Full-scale tests on composite steel-concrete beams with steel trapezoidal decking

This paper describes the detailed testing of two full-scale steel-concrete composite beams comprised of composite slabs with deep trapezoidal decking connected to universal beams by welded stud shear connectors. The ribs of the decking were orthogonal to the longitudinal axes of the steel beams. This situation exists in secondary beams in flooring systems of steel framed buildings, and beams with deep trapezoidal slabs of this type are economic since they are able to span large distances, with or without propping. Despite the popularity of these decks and many useful research contributions over several decades, there are some concerns related to the strength and ductility of the shear connection because of the large voids in the slab and the need to place the studs off-centre to circumvent welding them through the longitudinal stiffener in the rib. There is also significant disquiet as to the applicability of push test results on much smaller specimens to the design of full-scale beams. The experimental work in this paper therefore intends to provide benchmark data for the calibration of theoretical models and of design recommendations. The beams were 8 m long with low degrees of shear connection. The tests showed that both beams behaved in a very ductile fashion with the ultimate moment capacities being above those predicted from the Eurocode 4 guidelines.     

A beam finite element including shear lag effect for the time-dependent analysis of steel–concrete composite decks

The paper presents a beam finite element for the long-term analysis of steel–concrete composite decks taking into account the shear lag in the slab and the partial shear interaction at the slab–girder interface. Using the displacement approach, beam kinematics is developed from the Newmark model for composite beams with partial shear connection; warping of the slab cross section is caught with the product of an established function which describes the warping shape, and an intensity function that measures the warping magnitude along the beam axis. Time-dependent behaviour is considered through an integral-type viscoelastic creep law for the concrete. The numerical solution is obtained by means of the finite element method and a step-by-step procedure for evolution in time. A refined, locking free, 13-dof beam finite element is derived considering second and third order hermitian polynomials in order to ensure consistent interpolation of the displacements. The convergence test results and comparisons with the experimental results of composite beams subjected to sustained loads demonstrate the precision of the proposed method. Further applications to realistic cases show the accuracy of the proposed element and its ability to describe the elastic and the time-dependent behaviour of bridge composite decks.     

Static and dynamic behaviour of RC beam model strengthened by CFRP-sheets

The aim of this paper is to analyse the static and dynamic behaviour of RC beams strengthened by CFRP-sheets after damage by cracking. An experimental program has been developed considering RC beam models with or without strengthening by CFRP-sheets on the tensile zone subjected both to static and dynamic tests. The tests on the RC beam models were repeated under different conditions to evaluate the structural responses during the life of RC beams. The experimental results by static tests are compared with the data obtained by theoretical model. The static behaviour of RC beams strengthened by CFRP-sheets is described up to failure. Finally, theoretical estimates variations in frequency values are compared with the data obtained by experimental dynamic tests.     

Dynamic response of axially loaded monosymmetrical thin-walled Bernoulli–Euler beams

The dynamic bending–torsion coupled vibrations of elastic axially loaded slender thin-walled beams with monosymmetrical cross-sections are investigated by using normal mode method. The Bernoulli–Euler beam theory is employed and the effects of warping stiffness and axial force are included in the present formulations. The theoretical expressions for the displacement response of axially loaded slender thin-walled beams subjected to concentrated or distributed loads are presented. The method is illustrated by its application to two test examples to describe the effects of warping stiffness and axial force on the dynamic behavior of thin-walled beams. The numerical results for the dynamic bending displacements and torsional displacements are given. The proposed theory is fairly general and can be used for thin-walled beam assemblage of arbitrary boundary conditions subjected to various kinds of loads.     

Effect of Rib Geometry in Steel–Concrete Composite Beams with Deep Profiled Sheeting

International Journal of Steel Structures - Presented are the results from a finite element model of steel–concrete composite beams with deep decks and a comparison with various...     

Experimental verification of continuous deep beams with openings designed using strut-and-tie modelling

This study investigates the applicability and reliability of the strut-and-tie modelling that is recommended by the ACI 318 Building Code (2002) for designing continuous deep beams with openings. Presented herein are experimental results of two full-scale continuous reinforced concrete deep beams with openings subjected to concentrated loads. Each specimen was designed using the ACI 318 (2002) provisions for strut-and-tie models. Both specimens were found to be able to carry loads greater than the factored design load. The failure mechanism of each specimen corresponds well with the designed strut-and-tie models. The experimental results thus illustrate the reliability and conservative nature of strut-and-tie modelling for designing continuous deep beams with openings.     

碳纤维布加固弯剪扭复合受力的钢筋混凝土箱梁抗扭性能的理论分析

对碳纤维布(CFS)加固的弯剪扭复合受力的钢筋混凝土箱梁的抗扭性能进行理论分析。文中针对4根CFS加固弯剪扭复合受力的钢筋混凝土箱梁的抗扭性能的模型试验,基于修正的斜压场理论,集中考虑剪扭应力相加面的应力分布,并将混凝土软化系数提高25%,建立CFS加固弯剪扭复合受力的钢筋混凝土箱梁的抗扭承载力的计算方法。通过对4根箱梁试件的极限抗扭承载力的理论计算,并将计算结果与模型试验结果进行对比和分析,发现两者符合较好,其比值的平均值为0.9215,标准差为0.0320,变异系数为0.0347;对箱梁试件的试验破坏截面与理论破坏截面位置不一致的现象给出很好的解释;并与其他计算方法所得的计算结果取得一致。最后得出结论:修正的斜压场理论模型概念明确、安全可靠,可以作为CFS加固弯剪扭复合受力的钢筋混凝土箱梁的极限抗扭承载力的设计计算方法。     

体外预应力钢-混凝土组合连续梁的试验研究及有限元分析

与承受正弯矩的简支梁不同,连续梁中支座部分承受负弯矩,组成组合梁的钢板件受压力作用,其力学性能受稳定控制,不考虑稳定影响的规范简化塑性算法会带来不安全的结果.以Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类组合梁和是否配置预应力筋为参数,进行了两组共四根连续组合梁的单调加载对比试验.试验结果表明:无论预应力连续组合梁或是普通连续组合梁,最终破坏特征均为负弯矩区混凝土开裂,钢腹板局部屈曲,整个截面畸变失稳,正弯矩区混凝土板压碎;正弯矩区的承载能力可由简化塑性计算方法计算,而负弯矩区的受力性能由稳定控制,影响其承载能力的主要因素为板件的宽厚比所表征的截面种类,考虑屈曲的承载力计算方法与试验结果吻合.对各组合梁进行了有限元数值分析,分析考虑界面滑移、预应力、稳定等影响,结果和试验吻合较好.     

Lateral instability of monosymmetric beams with initial curvature

A theoretical study of the flexural-torsional, or lateral, instability of monosymmetric beams is presented. The analysis is based on beam theory and energy considerations and incorporates the influence of pre-buckling displacements and initial curvature in the plane of major axis bending. Closed form solutions are obtained for simply supported beams subjected to uniform moment, central concentrated and uniformly distributed loads, which are valid for a wide range of section properties. Where the closed form solutions become inaccurate due to the complexity and variability of the buckled shape, numerical results are presented.     

Post-failure behaviour of box section beams under pure bending (an experimental study)

The results of a program of experiments set up to explore the post-failure behaviour of box section beams subjected to pure bending are presented. Rectangular and trapezoidal cross-section beams were loaded up to and beyond collapse in a four-point bending configuration. Load–deflection graphs were recorded and the details of the observed plastic collapse mechanisms were noted. Experimental collapse curves are compared with those derived from theoretical models of plastic collapse mechanisms based upon rigid–plastic theory.     

2个移动荷载下深梁设计的压杆-拉杆模型

为使深梁的设计建立于合理的理论基础之上,采用压杆-拉杆模型的设计方法对2个间距一定的移动荷载下的钢筋混凝土深梁进行设计。建立了2个移动荷载下深梁拓扑结构变化的压杆-拉杆模型,给出了拉杆拉力、压杆压应力的计算公式,并用一个实例验证了该方法的合理性。结果表明:当荷载移动到深梁接近跨中的某一位置时,拉杆承受的拉力最大,应以此确定需要的纵向受拉钢筋面积;当荷载移动到深梁接近于支座时,混凝土压杆的压应力最大,应通过压应力得出深梁的截面尺寸及混凝土的抗压强度。     

钢-混凝土组合楼盖抗火性能的试验研究

为了考察火灾下组合楼盖的破坏特征,研究组合楼盖在火灾下的结构性能,本文对4个钢.混凝土组合楼盖试件在不同荷载水平下的抗火性能进行了试验研究,对试验现象和结果进行了分析和解释,并采用作者编制钢-混凝土组合楼盖抗火性能分析程序对试件进行了分析,通过温度和位移的分析结果与试验记录结果的对比,验证了分析理论和程序的可靠性,并对产生误差的原因进行分析。     

Load-deformation prediction for eccentrically loaded bolt groups by a kinematic hardening approach

The use of steel plates anchored on the sides of beams is effective in strengthening existing beams when they have deteriorated. The behaviour of the side plated beam is highly affected by the level of partial interaction between the components, which is provided by the use of bolts acting in groups. To determine the structural response of composite beams, the interaction through bolts or the load deformation response of bolt groups should be modelled. This study aims to develop a procedure to predict the non-linear load-deformation response of bolt groups subjected to combined in-plane moment and shear. The in-plane behaviour of bolts is first established by adopting the analogy from material plasticity. Then the incremental load-deformation responses of bolt groups are derived. Numerical examples are carried out and the results are verified by the available experimental results. The theory developed herein is able to model the load-deformation response of bolt groups and can potentially be applied to non-linear analyses of bolted side plated structures.     

钢筋混凝土梁加固时的既有荷载对其抗弯性能的影响

模拟实际构件的加固及受力过程,对梁在承受不同荷载作用时外贴CFRP加固进行了抗弯试验和理论分析。试件包括16根外贴CFRP加固梁和2根对比梁。试验参数为:纵筋配筋率、CFRP加固量、粘贴纤维布时持载大小。论文对持载的大小对梁的抗弯性能的影响进行了详细的分析。试验和分析结果表明:采用CFRP加固的钢筋混凝土梁的刚度较普通钢筋混凝土梁的刚度都有明显提高,纤维布对以抗弯为主的构件具有增强刚度、控制挠度的作用。纤维加固时梁所持荷载的大小,对梁的刚度有较大影响,特别是对屈服阶段的刚度影响较大;但对梁的屈服荷载及极限承载力影响较小,可以忽略其影响。论文的试验现象及分析结果都有新颖之处,对相应规范的编制及工程应用有较高的参考价值。     

Plain concrete tee beams subject to torsion,bending and shear

The paper presents a theoretical analysis at ultimate strength of plain concrete Tee beams subject to torsion, bending and shear. The theory compares favourably with available experimental results from various investigators.     

钢筋混凝土简支深梁压杆-拉杆模型试验对比分析

深受弯构件的拉压杆模型已经得到了广泛的认可。为研究混凝土深梁设计中采用的压杆-拉杆模型,进行了简支深梁集中荷载下的模型静载试验。试验设计依据为《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2010)中深梁的相关规定及美国《混凝土结构建筑规范》(ACI318M-05)中压杆-拉杆模型设计的相关规定,试验参数为剪跨比、配筋方式等。试验结果表明,深梁混凝土抗压强度软化系数β与剪跨比和分布钢筋配筋率有关;水平分布筋对于承载力的贡献大于竖向分布钢筋。根据试验结果比较,中国规范对于小剪跨比(λ≤1)深梁的设计有较大的安全储备,美国规范深梁设计中所采用的压杆-拉杆模型较为经济合理。     

Control of vibrations induced by people walking on large span composite floor decks

The low damping properties of lightweight large span floor decks composed of a reinforced concrete slab on top of a steel space frame structure may lead to undesirable dynamic responses, even to ordinary human actions such as walking.This problem was investigated through laboratory tests performed on a 1:1 scale prototype of a composite floor deck structure. Experimental measurements were taken for the structure subjected to several dynamic human loads, especially those produced by the random walking of people.To compensate for the lack of damping, a passive control system was designed and installed in the composite structure prototype.The performance of the mechanical control devices was evaluated by means of straight comparisons between the experimental acceleration amplitudes obtained for the controlled and uncontrolled structure subjected to similar dynamic forces produced by one or more persons walking. The most relevant results for both time and frequency responses are presented and used to argue that small and low cost passive control devices can already be included in the design stage of a smart structure as effective accessories to substantially reduce vibrations induced by people in low damped large span composite floor decks.     

影响组合梁抗火性能的两个因素分析

目前火灾下钢—混凝土组合梁承载力计算一般是没有考虑压型钢板型号、边界条件等因素对组合梁抗火承载力的影响[1],本文采用有限元方法针对不同压型钢板型号、不同边界条件下的组合梁采用有限元模型进行抗火性能分析,得出了一些对组合梁抗火计算与设计有益的结果。     

预应力混凝土连续梁桥极限承载力研究

根据Timoshenko梁理论,采用分层组合式有限元模型,建立了预应力混凝土连续梁桥非线性全过程分析的计算方法,并编制了计算程序.用该方法对7根试验梁的荷载及变形进行计算,计算值与试验值符合良好.     

装配式钢管混凝土组合框架的抗震性能试验研究

圆形或方形钢管混凝土柱与钢梁通过单边高强螺栓和适宜端板连接组成框架,通过钢筋桁架混凝土组合楼板形成了新型装配式组合框架。为了解装配式钢管混凝土组合框架在地震作用下的抗震性能和受力机理,进行了2榀两层单跨钢管混凝土柱与钢-混凝土组合梁通过单边高强度螺栓和平齐或外伸端板连接形成的组合框架的水平低周反复荷载试验,研究了柱截面形式和端板连接类型对组合框架破坏形式和抗震性能的影响。详细地观察了此类组合框架在水平低周反复荷载作用下的受力全过程和楼板裂缝发展规律,得到了此类结构的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化规律、延性、耗能能力等抗震性能指标。试验结果表明,单边螺栓端板连接装配式钢管混凝土组合框架结构具有良好的滞回性能和耗能能力,延性系数μ为2.13~4.28,能量耗散系数E为0.652~0.90。在柱截面含钢率相同条件下,圆钢管混凝土组合框架的承载力小于方钢管混凝土组合框架,其延性、耗能性能优于方钢管混凝土组合框架。研究成果将为我国装配式钢管混凝土组合框架设计理论与应用提供科学依据。