住宅建筑节能规范学习与体会

通过对住宅建筑节能规范的学习,列举了影响住宅建筑能耗的主要参数,总结了居住建筑节能的要求,并介绍了常用保温材料及性能,提出了供排水、采暖、电气等专业的节能措施,以实现可持续发展的目标。     

A code for glazing

The publications of the Belgian CSTC (Centre Scientifique et Technique de la Construction) include technical information notes which virtually serve as codes of practice. One such is NIT 113 dealing with all aspects of glazing. This article, specially prepared for the Journal by the principal engineer in the CSTC research section, who acted as secretary to the responsible committee, summarises a document which presents much detailed practical information which should interest a wide audience. The 68-page document itself is available in French and Dutch from CSTC, 41, rue du Lombard, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.     

A practice code for excavations

The collapse of trenches is a prime cause of high accident rates in construction. In the USA, a research study, duly considered by industry groups, has provided a basis for impending revisions to regulations. Meanwhile it has prompted recommendations for safer practice, as explained here. Although the data relates to American conditions, and to non-metric weights and dimensions, the concepts involved are of wider interest.     

日本消防水利设置标准主要规定之探究

在深入分析研究日本消防厅颁布的《消防水利基准》及《消防水利基准解说》、《消防力基准》、日本水道协会颁布的《水管道设施基准》以及其他相关标准、文献的基础上编制而成的。对其消防水利的设置形式、供水能力、设置间距 (密度 )、城市给水系统的供水能力等进行了较深入的探究 ,并对东京城市供水系统与水道局协助出火警机制做了介绍 ,可为供国内有关人员参考。     

ICARUS: A code for evaluating burn injuries

A computer code, ICARUS (Injuries CAused by Radiation Upon the Skin), has been developed for evaluating time to second-degree burn injury caused by thermal radiation. This paper introduces the modeling methodology incorporated in ICARUS and illustrates the code's validity and application. ICARUS enables studies of the effects of thermal radiation on the skin and benefits assessments of the shielding effects of clothing layers. ICARUS uses a unique method of solving the complex heat transfer problem associated with simultaneous radiation, conduction, and convection in a multilayered diathermanous clothing/skin assembly, which is especially useful when coupled with the thermal responses (moisture loss, charring, shrinking, and so on) of the clothing fabrics themselves. The code is designed to run on an IBM-PC compatible.     

Aseismic design code

G.L. Hutchinson, Reader in Civil Engineering, University of Melbourne and John L. Wilson, formerly State Electricity Commission of Victoria, Melbourne, now of Ove Arup & Partners, London, examine the design of typical medium-rise steel-framed industrial buildings. Such buildings usually possess a non-uniform distribution of mass and stiffness and consequently respond in more than one mode under earthquake excitation, thus making the application of Article 16 of the Chinese Earthquake Code appropriate     

When code matters

‘Architecture has been bound and shaped by changing code and constraints throughout its history.’ Ingeborg M Rocker traces, in turn, first the development of calculus into computation and, then, the introduction of computers into architecture. In so doing, she asks what will be the potential effects of computation on the recoding of architecture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中美抗震规范的差异对比研究

介绍了美国主要的几种结构抗震设计规范,并对其主要两本规范IBC 2006和UBC 1997与中国抗震规范GB50011—2010在制定目标和技术细节上做了对比分析,最后通过工程实例比较了相同条件下,三者地震力差异。     

中国与美国混凝土规范配筋量对比计算

通过具体算例对中国和美国的混凝土规范配筋量进行了直观的对比。本文叙述了两种对比方式,第一种是粗略的直接公式代换;第二种是通过全面的荷载和材料强度保证率调整而得到的较为准确的换算方式。本文不是两国规范的全面的对比,但从局部或一个侧面给出了中美两国规范有关配筋量的直接比较,进而使我们对两国规范的计算规则乃至于结构安全度方面的差异有进一步的理解。     

Cold formed sections: A state limit code for Algeria

For many years in Algeria, the elaboration of rules based on state limit checking for design structural elements was considered in research works. In this context, an experimental study on cold rolled sections produced locally has been carried out. This study concerns the yield strength and the effective area to be used in the state limit code. The tests’ results showed that the current methods giving the yield strength can be used. This study has also shown that the obtained experimental effective area is similar to that calculated from the current formulas. Therefore, the transition to a new regulation based on state limit checking can be considered.     

中欧规范中冷却塔结构设计风荷载规定的探讨

指出自然通风冷却塔是普遍用于火电厂和核电厂中循环水冷却的重要构筑物,风荷载是其主要的控制荷载之一,主要对中国《工业循环水冷却设计规范》和目前欧洲普遍采用的Structural Design for Cooling Tower VGB-R 610Ue(2010)导则这两本规范在风荷载的定义取值方面进行比较分析,提出一些建议,以供相关的冷却塔结构设计参考。     

Optimal reliability-based code calibration

Calibration of partial safety factors is considered in general, including classes of structures where no code exists beforehand. The partial safety factors are determined such that the difference between the reliability for the different structures in the class considered and a target reliability level is minimized. Code calibration on a decision theoretical basis is also considered and it is shown how target reliability indices can be calibrated. Results from code calibration for rubble mound breakwater designs are shown.     

A two-dimensional limit equilibrium computer code for analysis of complex toppling slope failures

Evaluation of blocky or layered rock slopes against toppling failures has remained of great concern for engineers in various rock mechanics projects.Several step-by-step analytical solutions have been developed for analyzing these types of slope failures.However,manual application of these analytical solutions for real case studies can be time-consuming,complicated,and in certain cases even impossible.This study will first examine existing methods for toppling failure analyses that are reviewed,modified and generalized to consider the effects of a wide range of external and dead loads on slope stability.Next,based on the generalized presented formulae,a Windows form computer code is programmed using Visual C#for analysis of common types of toppling failures.Input parameters,including slope geometry,joint sets parameters,rock and soil properties,ground water level,dynamic loads,support anchor loads as well as magnitudes and forms of external forces,are first loaded into the code.The input data are then saved and used to graphically draw the slope model.This is followed by automatic identification of the toppling failure mode and a deterministic analysis of the slope stability against this failure mode.The results are presented using a graphical approach.The developed code allows probabilistic introduction of the input parameters via probability distribution functions(PDFs)and thus a probabilistic analysis of the toppling failure modes using Monte-Carlo simulation technique.This allows calculation of the probability of slope failure.Finally,several published case studies and typical examples are analyzed with the developed code.The outcomes are compared with those of the main references to assess the performance and robustness of the developed computer code.The comparisons demonstrate good agreement between the results.     

建筑节能验收规范与相关验收规范融合的分析

指出建筑节能工程质量验收划分应融入《建筑工程施工质量验收统一标准》及其相关配套的各项工程施工质量验收规范,并在分析现行各项工程施工质量验收规范的基础上,提出了相对应的建议性补充、修改、完善内容,以使建筑节能工作更加规范化。     

试论建筑节能法规体系建设

为了改善生存环境和保证经济的可持续发展,提出了节约能源的战略措施,分析了我国建筑节能的立法情况及存在的问题,针对我国建筑节能法规的现状和问题,探讨如何建立与完善建筑节能法规体系,为我国建筑节能的立法提供理论借鉴。     

Specification of the design wind load—A critical review of code concepts

In a simplified approach, the design wind load can be specified based on an appropriate small target value of the exceedance probability. For the ultimate limit state, the reasonable reference period is the projected design working life of the structure; for the serviceability limit state a suitable reference period is one year. Basically, at least the extreme wind speeds and the extremes of the aerodynamic coefficients have to be understood as random variables. Further random variables are the duration of a single storm and the relative intensity over the length of the storm. Neglecting these two parameters may lead to underestimations of the design wind load. The design values of the wind speeds are specified in codes with mainly two different concepts: either in terms of a product of the characteristic wind speed and a partial factor or directly as design value. The variable wind speed is represented in codes by gust wind speeds, by 10-min mean wind speeds or by hourly mean wind speeds. For the design value of the aerodynamic coefficient, mainly two concepts are used in codes: the mean value of the extremes or the 78%-fractile value, the latter known as ‘Cook–Mayne’ coefficient. The paper tries to sort out the differences between these approaches and tries to comment on one or the other shortcoming. Additionally, the complexity of the codification task is discussed when different wind climates have to be covered.     

Risk analysis for code calibration

A procedure has been developed to calibrate safety indices for various types of structures.

The load model is based on normal approximations of non-normal distributions at the design point. For time varying loads, the basic time intervals are considered, with probabilities of occurrence in each interval and conditional distributions of intensity.

Load and resistance factor format and allowable stress design are considered. Computations were carried out for the National Building Code of Canada.

Safety indices are presented in charts and tables. The results can be used to determine optimum values of resistance factors and/or safety factors.     

一种构造性证明不存在线性[90,78,5]_2码的方法

针对判定线性码[90,78,5]_2的存在性问题,避开高维生成矩阵的构造问题,通过构造2个特殊的集合,采用集合覆盖的方法,进一步从2个方面分别计算2个构造集合中元素的数量,从中找出矛盾,进而证明了二元线性纠错码[90,78,5]_2不存在。根据最优线性码的定义可知,[90,78,4]_2是最优线性码。