等温球化退火工艺对高碳钢碳化物球化的影响

研究了等温球化退火加热温度对高碳钢碳化物球化质量的影响。采用扫描电镜（SEM）和图像软件等技术手段分析碳化物的数量、尺寸和形貌,表征试验钢的球化质量。结果表明,加热温度由750℃升高至790℃,锻态组织中片层状珠光体都基本实现了球化。随着加热温度的升高,奥氏体逐渐均匀化,析出片状碳化物几率升高,影响球化质量。770℃加热时碳化物数量最多,平均粒径、圆度、粒径均方差最小,尺寸均匀性最好。     

球化退火工艺对55MnB钢碳化物球化效果的影响

针对55MnB钢设计了亚温退火、等温球化退火、周期球化退火三种球化退火工艺,通过组织观察和硬度测定、碳化物电解萃取、XRD物相分析等手段来研究球化退火工艺对55MnB钢碳化物球化效果的影响规律。结果表明,亚温退火的碳化物球化效果不明显,组织中仍有一些片状珠光体存在;等温球化退火和周期球化退火的碳化物球化效果较好,碳化物基本上呈球状或粒状弥散分布在铁素体基体上。在球化退火过程中,碳化物的主要类型为M₃C,并且不随球化退火工艺的改变而改变。     

白口铸铁碳化物的团球化

综述了白口铸铁中碳化物孤立化乃致团球化的几种基本方法，即合金化、变质处理、热处理、控制夹杂物形态以及锻造强韧化等。     

球化处理中残留碳化物的作用

研究了三种钢在缓冷法球化处理中残留碳化物对球化的影响。结果表明,残留碳化物形貌和数目是影响球化的两个关键因素。残留碳化物只有以点状存在才能使碳化物球化,其数目越多,球化效果越好。通过金相观察和热力学分析,证明了点状残留碳化物在球化中的作用是使共析转变中碳化物能以短棒状和颗粒状析出,以便为随后的碳化物球化长大做好组织准备。     

球化退火中Nb对GCr15钢碳化物析出和球化的影响

通过球化退火实验,采用定量金相分析和显微硬度测定,研究了球化退火过程中微合金Nb对轴承钢GCr15碳化物析出和球化的影响。结果表明:实验钢800℃加热1 h后以15℃/h冷却球化退火过程中,添加0.018%和0.040%Nb虽然没有影响GCr15钢的碳化物析出和球化的温度,均为720~740℃,但是显著加快了GCr15钢碳化物析出和球化的速率。     

T10钢原始组织对球化退火组织的影响

研究了原始组织对Ｔ１０钢的球化率及碳化物粒度的影响。结果表明，随着原始组织珠光体片的细化，球化退火后的球化率增高，碳化物粒度细小。     

焊补工艺对球铁件焊缝球化率的影响

通过对焊接参数（焊接电流、熔池持续时间、冷却速度）的改变，定性地分析了它们对所焊补球铁熔合区球化率的影响。     

改善GCr15轴承钢带碳化物球化质量的研究

比较了不同的热轧钢带生产工艺对最终冷轧钢带球化质量的影响,并通过试验确认了控制球化退火前的组织对获取优良的球化组织的重要性。     

等温球化处理过程中热变形白口铸铁中碳化物的球化长大

对亚共晶白口铸铁经高温形变后所获得的碳化物在等温球化过程中球化长大进行了研究。结果表明,碳化物是以大粒子吞食小粒子和短棒状碳化物溶断及棒端溶解自身球化的方式球化长大的,其特征是碳化物尺寸逐渐增大,数目逐渐减少,碳化物长大速度符合经验公式： ｖ— ＝ １．３６１ ×１０－ ３（０．３２４ ＋ ０．００６３ｔ）２     

奥氏体化温度对GCr15钢球化效果的影响

用管式炉对GCr15钢球化退火工艺进行模拟,研究了奥氏体化温度对碳化物球化效果的影响。利用XRD和TEM分析了碳化物的种类,采用电子探针观察了显微组织,并利用Image-Pro Plus和Photoshop软件对碳化物的平均直径,单位面积内的碳化物数目以及碳化物的平均粒间距进行了统计。结果表明,球化状态GCr15钢中的碳化物均为M3C。奥氏体化温度在760~880℃内变化时,随着奥氏体化温度的升高,碳化物的平均直径在0.35~0.45μm内先略微减小后逐渐增加,单位面积内的碳化物数目逐渐减少,碳化物的平均粒间距逐渐增加,试样的硬度逐渐减小。拟合发现,维氏硬度和单位体积内铁素体-碳化物的界面面积呈正比,拟合方程为HV=17.4S+190。为得到良好的球化组织,奥氏体化温度应控制在800℃左右。     

一种改善耐磨高锰钢碳化物形态的热处理工艺

探讨一种改善耐磨高锰钢碳化物形态的热处理工艺。结果表明,水韧处理结合高压热处理和常压热处理可以有效地改善耐磨高锰钢组织中析出碳化物形态及分布,经水韧处理后再经5 GPa、650℃保温30 min的高压热处理和750～800℃保温60 min的热处理,耐磨高锰钢可获得弥散分布的颗粒状和短条状碳化物。     

钢结硬质合金GT35切削去除机理研究

为研究金刚石磨粒刀具切削钢结硬质合金GT35的微观刻划过程与材料去除机理,以单颗粒金刚石刻划实验为研究手段,分析其微观切削力的影响因素及材料的微观去除过程。通过单颗粒金刚石变切深实验发现,切削力与切痕截面积之间呈线性关系,获得的线性比例系数k的估计值可通过单颗粒金刚石等切深实验修正。随后,通过扫描电镜对GT35材料表面切痕形貌进行观测,并用激光共聚焦显微镜对其形貌进行三维建模,研究不同刻划深度下的材料去除模式。结果表明:修正后k(F_x)为0.026 29 N/μm2（R₁=0.990 46）,k(F_z)为0.046 42 N/μm2（R₂=0.994 08）; 调质GT35材料在多种切深下均以塑性去除为主,其中切痕底面呈现明显塑性剪切去除状态,切痕边缘位置呈现一定的脆性断裂状态。刀具在切削过程中会在刀尖处形成材料堆叠死区,引起刀具崩刃及磨损,且切痕表面形貌的形成与刀具磨损密切相关。      

退火工艺对D2钢组织与性能的影响

研究了不同球化温度、不同等温时间下,预冷球化退火以及常规球化退火后D2钢的组织性能变化,并对其组织中合金元素分布进行了分析。结果表明：预冷球化退火在显著缩短球化退火时间的前提下,保证了退火工艺对组织性能及碳化物球化程度的要求;最优的预冷球化退火工艺为试样在860℃保温15 min,水冷至400℃,立即在730℃保温60~90 min,最后出炉空冷。     

Effect of tool edge geometry and cutting conditions on experimental and simulated chip morphology in orthogonal hard turning of 100Cr6 steel

Understanding chip formation mechanisms in hard turning is an important area of research. In this study, experiments with varying cutting conditions and tool edge geometry were performed concurrently with finite element simulations. The aim was to investigate how the two mechanisms reported in literature namely—surface shear-cracking (SCH) and catastrophic thermoplastic instability (CTI) contribute to overall chip geometry and machining forces. By varying tool edge geometry and cutting conditions predominance of one over another is discussed. The calculation prescribed by Recht [Recht, R., 1964. Catastrophic thermoplastic shear. J. Appl. Mech. 31, 189–193] for representative cutting conditions resulted in a small critical cutting speed of 0.034 m/min indicating CTI was operative in the range of cutting conditions tested. FEM simulations were conducted on a subset of experimental conditions. Chip geometry and forces were compared between experiments and simulations. The experimental results indicated that SCH predominated in a majority of conditions. However, formation of saw-tooth chips in the FEM simulations established the occurrence of CTI also. Specifically, the edge radius did not alter chip geometry parameters. However, machining forces decreased with cutting speed and chip formation frequency increased linearly with cutting speed. A more negative rake angle also increased the chip pitch. The findings also indicate that only an intrinsic length scale governs saw-tooth chip formation in hard turning.     

Effect of process parameters of micro-plasma arc welding on morphology and quality in stainless steel edge joint welds

Abstract

The effects of the process parameters of micro-plasma arc welding (micro-PAW) on the morphology and quality of stainless steel edge joint welds were investigated. Micro-PAW was applied on type 304 stainless steels to produce an edge joint weld. Welding experiments were carried out for various combinations of arc current, welding speed, arc length, shielding gas, and clamp distance, with all other operating conditions held constant. The experimental results indicated that the collimated shape of the low current plasma arc was mainly responsible for the low sensitivity of the weld morphology to variations in the nozzle standoff distances. The arc voltage increased with increasing quantity of added hydrogen in the argon shielding gas. It was also found that satisfactory edge joint welds can be formed using a clamp distance of 0.35 mm, and that the edge joint penetration on a 0.1 mm thickness stainless steel is about 60% of the clamp distance.     

切割工艺对超高强度钢边部质量及成形性能影响的试验研究

选用DP980-1. 6 mm、QP1180-1. 2 mm和MS1180-1. 4 mm 3种超高强度钢材料,研究了冲裁间隙和凸模刃口角度对冲裁断面的影响。结果显示,DP980和QP1180对冲裁间隙的变化更加敏感,在冲裁间隙过大时,毛刺高度明显增大导致断面质量极度恶化。通过切割边部显微硬度的变化,对比了冲裁和线切割两种工艺下边部影响区的大小,结果表明冲裁边部显微硬度值高,且影响区宽度较大。采用基于数字图像相关法的切边拉伸试验,探究了冲裁、冲裁+打磨和线切割3种工艺对边部拉伸性能的影响,冲裁+打磨可以改善边部质量,提高成形性能。同时,发现相较于DP980和MS1180,QP1180具有较好的局部成形性能。