased with increasing hydrogen partial pressure. It is postulated that coke is most likely formed by the successive dehydrogenation of benzene.     

丙烷脱氢用高稳定性Pt基催化剂研究进展

丙烯作为重要的有机化工原料,国内外对其需求量持续增长,造成供不应求。丙烷脱氢(PDH)工艺是以丙烷为原料定向生产丙烯的技术,具有原料来源广泛、丙烯选择性高、产物简单易分离等优势,备受人们关注。本文主要阐述了近十年PDH反应中高稳定Pt基催化剂结构调控和工艺方面的研究进展。总结发现,Pt基催化剂具有最高的反应活性和丙烯选择性,然而,Pt基催化剂在反应中易积炭失活,且在高温下容易烧结团聚,造成稳定性下降。为提高Pt基催化剂的稳定性,研究者主要从催化剂结构设计和操作工艺条件优化两个角度出发。在Pt活性中心的调控方面：(1)调节Pt位点的结构特性,如分散度、粒径尺寸等;(2)加入金属助剂,如Sn、Cu、Ga、Zn等;(3)调控载体的酸性、比表面积、孔结构、金属-载体的相互作用等,能有效改善Pt基催化剂的抗烧结稳定性与抗积炭性能。在操作工艺条件优化方面,通过向丙烷原料中引入CO₂、H₂、水蒸气或者其他烷烃可增强Pt基催化剂的抗积炭稳定性、提高丙烯的收率。最后,文章指出有效耦合Pt基催化剂结构与操作条件是进一步提高PDH反应中Pt基催化剂稳定性和丙烯收率...     

Synthesis of V-MCM-41 by template-ion exchange method and its catalytic properties in propane oxidative dehydrogenation

Vanadium has been introduced to MCM-41 without collapse of the mesoporous structure by exchanging VO²+ ions in the aqueous solution with the template cations in the uncalcined MCM-41. This template-ion exchange (TIE) method provides tetrahedrally coordinated vanadyl species dispersed in the channel of MCM-41. Such synthesized V-MCM-41 shows higher catalytic activity in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane than that prepared by direct hydrothermal method.     

丁烯氧化脱氢铁系催化剂绿色制备关键因素的考察

丁烯氧化脱氢是工业生产丁二烯常用的工艺,其中,铁系催化剂是丁烯氧化脱氢工业使用的主流催化剂,为满足清洁生产的需要,了解催化剂制备过程中产生的NOx及废水等排放物的组成尤为重要。对铁系催化剂生产过程中前驱体制备步骤的气体生成及组成进行研究,同时对沉淀洗涤步骤产生的废液成分进行检测。通过XRD、TG-DSC、ICP和TPC等技术对催化剂性质及制备排放物进行分析,考察制备条件对催化剂结构和性能的影响及废物排放的变化规律。结果表明,在前驱体制备溶铁过程中,空气气氛下提高硝酸浓度可有效抑制氢气的产生;不同焙烧温度阶段,生成NOx种类有较大差别;排放废水中含有较多的Zn离子。焙烧条件试验表明,最佳焙烧温度为(650~700)℃,焙烧时间低于9 h。