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1.
土壤中铅有自然来源和人为来源。植物对铅的吸收和积累,决定于环境中铅的浓度、土壤条件、植物种类、叶片大小和形状等。饮用水中的铅主要来自河流、岩石、土壤和大气沉降。在生物圈循环过程中,铅污染通过呼吸、饮用水、食物等途径到达食物链的终端,最终使人体受到铅的危害。土壤铅全量与作物产量及铅吸收量的相关性要低于土壤有效铅。影响土壤铅的植物有效性的因素包括土壤铅全量、土壤理化性质、土壤微生物、高等植物等。目前,评价土壤中金属植物有效性的方法主要有:化学提取法、植物吸收试验、微生物和酶活性试验及同位素法。  相似文献   

2.
采用CBERS遥感影像数据,对焉耆盆地不同类型典型地物进行光谱分析。根据不同地物在不同波段的光谱特征曲线,分别选取第一、第三波段与BI指数合成并进行监督分类。结合土样分析结果,评价了焉耆盆地内土壤盐渍化程度。结果表明,盐渍土主要分布于开都河沿岸和博斯腾湖北岸地区,其中30%为轻度盐渍地,9.1%为中度盐渍地,5.5%为重度盐渍地。  相似文献   

3.
通过对四川成都经济区16件土壤样品腐殖质组成及其各组分中重金属元素含量的分析表明,胡敏素是土壤腐殖质的主要组成部分,富里酸和胡敏酸次之.土壤腐殖质中重金属元素含量占土壤伞量20%~44%,是土壤重金属污染元素主要存在方式.重金属元素在腐殖质不同组分中的含量具有很大的差异,Cr主要赋存在胡敏素中,Cd、As、Cu、Zn等元素主要赋存在富罩酸中.各重金属元素在腐殖酸中含量较高,富里酸中的含量均大于胡敏酸,其机理是富里酸对重金属元素的络合是腐殖酸与重金属相互作用的主要方式.  相似文献   

4.
研究了贵州喀斯特山区石漠化过程中土壤颗粒粗化和理化性质特征,土壤颗粒分形的变化特征,以及分形维数与土壤性状的关系。结果表明:土壤细颗粒含量越少,土壤分形维数越低,表征石漠化程度越高;土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤有机质、容重、粘粉粒含量之间存在显著的线形关系(P<0.01)。分形维数能较好地表征喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤物理性质和养分状况以及石漠化的程度,可作为评价喀斯特地区土壤退化的定量指标之一,对区域生态环境的恢复与重建有着重要的指导意义。  相似文献   

5.
建立土壤重金属污染来源解析的受体模型,为土壤重金属的来源解析提供方法。以某县为研究区域,采集722个表层土壤样品信息,通过线性判别分析(LDA)算法进行特征降维,构建基于LDA算法的ALDS-MLR源解析模型,与APCS-MLR模型结果进行对比。结果表明,ALDS-MLR模型的源解析结果要优于APCS-MLR模型的结果。其中,ALDS-MLR模型的回归系数均大于0.75。该区域污染来源分析结果显示,研究区域土壤中的重金属元素主要来自汽车尾气和工业排放的混合源、工业源和农业源。  相似文献   

6.
土壤重金属铅污染作为现代工矿业发展的产物,已逐渐入侵到农业生产和农产品中。高光谱技术由于具有宏观、快速、高效的特点已成为土壤重金属监测的重要手段。以新疆吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤Pb元素为研究对象,分析土壤原始光谱在内的15种光谱变换下的土壤光谱反射率数据与土壤Pb含量的关系,构建土壤Pb含量偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型和地理加权重回归(GWR)模型,对比分析并探讨运用土壤高光谱估算葡萄园土壤Pb含量的可行性。结果表明:土壤原始光谱反射率通过光谱变换能有效增强葡萄园土壤Pb元素的光谱特征及模型估算精度,其中,平方根二阶微分(SRSD)变换的PLSR模型和GWR模型估算能力最优。采用GWR模型比PLSR模型更好的解释葡萄园土壤重金属Pb含量高光谱估算。从模型稳定性和精确性来看,在平方根二阶微分变换中GWR模型R2从PLSR模型的0.262提高至0.866, 平方根误差减少了1.009。采用GWR模型可有效提高估算葡萄园土壤Pb含量的精度,为中国葡萄园基地土壤重金属污染以及土壤环境安全研究提供有益借鉴。  相似文献   

7.
体视化技术主要研究包含物体内部信息的体数据的表示、变换、操作和显示等.土壤中元素空间分布的体视化对土壤中元素的空间分布规律及其污染评价、预测具有重要意义.对于理解土壤数据中蕴涵的土壤学信息,体视化比使用一组二维切片表示三维数据更自然、更清晰.文中基于Visual Studio 2005开发平台使用C#语言,引入三维可视化类库VTK,采用Kriging插值方法,实现了土壤中元素空间分布的体视化、三维交互以及任意剖切,同时给出了合肥市土壤的应用实例.  相似文献   

8.
基于浅层句法特征的评价对象抽取研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
徐冰  赵铁军  王山雨  郑德权 《自动化学报》2011,37(10):1241-1247
随着网络评论文本数量的快速增长,文本情感分析越来越受到研究者的广泛关注. 句子级文本情感分析就是对主观性文本进行细粒度的挖掘,有重要的研究价值. 评论句中的评价对象抽取是句子级情感分析要研究的关键问题之一. 为了提高评价对象抽取的性能,本文提出在系统模型的训练过程中引入浅层句法信息和启发式位置信息,同时在不增加领域词典的情况下, 有效提高系统的精确率.实验结果表明,将本文提出的特征引入到条件随机域模型和对比模型后,系统的各项指标均有所提高, 并且条件随机域模型的结果优于对比模型.同时,将条件随机域模型的结果与2008年国内中文评测的最大值比较,其F值超过最大值 5%.  相似文献   

9.
选择元谋盆地不同发育年代形成的古红土,探讨了古红土的发生学特性.研究表明,在气候上更有利于早期形成的古红土发生强烈的风化淋溶作用,同时,晚期形成古红土气候湿热程度下降,成土时间也短,故土壤中硅淋溶较弱,铁铝富集程度不强.利用古红土发生学特性,可以推断出元谋盆地从晚新生代的湿热气候经暖干气候演化至现代的干热气候.  相似文献   

10.
通过对西安北郊污灌区耕地土壤与正常耕地土壤粒径分布的分形维数分析,结果表明:土壤颗粒表面分形维数D与粒径<0.002mm颗粒的百分含量呈极显著正相关.污灌土壤的分形维数大于正常土壤,其值2.7448~2.8449之间,平均2.785.而正常土壤在2.7253~2.7746之间,平均2.755.这表明污水灌溉对土壤粒度分布和结构有重要影响,增大了土壤粒径<0.002mm颗粒的百分含量,进而影响到土壤粒径的分形分维.  相似文献   

11.
Development of a fuzzy inference model is a complex multi-step process in which we encounter a large number of parameters such as type and number of membership functions, fuzzy operators, defuzzification and implication methods and etc. There is currently very little literature on the topic of the best selection of parameters for development of expert based inference models. In this study we developed a fuzzy rule based model, which uses available farm management data as required inputs, for the environmental assessment of farming systems. We also tried to make an analysis on the efficiency of current mathematical parameters in the development of our fuzzy model. Finally, in a practical example we demonstrate the applicability of the developed model for improvement of environmental status of the cane farming in Iran.A Mamdani fuzzy inference model with two inference engines was developed to combine five basic input indexes, which were selected as indicators of farms environmental status based on the experts' interview and scientific knowledge. To validate the developed model, we inserted several cycles of analysis using graphical and global sensitivity methods on the model and compared the model outcomes with experts' viewpoints. Using these analysis methods, we also evaluated the effects of changes in operators, membership function shape and defuzzification methods, on the model outcomes and their sensitivities.In this study, fuzzy inference emerged as a suitable, uncomplicated and effective tool for development of environmental assessment models. Totally, performance of one parameter was highly influenced by other parameters. For the selection of one parameter its interaction with other parameters had to be considered. Type, shape and the number of membership functions were from the most effective parameters for development of the model and significantly influenced the other factors. Case study results showed that environmental indexes of sugarcane production can enhance between 37 and 59% using simple improving strategies.  相似文献   

12.
    
Many fish species are dependent upon flows to trigger breeding, facilitate high recruitment of offspring, and to maintain adult survival rates. Understanding how fish populations respond to different flow regimes is important in regulated waterways as subtle changes in regimes have the potential to influence both fish breeding and survival. In this paper, we describe an age-structured population response model that explores how quantitative changes in the flow regime can lead to changes in fish population size and structure through time. We use three large bodied fish species (golden perch, Murray cod and the invasive common carp) from the mid Murray River near Barmah-Millewa Forest to explore the possible responses to the observed flow regime over a 30-year period. The model links flow volumes, seasonality, temperature and rates of fall to the fecundity and survival rates for the different fish species to project population change through time.  相似文献   

13.
函像分形维数是反映图像纹理特征的重要因素,也是图像分割的主要依据;通常,图像的分形维数多数采用盒维数计算方法来得到.但是避免不了计算时阚值选择带来不精确的问题,本文结合小波变换和布朗模型,提出了一种新的计算方法,并且和盒维数方法计算结果进行比较,结果表明,通过本文的计算方法得到的图像分形维数较准确。  相似文献   

14.
图像分形维数是反映图像纹理特征的重要因素,也是图像分割的主要依据;通常,图像的分形维数多数采用盒维数计算方法来得到,但是避免不了计算时阈值选择带来不精确的问题,本文结合小波变换和布朗模型,提出了一种新的计算方法,并且和盒维数方法计算结果进行比较,结果表明,通过本文的计算方法得到的图像分形维数较准确。  相似文献   

15.
IDSSs should contribute to the enhancement of human performance, but their effectiveness can be guaranteed only in the case of certain decision types. The issues explored in this paper show that they can help to overcome some human limitations, especially in complex data and information processes, in uncertainty management, and in coherent reasoning. Integrating human and machine expertise is clearly beneficial, nevertheless with the aim of building intelligent solutions we should not ignore the role of human factors and the problems deriving from the integration of knowledge of multiple experts. The risk is that the systems will become clumsy and vulnerable to embarrassing failures. The paper explores the opportunities for exploitation of IDSSs to provide intelligent advice, intelligent analysis and intelligent evaluation. Some suggestions for research have been proposed looking at the ideas put forward in a recent research project dealing with the development of a system supporting local government authorities on environmental impact assessment procedure.  相似文献   

16.
    
Modelers involved in environmental policy assessments are commonly confronted with the lack of uptake of model output by policy actors. Actors have different expectations of models, condensed into three quality criteria: credibility, salience, and legitimacy. The fulfilment of quality criteria is also dynamic as expectations vary, change, and possibly counteract each other. We present a checklist for modelers involved in model-based assessments that is aimed at the identification and monitoring of issues, limitations and trade-offs regarding model quality criteria. It draws upon the literature of integrated assessments as well as case study analysis of environmental policy assessments for the Dutch government, based on expert interviews and embedded experience. The checklist is intended to be consulted during assessments; its application may result in greater awareness among modelers involved in assessments regarding model quality criteria, and may positively affect the uptake of model-based knowledge from environmental policy assessments by policy actors.  相似文献   

17.
概述了分形及其应用,介绍了团簇一团簇聚集(Cluster-Cluster Aggregation)模型及其维数,给出了该模型的一种模拟分形生长算法,在VC 6.0下实现了CCA分形生长的模拟及维数计算,并对结果进行了分析和讨论。本文方法能在普通微机上较好地实现CCA分形生长模拟,在小规模粒子时,能动态观察分形生长的过程,实时性较好。  相似文献   

18.
In the last few years the environmental focus in the manufacturing industry has shifted from the manufacturing processes to the products themselves, as these are accountable for the environmental impacts in all life cycle phases. The paper describes for three industrial cases how a newly developed LCA methodology can assist the product developer in development of more environmentally friendly products. Finally, common experience gained will be discussed.  相似文献   

19.
在基于DEM的地形表面重构中,传统的插值方法(B样条插值、双线形插值)获取的地形表面过于平滑,不能反映自然地形具有无限细节的事实。引入3维迭代函数系统(3D-IFS)插值方法来重构经随机简化的原始地形。在重构地形时,创造性地将垂直放缩因子作为分形维数的连续函数以简化计算。实验结果表明,在压缩率不大时,3D IFS能较好地保持地表地貌特征和统计特征。  相似文献   

20.
    
Material flow modeling constitutes an important approach to predicting and understanding the flows of materials through the anthroposphere into the environment. The new “Dynamic Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis (DPMFA)” method, combining dynamic material flow modeling with probabilistic modeling, is presented in this paper. Material transfers that lead to particular environmental stocks are represented as systems of mass-balanced flows. The time-dynamic behavior of the system is calculated by adding up the flows over several consecutive periods, considering changes in the inflow to the system and intermediate delays in local stocks. Incomplete parameter knowledge is represented and propagated using Bayesian modeling. The method is implemented as a simulation framework in Python to support experts from different domains in the development of their application models. After the introduction of the method and its implementation, a case study is presented in which the framework is applied to predict the environmental concentrations of carbon nanotubes in Switzerland.  相似文献   

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