一种解析的暂态能量裕度灵敏度及其应用

暂态稳定裕度对发电机出力的灵敏度在暂态稳定预防控制中具有重要应用价值。给出了一种解析的暂态能量裕度对发电机出力的灵敏度。采用电力系统结构保留模型,有功负荷采用恒功率模型,无功负荷采用恒阻抗模型,推导得到了暂态能量裕度对发电机出力灵敏度的解析表达式。推导过程中的主要假设条件是所采用的结构保留模型以及故障过程中发电机输出电磁功率不变的假设,无其他近似。得到的灵敏度公式便于计算,可应用于电力系统详细模型。灵敏度的大小可用于指导暂态稳定预防控制。仿真结果验证了灵敏度的准确性及其应用于暂态稳定预防控制的有效性。     

发电机和负荷模型对暂态稳定性影响的概率分析

详细分析了电力系统元件(如发电机、负荷)的数学模型,重点讨论了发电机模型和负荷模型及其之间相互关系对电力系统暂态稳定性的影响,并以两个系统为例,采用非序贯蒙特卡罗的概率分析算法,对发电机模型和负荷模型的影响进行了统计研究.文章指出,在电力系统的仿真计算中,采用不同的元件模型,其对电力系统暂态稳定性计算的影响是不同的.从概率分析的角度证明了在电力系统暂态稳定性分析计算中选择模型的重要性.     

详细模型下的暂态能量函数法研究

基于同步发电机机电暂态能量转换机制，本文系统构造了适应于不同详细模型的暂态能量函数，并拓展了ＰＥＢＳ法，使之有效地分析详细模型下多机电力系统的暂态稳定性。     

负荷模型对西藏林芝电力系统暂态稳定计算的影响

本文以西藏林芝电力系统中新线发生三相短路为背景,对比研究恒定阻抗、静态特性、综合负荷模型对电力系统暂态稳定计算的影响。研究中,同步发电机采用含有暂态参数的凸极式发电机模型,调速系统采用水轮机调速器和原动机相结合的模型。研究表明,三种负荷模型的暂态数值字仿真结果虽有一定差异,但没有本质的区别,三种负荷模型对林芝电力系统暂态稳定功角计算均具有较好的适用性。中新线三相短路持续2.5s时,电力系统能保持稳定且无不利影响。     

基于相关发电机识别的动态等值法的算例仿真

对具有庞大规模的现代电力系统进行暂态稳定计算时,计算存储量大,计算时间长。因而采用基于相关发电机识别的动态等值法对电力系统进行化简以克服上述问题。该方法利用相关的充要条件对相关发电机进行判定,从而达到简化网络的目的。算例中等值网络的节点数目、支路数目、发电机数目和负荷数目大约只有原始网络的50%,用等值网络进行暂态稳定计算大约可以节省一半的计算时间,且计算结果的精确度完全满足工程的需要。     

发电机和负荷模型对暂态稳定性分析的影响

针对发电机和负荷的数学模型,然后以一个3台发电机7个节点系统图为例,应用电力系统分析综合程序进行仿真,分析不同的发电机模型和负荷模型对电力系统暂态稳定性分析的影响,得出采用不同的元件模型,对电力系统暂态稳定性计算的影响是不同的。     

双馈感应发电机模型与低电压穿越能力分析

阐述了双馈感应风力发电机的三阶简化模型和五阶暂态模型,并在短路故障下进行了暂态稳定性对比。并以五阶暂态模型为基础,采用投入短路棒的保护策略,使并网运行的风电机组具备低电压穿越能力。结果表明,发电机的五阶暂态模型能更准确的计算发电机暂态电流和控制变换器动作特性,更适于进行电力系统暂态稳定性分析。且此法的优点是在故障过程中可以继续向电网提供一定量的有功功率,并较有效地控制无功功率。     

含暂态能量裕度约束多故障最优潮流计算

借助暂态能量裕度对发电机有功和无功出力的解析灵敏度，将暂态能量裕度约束直接加入最优潮流模型中，建立含暂态能量裕度约束多故障最优潮流逐次线性规划模型，采用单纯形法求解，取得了较好的效果。此外，还提出了根据大步长单故障最优潮流近似计算获得的暂态能量裕度进行故障扫描方法，并寻找到同一失稳模式下影响系统稳定的关键故障，验证了满足关键故障稳定性要求的最优潮流解可以同时满足同失稳模式下的其它故障的稳定约束。新英格兰10机39节点系统的最优潮流及暂态稳定计算验证了所提方法的有效性。所有优化结果均用一个在电力系统中广泛使用的暂态稳定仿真程序进行了验证。     

暂态能量函数的动力学机制

本文分析了全阶Ｐａｒｋ模型下同步发电机机电暂态能量转换机制，为暂态能量函数法成功地应用于详细模型下多机电力系统暂态稳定分析之中奠定了物理基础。同时也阐明了用参变量法构造暂态能量函数的局限性。     

归一化能量函数在河南电网暂态稳定性评估中的应用

介绍了归一化暂态能量函数在河南电网暂态稳定分析中的应用，通过归一化发电机转子运动方程，将故障后电力系统的动态过程比拟为在n维欧几里得角度空间势能谷中滚动的单位质量小球，研究故障后系统归一化暂态动能极小值与故障切除时间的关系，并在此基础上提出通过能量平移评估暂态稳定能量裕度的思想，基于能量平移及故障后系统归一化暂态能量函数的守恒性，还提出了计算故障后系统吸收归一化动能能力的新方法，最后通过该归一化能量函数在河南省网暂态稳定评估中的应用，说明了该方法的有效性。     

基于暂态能量函数混合法的电力系统脆弱性分析

电力系统在遭受大干扰后失稳的后果非常严重,甚至是灾难性的,从暂态稳定方面分析系统的脆弱性具有重大的研究价值。采用暂态能量函数,结合暂态稳定分析中数值仿真法和直接法两种基本方法,同时考虑预想事故概率,从暂态稳定安全角度快速、定量评估电力系统的脆弱性。基于事故概率与暂态能量裕度构建相关脆弱度指标,并根据临界机群状态以修正暂态动能,改进不同事故下系统脆弱性的评估精度,同时确定系统的薄弱环节。通过对IEEE 5机14节点系统的仿真,验证了该方法的合理性与有效性。     

基于PEBS法的交直流输电系统暂态稳定分析

计及直流系统的动态构建了交直流输电系统的暂态能量函数,直流换流站交流母线电压和发电机转速功角一样作为显式变量出现在暂态能量函数中,暂态能量函数的变量从平衡点到势能边界面出口点的积分路径不作线性假设.视为慢动态的发电机转速和功角,沿着持续故障轨迹或受扰轨迹积分,而视为快动态的直流系统变量的积分路径通过修正后得到,并讨论了应用势能边界面法求取临界能量和临界切除时间的问题.分别利用所提方法和逐步积分的时域仿真法求取了4机和10机交直流输电系统的临界切除时间,通过比较验证了所提方法的有效性.     

考虑暂态稳定约束的联络线最大传输功率计算

由于确定电力系统联络线最大功率时要考虑其故障时对系统暂态稳定的影响,故提出了一种基于能量函数灵敏度的考虑暂态稳定约束的联络线最大传输功率计算方法。该法首先确定网络在临界或失稳情况下的能量裕度及能量裕度对各发电机有功出力的灵敏度,再用等步长法和二分法按各发电机能量裕度灵敏度的大小调整有功出力,结合时域仿真法的判稳校验求出考虑暂态稳定约束的联络线极限传输功率。该法计算简单、快速,较好的解决了考虑暂态稳定约束后计算负担过重和直接法偏于保守的问题。2个算例仿真测试证实了该法的有效性。     

Approach and structure of stabilizing control system preventing an extension of synchronism loss

Recently, large-capacity power stations have been built far from load centers with long-distance transmission lines. Therefore, if a fault occurs at the line, generators in the large-capacity power station may lose synchronism from the remaining generators [1, 3]. To prevent an extension of loss of synchronism to other generators, fast shedding of some generators is an effective measure. The following methods have been proposed so far: A method [3] based on energy function approach; and a method [2] which estimates and predicts the relative swing among generators using data measured on-line at each generator and proposes shedding some generators for stabilization. This method requires a large communication network for an exchange of data between power stations. This paper presents a new stabilizing method and a newly developed stabilizing control system which does not require a large communication network because it utilizes generator output, voltage and current measured on-line in the vicinity of the large-capacity power station. Using these measured data, the system estimates and predicts the relative swing between generators in the large-capacity power station and the remaining generators. Finally, the number of generators to be shed for stabilization is decided and shedding is performed. Configuration and characteristics of the developed stabilizing control system are shown. The validity of this method is confirmed by simulation and testing using an artificial power system.     

Multi-objective market clearing of electrical energy,spinning reserves and emission for wind-thermal power system

This paper proposes energy and spinning reserve market clearing mechanism for wind-thermal power system, including uncertainties in wind power generation and load demand forecasts. The impact of wind power and load demand volatility on the energy and spinning reserve market is taken into account. This paper considers reserve offers from the conventional thermal generators. The stochastic behavior of wind speed, and wind power is represented by Weibull probability density function (PDF), and the load demand uncertainty is represented by Normal PDF. This paper considers two objectives: energy and spinning reserves cost minimization, and emission minimization. The energy and spinning reserves cost minimization objective includes cost of energy provided by conventional thermal generators and wind generators, cost of reserves provided by conventional thermal generators. It also includes costs due to over-estimation and under-estimation of available wind power, and load demand. The proposed market clearing model provides a compromise solution by optimizing both the objectives simultaneously using multi-objective Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2+ (SPEA 2+). The effectiveness of the proposed approach is established from the results on IEEE 30 bus system.     

Derivation of dynamic equivalents for stability analysis

A method of deriving a reduced-order equivalent model for stability studies of interconnected power systems is presented. Where the system under study is composed of a main system and interconnected subsystems, this method gives an equivalent model to each subsystem with fewer generators, so that, as far as the transient behaviour of the main system is concerned, the computing cost is greatly reduced by using these equivalents instead of the original subsystems.A numerical example applied to a 930 bus and 369 machine system shows that the reduction obtained by this method is quite effective with no loss of response accuracy.     

上海电网暂态稳定的能量函数分析

将高可靠性的暂态能量函数方法——“脊”（Ridge）法应用 于电力系统结构保持模型，并用该法分析了上海电网的暂态稳定性，求取了临界故障清除时 间。用以校验运行方式制定中大型发电厂出线速断保护及枢纽变电站母线保护的动作时间是 否越限，得到了满意的结果     

Design of a power system stabilizer using decentralized adaptive model following tracking control approach

This paper presents the design of a power system stabilizer using decentralized adaptive model following tracking control (DAMFTC) approach to damp oscillations of generators in transient response subjected to uncertainties and generating fault actuators. The power system is represented as a collection of interconnected dynamical subsystems each described by a set of differential/algebraic equations using a clear representation of load voltage magnitude with matched and unmatched time‐varying uncertainties. All adaptive learning algorithms in this control system are derived in the sense of Lyapunov stability analysis subject to state errors due to uncertainties and fault section, so that stability and robustness of the closed‐loop system are ensured and asymptotic‐state tracking can be achieved. An adaptive bound estimation algorithm is investigated to relax the requirement for the bound of uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by distributing a detailed simulation of the three‐machine nine‐bus system with nonlinear interactions, uncertainties, and fault actuators. The simulation includes the effects of network and stator transients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transient stability considering dynamic load in bulk power system with high DG penetration

Transient stability may be seriously affected when a large number of distributed generators (DG) stop simultaneously during voltage sag. It is necessary to analyze accurately the dynamics of bulk power systems with high DG penetration. In this paper, transient stability is studied by analyzing power‐angle curves of generators while considering load dynamics and model order reduction at lower voltages. Based on the analysis, a decrease in the load internal resistance after voltage sag causes transient instability of generators. The phenomenon is confirmed through simulation using a one‐machine and one‐load model. This paper also suggests that the simulation results might be misled by traditional bulk power system modeling such as using the static load model and ignoring impedance at lower voltages. As for the numerical simulation, a large level of DG stoppage leads to transient step out in a bulk power system, and the stability is greatly improved by DG voltage regulation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(2): 20– 29, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20608     

Bus-based reliability indices and associated costs in the bulkpower system

This paper presents a methodology to evaluate the reliability and to calculate interruption costs at the load bus level in the bulk power system (Hierarchical Level II). The method is based on a nonsequential Monte Carlo simulation combined with a linear optimization model in which the load at every bus is represented by two components, a firm and a nonfirm (curtailable) portion. Expected values of not served energy (EENS), not served demand (EPNS) and loss of load probability (LOLP) are computed for the whole system (global indices) as well as for each load bus. The paper includes a sensitivity analysis taking into consideration variations of the indices due to factors such as interruption costs and load shedding policies. In a number of countries the evaluation of bus-based reliability indices has become a key component in the negotiation of supply contracts in the open access environment. The same indices are useful to assess the reliability of the supply at the delivery point to both distribution utilities and large industrial customers