电渗析深度处理炼化废水回用试验研究

为降低炼化企业新鲜水消耗量及污水排放量,开展了电渗析脱盐深度处理炼化废水的工程化应用试验研究。通过20 t/h电渗析脱盐中试装置的3个月连续运行,探讨了电渗析脱盐深度处理炼化废水回用于循环水补水的可行性,并优化电渗析脱盐装置运行参数,考察装置连续稳定运行性能,为该技术的工程化推广应用提供参考。     

电渗析-活性污泥法组合工艺处理高盐废水

采用电渗析-活性污泥法组合工艺对高盐废水进行处理。利用电渗析装置及含盐量较低的汲取液,将高盐废水中的盐分脱除,脱盐后的废水采用活性污泥法生化处理。经过5次更换汲取液,160 min电渗析处理后,废水中的盐由22 000 mg/L降至1 630 mg/L,除碳酸氢根离子脱除率接近70%外,废水中其他离子的脱除率均达到90%以上;脱盐过程中废水中的有机物含量基本不发生变化。脱盐后的废水利用活性污泥法处理,反应24 h内,COD去除率维持在85%左右。     

电渗析脱盐处理离子交换再生废水的试验与研究

选择频繁倒极电渗析作为离子交换树脂再生废水的处理装置。试验利用电渗析可以在难溶盐过饱和状态下运行以及难溶盐在浓度极化时所产生的垢层可以在倒换电极后溶解的特性进行脱盐处理。试验给出了电渗析最佳运行参数、去除效果和吨水能耗以及化学清洗周期,为其工程化应用提供了参考。     

焦化废水膜法组合深度处理工艺设计与应用

针对煤化工企业焦化废水的二级生化出水可生化性差、含盐量与COD高,以及废水中包含多环芳香族化合物、脂肪族化合物等难生物降解污染物的特点,采用Fenton氧化+电渗析+超滤+反渗透膜法组合深度处理工艺对废水进行处理。运行结果表明,产水水质达到并优于《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》(GB 50050—2007)中再生水水质要求,产水可作为厂区生产补充新水使用,废水回收率稳定达到75%。采用Fenton氧化与电渗析粗脱盐技术相结合的强化预处理设施,可以有效缓解反渗透装置的膜污染,延长反渗透膜的清洗周期至3个月。     

电渗析耦合蒸汽机械再压缩技术深度处理化工阻燃剂废水研究

针对单一蒸汽机械再压缩(MVR)技术处理阻燃剂化工废水能耗相对较高的问题,采用电渗析(ED)耦合MVR技术的新型模式,对阻燃剂废水进行深度脱盐及脱COD处理的同时降低系统总能耗。电渗析阶段考察不同的水回收率、不同电压及不同流量下的废水处理效果;最终阶段采用MVR工艺处理电渗析浓室产水,并对过程能耗模拟分析。结果表明,当电渗析采用恒压为25 V、体积流量为15 L/h、电渗析水回收率为67%时,耦合工艺的总能耗与单一使用MVR相比降低了48.8%;同时整体工艺的水回收率提高至95%。     

电渗析技术处理电厂脱硫废水试验研究

脱硫废水的深度处理是火力发电厂难点之一.介绍了电渗析技术处理火电厂高盐废水的运行效果和处理水质情况,结果表明:选用一价选择性阴离子膜可有效截留SO42-,处理脱硫废水效果较好;电渗析技术浓缩倍率高,浓水侧出水含盐量可达200000 mg/L;电渗析技术处理废水电耗较低,与浓水侧含盐量线性相关.     

电镀废水零排放工程实例

根据电镀废水水质的特点,对含氰废水、含油废水、含铬废水、含镍废水和含铜废水进行分类前处理后,与混排废水混合进行混凝沉降?MBR(膜生物反应器)法预处理,采用超滤和反渗透装置对废水作进一步处理实现回用,反渗透浓水则采用电渗析?MVR(机械式蒸汽再压缩)工艺实现脱盐后再次进入反渗透装置处理回用。工程实践表明,该系统的出水不仅满足《电镀污染排放标准》(GB 21900-2008)的“表3”要求,且能够作为生产用水回用至电镀生产线。     

无机高盐废水电渗析规律的研究

考察了自制一级一段式电渗析装置在焦化厂的高盐、高硬度废水中的脱盐效果和规律。为了防止结垢对膜组件的影响,首先对高盐、高硬度废水进行了软化处理,随后确定了该软化废水的分解电压,最后详细考察了运行时间、电压、中间室废水流量及阴、阳极室废水流量对电渗析脱盐效率的影响规律。结果表明,电渗析脱盐效率随运行时间的延长而逐步下降,随着电压的升高而增大,随中间室流量的减小而增加,随阴、阳极室流量的增大而升高。当操作电压为2.8 V,中间室流量为78 mL·h^-1,阴、阳极室流量为42 mL·h^-1,连续运行30和60 min时的平均脱盐效率分别为6.7%和6.4%。     

高盐废水脱盐处理技术的研究现状

目前，针对高盐废水的处理要求越来越严格，如何使废水中的盐分、有机污染物等进行分离以及资源化回收利用，争取达到绿色排放，是我们目前需要解决的重要问题。阐述了传统的物理脱盐处理技术，从热法：多级闪蒸、多效蒸发、机械蒸汽再压缩蒸发（MVR）和膜分离法的研究现状入手，分析了各工艺的优缺点。结合新型电化学脱盐技术——电渗析和电吸附除盐技术的研究现状及应用情况，总结得出两种电化学脱盐技术与传统物理脱盐技术相比的优势所在，阐述了电吸附法良好的应用前景，并对未来高盐废水脱盐技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

焦化生化出水电渗析脱盐研究

采用电渗析技术对焦化生化出水如曝气生物滤池出水及反渗透浓水进行脱盐,考察不同废水中的离子迁移、废水脱盐及离子交换膜污染情况。结果表明:2种焦化废水采用电渗析处理具有较好的脱盐效果,其中不同离子的迁移脱除与其浓度、离子半径等密切相关。膜电阻测试表明,不同焦化废水电渗析体系中不同离子交换膜的污染存在差别。扫描电镜和红外分析表明,曝气生物滤池出水主要由有机物造成阴离子交换膜污染,而反渗透浓水主要在电渗析浓室侧的膜表面形成颗粒状的无机污染,且阳膜浓室侧比阴膜浓室侧更显著。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。